Autoimmune disease
Encyclopedia
Autoimmune diseases arise from an overactive immune response of the body against substances and tissues normally present in the body. In other words, the body actually attacks its own cells. The immune system mistakes some part of the body as a pathogen
and attacks it. This may be restricted to certain organ
s (e.g. in autoimmune thyroiditis
) or involve a particular tissue in different places (e.g. Goodpasture's disease which may affect the basement membrane
in both the lung
and the kidney
). The treatment of autoimmune diseases is typically with immunosuppression
—medication which decreases the immune response.
and colleagues in 1957 and modified in 1994):
: type II
, type III
, or type IV
. (No type of autoimmune disease mimics type I hypersensitivity
.)
There is an on-going discussion about when a disease should be considered autoimmune, leading to different criteria such as Witebsky's postulates.
A substantial minority of the population suffers from these diseases, which are often chronic, debilitating, and life-threatening. There are more than eighty illnesses caused by autoimmunity. It has been estimated that autoimmune diseases are among the ten leading causes of death among women in all age groups up to 65 years.
Pathogen
A pathogen gignomai "I give birth to") or infectious agent — colloquially, a germ — is a microbe or microorganism such as a virus, bacterium, prion, or fungus that causes disease in its animal or plant host...
and attacks it. This may be restricted to certain organ
Organ (anatomy)
In biology, an organ is a collection of tissues joined in structural unit to serve a common function. Usually there is a main tissue and sporadic tissues . The main tissue is the one that is unique for the specific organ. For example, main tissue in the heart is the myocardium, while sporadic are...
s (e.g. in autoimmune thyroiditis
Autoimmune thyroiditis
Autoimmune thyroiditis is a form of thyroiditis associated with an autoimmune disease where the body treats the thyroid gland and sometimes the hormones it produces as foreign bodies, therefore rejecting and attacking both.-Treatment:...
) or involve a particular tissue in different places (e.g. Goodpasture's disease which may affect the basement membrane
Basement membrane
The basement membrane is a thin sheet of fibers that underlies the epithelium, which lines the cavities and surfaces of organs including skin, or the endothelium, which lines the interior surface of blood vessels.- Composition :...
in both the lung
Lung
The lung is the essential respiration organ in many air-breathing animals, including most tetrapods, a few fish and a few snails. In mammals and the more complex life forms, the two lungs are located near the backbone on either side of the heart...
and the kidney
Kidney
The kidneys, organs with several functions, serve essential regulatory roles in most animals, including vertebrates and some invertebrates. They are essential in the urinary system and also serve homeostatic functions such as the regulation of electrolytes, maintenance of acid–base balance, and...
). The treatment of autoimmune diseases is typically with immunosuppression
Immunosuppression
Immunosuppression involves an act that reduces the activation or efficacy of the immune system. Some portions of the immune system itself have immuno-suppressive effects on other parts of the immune system, and immunosuppression may occur as an adverse reaction to treatment of other...
—medication which decreases the immune response.
Criteria
For a disease to be regarded as an autoimmune disease, it needs to answer to Witebsky's postulates (first formulated by Ernst WitebskyErnst Witebsky
Ernst Witebsky, also Ernest Witebsky was a German-American immunologist.From 1920 to 1926 Witebsky studied medicine at the University of Frankfurt and the University of Heidelberg. He stayed at Heidelberg after graduating and worked with Dr. Hans Sachs...
and colleagues in 1957 and modified in 1994):
- Direct evidence from transfer of pathogenic antibody or pathogenic T cells
- Indirect evidence based on reproduction of the autoimmune disease in experimental animals, and
- Circumstantial evidence from clinical clues
Classification
It is possible to classify autoimmune diseases by corresponding type of hypersensitivityHypersensitivity
Hypersensitivity refers to undesirable reactions produced by the normal immune system, including allergies and autoimmunity. These reactions may be damaging, uncomfortable, or occasionally fatal. Hypersensitivity reactions require a pre-sensitized state of the host. The four-group classification...
: type II
Type II hypersensitivity
In type II hypersensitivity the antibodies produced by the immune response bind to antigens on the patient's own cell surfaces...
, type III
Type III hypersensitivity
Type III hypersensitivity occurs when antigens and antibodies are present in roughly equal amounts, causing extensive cross-linking.-Presentation:...
, or type IV
Type IV hypersensitivity
Type IV hypersensitivity is often called delayed type hypersensitivity as the reaction takes two to three days to develop. Unlike the other types, it is not antibody mediated but rather is a type of cell-mediated response....
. (No type of autoimmune disease mimics type I hypersensitivity
Type I hypersensitivity
Type I hypersensitivity is an allergic reaction provoked by reexposure to a specific type of antigen referred to as an allergen, or to a nonimmunologic stimulus like cold weather or exercise...
.)
