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Autologous

 

 
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Autologous
 
 
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In biology
Biology

Biology is a branch of the natural sciences concerned with the study of living organisms and their interaction with each other and their environment ....
, autologous refers to cells
Cell (biology)

The cell is the structural and functional unit of all known Life organisms. It is the smallest unit of an organism that is classified as living, and is often called the building bricks of life....
, tissues or even protein
Protein

Proteins are organic compounds made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of adjacent amino acid Residue ....
s that are reimplanted in the same individual as they come from. Bone marrow
Bone marrow

Bone marrow is the flexible biological tissue found in the hollow interior of bones. In adults, marrow in large bones produces new blood cells....
, skin biopsy
Biopsy

A biopsy is a medical test involving the removal of Cell_s or Biological tissues for examination. It is the removal of tissue from a living subject to determine the presence or extent of a disease....
, cartilage
Cartilage

Cartilage is a type of dense connective tissue. It is composed of specialized cells called chondrocyte that produce a large amount of extracellular matrix composed of collagen fibers, abundant ground substance rich in proteoglycan, and elastin fibers....
, and bone
Bone

Bones are rigid organ that form part of the endoskeleton of vertebrates. They function to move, support, and protect the various organs of the body, produce red blood cell and white blood cells and store minerals....
 can be used as autografts.

In contrast, cells or tissues transplanted from a different individual are referred to as allogeneic, homologous, or as an allograft.

lood banking terminology, autologous refers to a blood donation
Blood donation

A blood donation is when a healthy person free will has blood drawn. The blood is used for blood transfusion or made into medications by a process called fractionation#Plasma protein fractionation....
 marked for use by the donor, typically for a scheduled surgery.






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In biology
Biology

Biology is a branch of the natural sciences concerned with the study of living organisms and their interaction with each other and their environment ....
, autologous refers to cells
Cell (biology)

The cell is the structural and functional unit of all known Life organisms. It is the smallest unit of an organism that is classified as living, and is often called the building bricks of life....
, tissues or even protein
Protein

Proteins are organic compounds made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of adjacent amino acid Residue ....
s that are reimplanted in the same individual as they come from. Bone marrow
Bone marrow

Bone marrow is the flexible biological tissue found in the hollow interior of bones. In adults, marrow in large bones produces new blood cells....
, skin biopsy
Biopsy

A biopsy is a medical test involving the removal of Cell_s or Biological tissues for examination. It is the removal of tissue from a living subject to determine the presence or extent of a disease....
, cartilage
Cartilage

Cartilage is a type of dense connective tissue. It is composed of specialized cells called chondrocyte that produce a large amount of extracellular matrix composed of collagen fibers, abundant ground substance rich in proteoglycan, and elastin fibers....
, and bone
Bone

Bones are rigid organ that form part of the endoskeleton of vertebrates. They function to move, support, and protect the various organs of the body, produce red blood cell and white blood cells and store minerals....
 can be used as autografts.

In contrast, cells or tissues transplanted from a different individual are referred to as allogeneic, homologous, or as an allograft.

Autologous blood donation

In blood banking terminology, autologous refers to a blood donation
Blood donation

A blood donation is when a healthy person free will has blood drawn. The blood is used for blood transfusion or made into medications by a process called fractionation#Plasma protein fractionation....
 marked for use by the donor, typically for a scheduled surgery. They are commonly called "Autos" by blood bank staff.

Some advantages of autologous blood donation are:
  • Blood type will always match, even with a rare blood type
    Blood type

    A blood type is a classification of blood based on the presence or absence of Inheritance antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells ....
     or antibody
    Antibody

    Antibodies are gamma globulin proteins that are found in blood or other bodily fluids of vertebrates, and are used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects, such as bacterium and viruses....
     type.
  • If only autologous blood is used during surgery the risk of exposure to infectious disease such as hepatitis
    Hepatitis

    Hepatitis implies injury to the liver characterized by the presence of inflammatory cell s in the Tissue of the organ. The name is from ancient Greek hepar , the root being hepat- , meaning liver, and suffix -itis, meaning "inflammation" ....
     or HIV
    HIV

    Human immunodeficiency virus is a lentivirus that can lead to AIDS , a condition in humans in which the immune system begins to fail, leading to life-threatening opportunistic infections....
     from blood is eliminated.
  • The risk of allergic
    Allergy

    Allergy is a Disorder of the immune system often also referred to as atopy. Allergic reactions occur to Natural environmental substances known as allergens; these reactions are Acquired disorder, predictable and rapid....
     reactions is reduced.


The disadvantages are typically:
  • Higher cost due to individualized processing, record-keeping, and management.
  • In most cases, the blood is discarded if it is not used instead of being added to the general supply.


Autologous blood is not routinely tested for infectious diseases markers such as HIV
HIV

Human immunodeficiency virus is a lentivirus that can lead to AIDS , a condition in humans in which the immune system begins to fail, leading to life-threatening opportunistic infections....
 antibodies. In the United States, autologous blood is only tested if it is collected in one place and shipped to another.

There is also a risk that, in an emergency or if more blood is required than has been set aside in advance, the patient could still be exposed to donor blood instead of autologous blood. Autologous donation is also not suitable for patients who are medically unable to or not advised to give blood, such as cardiac patients or small child
Child

A child is a human being between the stages of birth and puberty. The legal definition of "child" generally refers to a minor , otherwise known as a person younger than the age of majority....
ren and infants.

Bone autograft

In orthopaedic medicine, bone graft
Bone grafting

Bone grafting is a surgical procedure that replaces missing bone with material from the patient's own body, an artificial, synthetic, or natural substitute....
 can be sourced from a patient's own bone in order to fill space and produce an osteogenic response in a bone defect. However, due to the donor-site morbidity associated with autograft, other methods such as bone allograft and bone morphogenetic protein
Bone morphogenetic protein

Bone Morphogenetic Proteins are a group of growth factors and cytokines known for their ability to induce the formation of bone and cartilage....
s and synthetic graft materials are often used as alternatives. Autografts have long been considered the "Gold Standard" in Oral Surgery and Implant Dentistry because it offered the best regenerations results. Lately, the introduction of morphogen-enhanced bone graft substitutes have shown to show similar success rates and quality of regeneration, however their price is still very high.

See also

  • Autotransfusion
    Autotransfusion

    Autotransfusion is a process when a person receives their own blood for a transfusion, instead of banked donor blood. Blood can be pre-donated before a surgery, or can be collected during and after the surgery using a device commonly known as the cell saver....
     - the process of returning to a patient their own blood that has been lost.


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