There is an on-going discussion about when a disease should be considered autoimmune, leading to different criteria such as Witebsky's postulates.
| Name: | Accepted/suspected | Hypersensitivity I, II, III, IV |
Autoantibody | >- | Accepted | >- | interferon omega; transglutaminase; aromatic acid carboxylase; GAD Gad Gad may refer to:In religion:*Gad , the founder of the tribe of Gad and seventh son of Jacob*Gad , King David's seer or prophet*Gad , a pan-Semitic deity worshipped during the Babylonian captivity... ; HAI HAI HAI may stand for:*List of IOC country codes for Haiti*Hellenic Aerospace Industry*Helicopter Association International*Hospital-acquired infection*Human Awareness Institute, an organization offering workshops on intimate relationships and sexuality... ; 17 hydroxylase; 21 hydroxylase |
>- | IGHM IGHM Ig mu chain C region is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IGHM gene.It is associated with agammaglobulinemia-1.-Further reading:... ; IGLL1 IGLL1 Immunoglobulin lambda-like polypeptide 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IGLL1 gene. IGLL1 has also recently been designated CD179B .It is associated with agammaglobulinemia-2.-Further reading:... : CD79A CD79A CD79a molecule, immunoglobulin-associated alpha, also known as mb-1, is a human gene.The mb-1 gene codes for a phosphoprotein, designated CD79a CD79a molecule, immunoglobulin-associated alpha, also known as mb-1, is a human gene.The mb-1 gene codes for a phosphoprotein, designated CD79a CD79a... ; CD79B CD79B CD79b molecule, immunoglobulin-associated beta, also known as CD79B , is a human gene.It is associated with agammaglobulinemia-6.-External links:... ; BLNK; LRRC8A LRRC8A Leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 8A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LRRC8A gene.It is associated with agammaglobulinemia-5.-Further reading:... >- | Alopecia areata Alopecia areata Alopecia areata is a medical condition in which hair is lost from some or all areas of the body, usually from the scalp. Because it causes bald spots on the scalp, especially in the first stages, it is sometimes called spot baldness. In 1–2% of cases, the condition can spread to the entire scalp ... |
Accepted | T-cells | >- | >- | Accepted | ANCA ANCA ANCA Pty Ltd is an Australia company which designs and manufactures CNC grinding machines. The company was founded in 1974 by Pat Boland and Pat McCluskey in Melbourne, Australia.... ? |
CD8 CD8 CD8 is a transmembrane glycoprotein that serves as a co-receptor for the T cell receptor . Like the TCR, CD8 binds to a major histocompatibility complex molecule, but is specific for the class I MHC protein. There are two isoforms of the protein, alpha and beta, each encoded by a different gene... ; HLA-B27 HLA-B27 Human Leukocyte Antigen B27 is a class I surface antigen encoded by the B locus in the major histocompatibility complex on chromosome 6 and presents antigenic peptides to T cells... >- | Antiphospholipid syndrome Antiphospholipid syndrome Antiphospholipid syndrome or antiphospholipid antibody syndrome , often also Hughes syndrome, is an autoimmune, hypercoagulable state caused by antibodies against cell-membrane phospholipids that provokes blood clots in both arteries and veins as well as pregnancy-related complications such as... |
Accepted | anti-cardiolipin;anti pyruvate dehydrogenase; β2 glycoprotein I; phosphatidylserine Phosphatidylserine Phosphatidylserine is a phospholipid component, usually kept on the inner-leaflet of cell membranes by an enzyme called flippase... ; anti apoH; Annexin A5 Annexin A5 Annexin A5 is a cellular protein in the annexin group. The function of the protein is unknown; however, annexin A5 has been proposed to play a role in the inhibition of blood coagulation by competing for phosphatidylserine binding sites with prothrombin and also to inhibit the activity of... |
HLA-DR7 HLA-DR7 HLA-DR7 is a HLA-DR serotype that recognizes the DRB1*0701 to *0705 gene products.-Serology:The serological reaction of DR7 is excellent for *0701. The serology of *0703 to *0705 to *0709, and *0711 to *0714 serotypes is unknown. DRB1*0710N is a null allele. DRB1*0702 nomenclature has been... , HLA-B8 HLA-B8 HLA-B8 is an HLA-B serotype. The serotype identifies the HLA-B*08 gene products. HLA-B8, previously known as HL-A8 was one of the first identified of the HLA antigens. It coined the "Super B8" haplotype, also called the ancestral European haplotype because of its common occurrence in Europe,... , HLA-DR2 HLA-DR2 HLA-DR2 of the HLA-DR serotype system, is a broad antigen serotype that is now preferentially covered by HLA-DR15 and HLA-DR16 serotype group... , HLA-DR3 HLA-DR3 HLA-DR3 is composed to the HLA-DR17 and HLA-DR18 split 'antigens' serotypes. DR3 is a component gene-allele of the AH8.1 haplotype in Northern and Western Europeans. Genes between B8 and DR3 on this haplotype are frequently associated with autoimmune disease.... >- | Antisynthetase syndrome |
>- | I | >- | I | >- | >- | Accepted | >- | >- | Accepted | II | >- | Accepted | cell-mediated | anti-mitochondrial antibodies Anti-mitochondrial antibodies Anti-mitochondrial antibodies are autoantibodies, consisting of immunoglobulins formed against mitochondria, primarily mitochondria in cells of the liver... ; ANA ANA -Abbreviations:* AB Nyköpings Automobilfabrik* Administration for Native Americans, a program in the Administration for Children and Families* Afghan National Army* Agency for New Americans, a refugee organization in Boise, Idaho... ; anti-smooth muscle antibodies, LKM-1; soluble liver antigen |
>- | Accepted | >- | Accepted | >- | Accepted | >- | Accepted | ANA ANA -Abbreviations:* AB Nyköpings Automobilfabrik* Administration for Native Americans, a program in the Administration for Children and Families* Afghan National Army* Agency for New Americans, a refugee organization in Boise, Idaho... ; anti-lactoferrin antibodiesanti-carbonic anhydrase antibodies; rheumatoid factor Rheumatoid factor Rheumatoid factor is an autoantibody most relevant in rheumatoid arthritis. It is defined as an antibody against the Fc portion of IgG. RF and IgG join to form immune complexes that contribute to the disease process... |
>- | Accepted | Unknown or multiple | Addison's Disease Addison's disease Addison’s disease is a rare, chronic endocrine disorder in which the adrenal glands do not produce sufficient steroid hormones... >- | Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis may appear as urticarial papules, deep gyrate lesions, papulovesicular lesions, an eczematous eruption, or as targetoid lesions. Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis initially manifests with eye symptoms, e.g. burning, and progresses into rashes... |
Accepted | >- | Accepted | anti gpIIb-IIIa or 1b-IX | >- | Accepted | >- | Accepted | HLAB-27? | >- | >- | >- | IgA (elevated in 50% of patients), IgA (in mesangial deposits on kidney biopsy) | >- | Anti-GQ1b 2/3 patients | Guillain-Barré syndrome Guillain-Barré syndrome Guillain–Barré syndrome , sometimes called Landry's paralysis, is an acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy , a disorder affecting the peripheral nervous system. Ascending paralysis, weakness beginning in the feet and hands and migrating towards the trunk, is the most typical symptom... >- | Blau syndrome Blau syndrome Blau syndrome is characterized by familial granulomatous arthritis, iritis, and skin granulomas, comprising an autosomal dominantly inherited syndrome that overlaps both sarcoidosis and granuloma annulare.... |
sarcoidosis Sarcoidosis Sarcoidosis , also called sarcoid, Besnier-Boeck disease or Besnier-Boeck-Schaumann disease, is a disease in which abnormal collections of chronic inflammatory cells form as nodules in multiple organs. The cause of sarcoidosis is unknown... and granuloma annulare Granuloma annulare Granuloma annulare is a chronic skin disease consisting of a rash with reddish bumps arranged in a circle or ring. Granuloma annulare is different from warts, and cryotherapy treatment will not work... >- | Bullous pemphigoid Bullous pemphigoid Bullous pemphigoid, also referred to as BP, is an acute or chronic autoimmune skin disease, involving the formation of blisters, more appropriately known as bullae, at the space between the skin layers epidermis and dermis.-Signs and symptoms:... |
IgG autoantibodies targeting the type XVII collagen component of hemidesmosomes | >- | >- | >- | Accepted | IV?? | Anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies | HLA-DQ8 HLA-DQ8 HLA-DQ8 is a human leukocyte antigen serotype within the HLA-DQ serotype group. DQ8 is a split antigen of the DQ3 broad antigen. DQ8 is determined by the antibody recognition of β8 and this generally detects the gene product of DQB1*0302.... and DQ2.5 >- | Chagas disease Chagas disease Chagas disease is a tropical parasitic disease caused by the flagellate protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. T. cruzi is commonly transmitted to humans and other mammals by an insect vector, the blood-sucking insects of the subfamily Triatominae most commonly species belonging to the Triatoma, Rhodnius,... |
Suspected | >- | Anti-ganglioside antibodies Anti-ganglioside antibodies Anti-ganglioside antibodies that react to self-gangliosides are found in autoimmune neuropathies. These antibodies were first found to react with cerebellar cells... :anti-GM1, anti-GD1a, anti-GQ1b |
Guillain-Barré syndrome Guillain-Barré syndrome Guillain–Barré syndrome , sometimes called Landry's paralysis, is an acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy , a disorder affecting the peripheral nervous system. Ascending paralysis, weakness beginning in the feet and hands and migrating towards the trunk, is the most typical symptom... >- | Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis is also known as Chronic recurring multifocal osteomyelitis.-CRMO :Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis is a rare condition , in which the bones have lesions, inflammation, and pain. Its definition is evolving... |
Majeed syndrome Majeed syndrome Majeed syndrome is an inherited skin disorder characterized by chronic multifocal osteomyelitis, congenital dyserythropoietic anemia and a neutrophilic dermatosis.... >- | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease , also known as chronic obstructive lung disease , chronic obstructive airway disease , chronic airflow limitation and chronic obstructive respiratory disease , is the co-occurrence of chronic bronchitis and emphysema, a pair of commonly co-existing diseases... |
Suspected | >- | p-ANCA P-ANCA p-ANCA, or Perinuclear Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies, show a perinuclear staining pattern.This pattern occurs because the vast majority of the antigens targeted by ANCAs are highly cationic at pH 7.00. During ethanol fixation, antigens which are more cationic migrate and localize around... |
>- | anti-BP-1, anti BP-2 | C3 C3 -Biology:* C3 carbon fixation in plants* C3-convertase, an enzyme* Apolipoprotein C3, a human very low density lipoprotein* ATC code C03 Diuretics, a subgroup of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System... >- | Cogan syndrome Cogan syndrome Cogan syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by recurrent inflammation of the front of the eye and often fever, fatigue, and weight loss, episodes of dizziness, and hearing loss. It can lead to deafness or blindness if untreated. The classic form of the disease was first described by D.G... |
>- | Accepted | II | IgM IGM IGM as an acronym or abbreviation can refer to:* Immunoglobulin M , the primary antibody against A and B antigens on red blood cells* International Grandmaster, a chess ranking* intergalactic medium* Intragroup medium - see: Intracluster medium... |
>- | >- | III | >- | >- | Anti-centromere antibodies Anti-centromere antibodies Anti-centromere antibodies occur in auto immune disorders; frequently in limited systemic scleroderma, , and, occasionally are found in the diffuse form of scleroderma... Anti-nuclear antibodies |
>- | Accepted | IV | ATG16L1 ATG16L1 Autophagy-related protein 16-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ATG16L1 gene.-Function:Autophagy is the major intracellular degradation system delivering cytoplasmic components to lysosomes, and it accounts for degradation of most long-lived proteins and some organelles... ; CARD15;XBP1 XBP1 X-box binding protein 1, also known as XBP1, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the XBP1 gene. The XBP1 gene is located on chromosome 22 while a closely related pseudogene has been identified and localized to chromosome 5... ; >- | Cushing's Syndrome Cushing's syndrome Cushing's syndrome is a hormone disorder caused by high levels of cortisol in the blood. This can be caused by taking glucocorticoid drugs, or by tumors that produce cortisol or adrenocorticotropic hormone or CRH... |
cortisol binding globulin? | >- | >- | >- | Suspected | >- | IgA IGA Iga or IGA may stand for:-Given name:* a female given name of Polish origin. The name originates from the female given name Jadwiga and stands for gia,or gina in the USA.... ; anti-epidermal transglutaminase antibodies Keratinocyte transglutaminase Protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase K is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the TGM1 gene.Keratinocyte transglutaminase is a transglutaminase enzyme.-Pathology:... |
>- | Accepted | histidine-tRNA anti-signal recognition peptide Anti-Mi-2 Anti-Jo1. | >- | Accepted | IV | Glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies (GADA), islet cell antibodies (ICA), and insulinoma-associated autoantibodies (IA-2), anti-insulin antibodies | >- | anti-nuclear antibodies, anti-centromere and anti-scl70/anti-topoisomerase antibodies Anti-topoisomerase antibodies Anti-topoisomerase antibodies are autoantibodies directed against topoisomerase and found in several diseases, most importantly scleroderma. Diseases with ATA are autoimmune disease because they react with self-proteins... |
COL1A2 COL1A2 Collagen alpha-2 chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the COL1A2 gene.-External links:* -Further reading:... and TGF-β1 >- | Dressler's syndrome Dressler's syndrome Dressler's syndrome is a secondary form of pericarditis that occurs in the setting of injury to the heart or the pericardium... |
myocardial neo-antigens formed as a result of the MI | >- | anti-histone | >- | III | >- | Eczema Eczema Eczema is a form of dermatitis, or inflammation of the epidermis . In England, an estimated 5.7 million or about one in every nine people have been diagnosed with the disease by a clinician at some point in their lives.The term eczema is broadly applied to a range of persistent skin conditions... |
SPINK5 SPINK5 Lympho-epithelial Kazal-type-related inhibitor also known as serine protease inhibitor Kazal-type 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SPINK5 gene.- Structure and function :... , filaggrin Filaggrin Filaggrin is a filament-associated protein that binds to keratin fibers in epithelial cells.-Profilaggrin:Filaggrin monomers are tandemly clustered into a large, 350kDa protein precursor known as profilaggrin. In the epidermis, these structures are present in the keratohyalin granules in cells of... ., Brain-derived neurotrophic factor Brain-derived neurotrophic factor Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, also known as BDNF, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the BDNF gene. BDNF is a member of the "neurotrophin" family of growth factors, which are related to the canonical "Nerve Growth Factor", NGF... (BDNF) and Substance P Substance P In the field of neuroscience, substance P is a neuropeptide: an undecapeptide that functions as a neurotransmitter and as a neuromodulator. It belongs to the tachykinin neuropeptide family. Substance P and its closely related neuropeptide neurokinin A are produced from a polyprotein precursor... . >- | Endometriosis Endometriosis Endometriosis is a gynecological medical condition in which cells from the lining of the uterus appear and flourish outside the uterine cavity, most commonly on the ovaries. The uterine cavity is lined by endometrial cells, which are under the influence of female hormones... |
Suspected | >- | . | MMP3 MMP3 Stromelysin-1 also known as matrix metalloproteinase-3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MMP3 gene. The MMP3 gene is part of a cluster of MMP genes which localize to chromosome 11q22.3.- Function :... TRLR2, TLR4, ERAP1 >- | Eosinophilic fasciitis Eosinophilic fasciitis Eosinophilic fasciitis , also known as "Shulman's syndrome",is a form of fasciitis. It is distinguished from scleroderma primarily because the affected area is the fascia, not the dermis as in scleroderma... |
Accepted | >- | Eosinophilic gastroenteritis Eosinophilic gastroenteritis Eosinophilic gastroenteritis is a rare and heterogeneous condition characterized by patchy or diffuse eosinophilic infiltration of gastrointestinal tissue, first described by Kaijser in 1937... |
IgE IGE IGE was one of the largest services company buying and selling virtual currencies and accounts for MMORPG. During its peak time, it had offices in Los Angeles, China , and headquarters & customer service centre in Hong Kong. IGE was one of the main monopoly in virtual economy services, also known... |
IL-3 IL-3 IL-3 may refer to:* Interleukin 3* Illinois' 3rd congressional district* Illinois Route 3... , IL-5 IL-5 IL 5 or IL-5 may refer to:* Interleukin 5* Illinois' 5th congressional district* Illinois Route 5... , GM-CSF, eotaxin Eotaxin Eotaxin may refer to:* CCL11 * CCL24 * CCL26... >- | Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita is a chronic subepidermal blistering disease associated with autoimmunity to type VII collagen within anchoring fibril structures that are located at the dermal-epidermal junction.... |
COL7A1 COL7A1 Collagen alpha-1 chain is a protein that in humans is encoded by the COL7A1 gene.- Function :This gene encodes the alpha chain of type VII collagen. The type VII collagen fibril, composed of three identical alpha collagen chains, is restricted to the basement zone beneath stratified squamous... >- | Erythema nodosum Erythema nodosum Erythema nodosum is an inflammation of the fat cells under the skin characterized by tender red nodules or lumps that are usually seen on both shins... |
>- | II | ABO, Rh, Kell antibodies | >- | >- | >- | ACVR1 ACVR1 Activin A receptor, type I also known as ALK-2 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ACVR1 gene.- Function :... Lymphocytes express increased BMP4 >- | Fibrosing aveolitis aka Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic, progressive form of lung disease characterized by fibrosis of the supporting framework of the lungs... |
SFTPA1 SFTPA1 Pulmonary surfactant-associated protein A1, also known as SFTPA1, is a human gene.-Further reading:... , SFTPA2, TERT, and TERC TERC TERC may refer to:*Telomerase RNA component, a human gene.*The developers of the Investigations in Numbers, Data, and Space mathematics curriculum.*Technical Education Research Centers*CSIRO Tropical Ecosystems Research Centre... . >- | Gastritis Gastritis Gastritis is an inflammation of the lining of the stomach, and has many possible causes. The main acute causes are excessive alcohol consumption or prolonged use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin or ibuprofen. Sometimes gastritis develops after major surgery, traumatic... |
serum antiparietal and anti-IF antibodies | >- | Accepted | >- | >- | Sometimes | IgA IGA Iga or IGA may stand for:-Given name:* a female given name of Polish origin. The name originates from the female given name Jadwiga and stands for gia,or gina in the USA.... |
Buerger's Disease Buerger's disease Thromboangiitis obliterans is a recurring progressive inflammation and thrombosis of small and medium arteries and veins of the hands and feet... for IgA IGA Iga or IGA may stand for:-Given name:* a female given name of Polish origin. The name originates from the female given name Jadwiga and stands for gia,or gina in the USA.... ; Membranous glomerulonephritis Membranous glomerulonephritis Membranous glomerulonephritis is a slowly progressive disease of the kidney affecting mostly patients between ages of 30 and 50 years, usually Caucasian.It is one of the more common forms of nephrotic syndrome.-Terminology:... for IgG; Membranoproliferative/mesangiocapillary GN (Complement Complement In many different fields, the complement of X is something that together with X makes a complete whole—something that supplies what X lacks.Complement may refer to:... activation); Goodpasture's syndrome Goodpasture's syndrome Goodpasture’s syndrome is a rare disease characterized by glomerulonephritis and hemorrhaging of the lungs... ; Wegener's granulomatosis Wegener's granulomatosis Wegener's granulomatosis , more recently granulomatosis with polyangiitis , is an incurable form of vasculitis that affects the nose, lungs, kidneys and other organs. Due to its end-organ damage, it is life-threatening and requires long-term immunosuppression... >- | Goodpasture's syndrome Goodpasture's syndrome Goodpasture’s syndrome is a rare disease characterized by glomerulonephritis and hemorrhaging of the lungs... |
Accepted | II | Anti-Basement Membrane Collagen Type IV Protein | >- | Accepted | II | thyroid autoantibodies (TSHR-Ab) that activate the TSH Thyroid-stimulating hormone Thyrotrophin-stimulating hormone is a peptide hormone synthesized and secreted by thyrotrope cells in the anterior pituitary gland, which regulates the endocrine function of the thyroid gland.- Physiology :... -receptor (TSHR) |
>- | Accepted | IV | Anti-ganglioside Anti-ganglioside antibodies Anti-ganglioside antibodies that react to self-gangliosides are found in autoimmune neuropathies. These antibodies were first found to react with cerebellar cells... |
>- | Accepted | IV | alpha-enolase Alpha-enolase Enolase 1, more commonly known as alpha-enolase, is a glycolytic enzyme expressed in most tissues, one of the isozymes of enolase. It is a homodimer composed of 2 alpha subunits.-Relationship to Myc-binding protein-1:... |
>- | Accepted | IV | antibodies Antibody An antibody, also known as an immunoglobulin, is a large Y-shaped protein used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects such as bacteria and viruses. The antibody recognizes a unique part of the foreign target, termed an antigen... against thyroid peroxidase Thyroid peroxidase Thyroid peroxidase or thyroperoxidase is an enzyme expressed mainly in the thyroid that liberates iodine for addition onto tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin for the production of thyroxine or triiodothyronine , thyroid hormones. In humans, thyroperoxidase is encoded by the TPO... and/or thyroglobulin Thyroglobulin Thyroglobulin is a 660 kDa, dimeric protein produced by and used entirely within the thyroid gland. In earlier literature, Tg was referred to as colloid.... |
CTLA-4 CTLA-4 CTLA4 also known as CD152 is a protein that plays an important regulatory role in the immune system... >- | Henoch-Schonlein purpura Henoch-Schönlein purpura Henoch–Schönlein purpura is a disease of the skin and other organs that most commonly affects children. In the skin, the disease causes palpable purpura ; often with joint and abdominal pain... |
immunoglobulin A (IgA) and complement component 3 (C3) | >- | IgG and C3 C3 -Biology:* C3 carbon fixation in plants* C3-convertase, an enzyme* Apolipoprotein C3, a human very low density lipoprotein* ATC code C03 Diuretics, a subgroup of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System... misdirected antibodies intended to protect the placenta |
>- | Suspected | >- | IGHM IGHM Ig mu chain C region is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IGHM gene.It is associated with agammaglobulinemia-1.-Further reading:... , IGLL1 IGLL1 Immunoglobulin lambda-like polypeptide 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IGLL1 gene. IGLL1 has also recently been designated CD179B .It is associated with agammaglobulinemia-2.-Further reading:... , CD79A CD79A CD79a molecule, immunoglobulin-associated alpha, also known as mb-1, is a human gene.The mb-1 gene codes for a phosphoprotein, designated CD79a CD79a molecule, immunoglobulin-associated alpha, also known as mb-1, is a human gene.The mb-1 gene codes for a phosphoprotein, designated CD79a CD79a... , BLNK, LRRC8A LRRC8A Leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 8A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LRRC8A gene.It is associated with agammaglobulinemia-5.-Further reading:... , CD79B CD79B CD79b molecule, immunoglobulin-associated beta, also known as CD79B , is a human gene.It is associated with agammaglobulinemia-6.-External links:... >- | Idiopathic Inflammatory Demyelinating Diseases Idiopathic inflammatory demyelinating diseases Idiopathic inflammatory demyelinating diseases , sometimes known as borderline forms of multiple sclerosis, is a collection of multiple sclerosis variants, sometimes considered different diseases, but considered by others to form a spectrum differing only in terms of chronicity, severity, and... |
multiple sclerosis Multiple sclerosis Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory disease in which the fatty myelin sheaths around the axons of the brain and spinal cord are damaged, leading to demyelination and scarring as well as a broad spectrum of signs and symptoms... >- | Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic, progressive form of lung disease characterized by fibrosis of the supporting framework of the lungs... |
SFTPA1 SFTPA1 Pulmonary surfactant-associated protein A1, also known as SFTPA1, is a human gene.-Further reading:... , SFTPA2, TERT, and TERC TERC TERC may refer to:*Telomerase RNA component, a human gene.*The developers of the Investigations in Numbers, Data, and Space mathematics curriculum.*Technical Education Research Centers*CSIRO Tropical Ecosystems Research Centre... . >- | Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura is the condition of having an abnormally low platelet count of no known cause . As most incidents of ITP appear to be related to the production of antibodies against platelets, immune thrombocytopenic purpura or immune thrombocytopenia are terms also used to... (See Autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura) |
Accepted | II | glycoprotein Glycoprotein Glycoproteins are proteins that contain oligosaccharide chains covalently attached to polypeptide side-chains. The carbohydrate is attached to the protein in a cotranslational or posttranslational modification. This process is known as glycosylation. In proteins that have segments extending... s IIb-IIIa or Ib-IX, immunoglobulin G Immunoglobulin G Immunoglobulin G are antibody molecules. Each IgG is composed of four peptide chains — two heavy chains γ and two light chains. Each IgG has two antigen binding sites. Other immunoglobulins may be described in terms of polymers with the IgG structure considered the monomer.IgG constitutes 75%... >- | IgA nephropathy IgA nephropathy IgA nephropathy is a form of glomerulonephritis... |
III? | IgA IGA Iga or IGA may stand for:-Given name:* a female given name of Polish origin. The name originates from the female given name Jadwiga and stands for gia,or gina in the USA.... produced from marrow rather than MALT Malt Malt is germinated cereal grains that have been dried in a process known as "malting". The grains are made to germinate by soaking in water, and are then halted from germinating further by drying with hot air... |
>- | polymyositis Polymyositis Polymyositis is a type of chronic inflammation of the muscles related to dermatomyositis and inclusion body myositis.-Signs and symptoms:... but does not respond to steroid therapy-activated T8 cells >- | Chronic Inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy is an acquired immune-mediated inflammatory disorder of the peripheral nervous system. The disorder is sometimes called chronic relapsing polyneuropathy. CIDP is closely related to Guillain-Barré syndrome and it is considered the chronic... |
anti-ganglioside antibodies Anti-ganglioside antibodies Anti-ganglioside antibodies that react to self-gangliosides are found in autoimmune neuropathies. These antibodies were first found to react with cerebellar cells... |
>- | Suspected | >- | inconsistent ANA ANA -Abbreviations:* AB Nyköpings Automobilfabrik* Administration for Native Americans, a program in the Administration for Children and Families* Afghan National Army* Agency for New Americans, a refugee organization in Boise, Idaho... Rheumatoid factor Rheumatoid factor Rheumatoid factor is an autoantibody most relevant in rheumatoid arthritis. It is defined as an antibody against the Fc portion of IgG. RF and IgG join to form immune complexes that contribute to the disease process... |
>- | Suspected | ITPKC ITPKC ITPKC is a gene that has been associated with Kawasaki disease.It codes an enzyme that negatively regulates T-cell activation.... HLA-B51 HLA-B51 HLA-B51 is an HLA-B serotype. The serotype identifies the more common HLA-B*51 gene products.B51 is a split antigen of the broad antigen B5, and is a sister serotype of B52. There are a large number of alleles within the B*51 allele group... >- | Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome is a rare autoimmune disorder that is characterised by muscle weakness of the limbs... |
voltage-gated calcium channels; Q-type calcium channel Q-type calcium channel The Q-type calcium channel is a type of voltage-dependent calcium channel. Like the others of this class, the α1 subunit is the one that determines most of the channel's properties.... , synaptogagmin, muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1, also known as the cholinergic receptor, muscarinic 1, is a muscarinic receptor.This receptor is found mediating slow EPSP at the ganglion in the postganglionic nerve, is common in exocrine glands and in the CNS.It is predominantly found bound to G proteins... |
>- | >- | >- | >- | >- | VCP VCP VCP, a three-letter abbreviation with multiple meanings, including:In geography:*Van Cortlandt Park, New York City.In organizations:*Verband Christlicher Pfadfinderinnen und Pfadfinder, a German Scouting Association.... , ATXN2 ATXN2 Ataxin-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ATXN2 gene.-Further reading:-External Links:*... , OPTN, FIG4 Fig4 Polyphosphoinositide phosphatase also known as phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate 5-phosphatase or SAC domain-containing protein 3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the FIG4 gene.- Function :... , TARDBP TARDBP TAR DNA-binding protein 43 , is a cellular protein which in humans is encoded by the TARDBP gene.- Discovery :TARDBP was originally identified as a transcriptional repressor that binds to chromosomally integrated TAR DNA and represses HIV-1 transcription. It was also reported to regulate alternate... , ANG ANG ANG is the ISO 639-3 code for Old English. It may also refer to:* Air National Guard, part of the United States National Guard* Anga, Ang Desh or Ang Mahajanapada, one of the 16 Mahajanapada of Ancient India... , VAPB VAPB Vesicle-associated membrane protein-associated protein B/C is a protein that in humans is encoded by the VAPB gene.-Further reading:... , FUS FUS RNA-binding protein FUS is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FUS gene.- Function :The N-terminal end of FUS appears to be involved in transcriptional activation, while the C-terminal end is involved in protein and RNA binding... , SETX SETX Probable helicase senataxin is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SETX gene.-External links:** -Further reading:http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/SETX... , ALS2 ALS2 Alsin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ALS2 gene. ALS2 orthologs have been identified in all mammals for which complete genome data are available.-External Links:** *... , SOD1 SOD1 Superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn] also known as superoxide dismutase 1 or SOD1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SOD1 gene. SOD1 is one of three human superoxide dismutases.- Function :... >- | Lupoid hepatitis Lupoid hepatitis Lupoid hepatitis is an auto-immune disease which causes liver cirrhosis. It maybe associated with systemic lupus erythematosus or other connective tissue disorders. 60% of patients have chronic hepatitis that may mimic viral hepatitis, but without serologic evidence of a viral infection... aka Autoimmune hepatitis Autoimmune hepatitis Autoimmune Hepatitis is a disease of the liver that occurs when the body's immune system attacks cells of the liver. Anomalous presentation of human leukocyte antigen class II on the surface of hepatocytes, possibly due to genetic predisposition or acute liver infection, causes a cell-mediated... |
ANA and SMA, LKM-1 , LKM-2 or LKM-3; antibodies against soluble liver antigen(anti-SLA, anti-LP) no autoantibodies detected (~20%) | >- | Accepted | III | Anti-nuclear antibodies Anti-nuclear antibody Anti-nuclear antibodies are autoantibodies directed against contents of the cell nucleus.... anti-Ro]]. Also, they are often present in Sjögren's syndrome Sjögren's syndrome Sjögren's syndrome , also known as "Mikulicz disease" and "Sicca syndrome", is a systemic autoimmune disease in which immune cells attack and destroy the exocrine glands that produce tears and saliva.... . |
>- | >- | III? | major peripheral myelin protein P0 | >- | p-ANCA P-ANCA p-ANCA, or Perinuclear Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies, show a perinuclear staining pattern.This pattern occurs because the vast majority of the antigens targeted by ANCAs are highly cationic at pH 7.00. During ethanol fixation, antigens which are more cationic migrate and localize around... myeloperoxidase |
>- | Accepted | >- | Accepted | anti-nuclear antibody Anti-nuclear antibody Anti-nuclear antibodies are autoantibodies directed against contents of the cell nucleus.... anti-U1-RNP |
HLA-DR4 HLA-DR4 HLA-DR4 is a HLA-DR serotype that recognizes the DRB1*04 gene products. The DR4 serogroup is large and has a number ofmoderate frequency alleles spread over large regions of the world.-Serology:The serological identification of DR4 is good... >- | Morphea Morphea Morphea is a medical term for localized scleroderma. The disease involves isolated patches of hardened skin - there generally is no internal organ involvement.-Background, nomenclature, classification & codification :... |
Suspected | >- | >- | Suspected | IV | >- | Accepted | II | nicotinic acetylcholine receptor Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, or nAChRs, are cholinergic receptors that form ligand-gated ion channels in the plasma membranes of certain neurons and on the postsynaptic side of the neuromuscular junction... MuSK protein MuSK protein MuSK is a receptor tyrosine kinase required for the formation of the neuromuscular junction. It is activated by a nerve-derived proteoglycan called agrin.-MuSK is required for formation of the Neuromuscular Junction:... |
HLA-DR3 HLA-DR3 HLA-DR3 is composed to the HLA-DR17 and HLA-DR18 split 'antigens' serotypes. DR3 is a component gene-allele of the AH8.1 haplotype in Northern and Western Europeans. Genes between B8 and DR3 on this haplotype are frequently associated with autoimmune disease.... HLA-DR1 HLA-DR1 HLA-DR1 is a HLA-DR serotype that recognizes the DRB1*01 gene products.-Serology:The serology for the most popular DR1 alleles is excellent. The serology for alleles , , , , , , and is unknown.-By serotype:... >- | Myositis Myositis Myositis is a general term for inflammation of the muscles. Many such conditions are considered likely to be caused by autoimmune conditions, rather than directly due to infection It is also a documented side effect of the lipid-lowering drugs statins and fibrates.Elevation of creatine kinase in... |
Dermatomyositis Dermatomyositis Dermatomyositis is a connective-tissue disease related to polymyositis and Bramaticosis that is characterized by inflammation of the muscles and the skin.- Causes :... and Polymyositis Polymyositis Polymyositis is a type of chronic inflammation of the muscles related to dermatomyositis and inclusion body myositis.-Signs and symptoms:... see Inclusion-body-myositis >- | Narcolepsy Narcolepsy Narcolepsy is a chronic sleep disorder, or dyssomnia, characterized by excessive sleepiness and sleep attacks at inappropriate times, such as while at work. People with narcolepsy often experience disturbed nocturnal sleep and an abnormal daytime sleep pattern, which often is confused with insomnia... |
Suspected | II? | hypocretin or orexin Orexin Orexins, also called hypocretins, are the common names given to a pair of excitatory neuropeptide hormones that were simultaneously discovered by two groups of researchers in rat brains.... |
HLA-DQB1 HLA-DQB1 Major histocompatibility complex, class II, DQ beta 1, also known as HLA-DQB1, is a human gene and also denotes the genetic locus that contains this gene... *0602 >- | Neuromyelitis optica (Also Devic's Disease) |
II? | NMO-IgG aquaporin 4 Aquaporin 4 Aquaporin 4 also known as AQP4 is protein which in humans is encoded by the AQP4 gene. AQP4 belongs to the aquaporin family of integral membrane proteins that conduct water through the cell membrane.- Function :... . |
>- | Suspected | II? | voltage-gated potassium channel Voltage-gated potassium channel Voltage-gated potassium channels are transmembrane channels specific for potassium and sensitive to voltage changes in the cell's membrane potential. During action potentials, they play a crucial role in returning the depolarized cell to a resting state.... s. |
>- | II? | BP-1, BP-2 | >- | Suspected | IV? | >- | >- | >- | Suspected | II? | >- | IV? II? | anti-Yo (anti-cdr-2 in purkinje fibers) anti-Hu, anti-Tr, antiglutamate receptor | >- | Sometimes(?) | >- | ANA | >- | >- | >- | Accepted | II | >- | Accepted | II | anti-parietal cell antibody | >- | >- | interleukin 1β IL1B Interleukin-1 beta also known as catabolin, is a cytokine protein that in humans is encoded by the IL1B gene. IL-1β precursor is cleaved by caspase 1 . Cytosolic thiol protease cleaves the product to form mature IL-1β.- Function :Interleukin 1 was discovered by Gery in 1972... , interleukin 6 Interleukin 6 Interleukin-6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IL6 gene.IL-6 is an interleukin that acts as both a pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine. It is secreted by T cells and macrophages to stimulate immune response, e.g. during infection and after trauma, especially burns or other... and TNFα. vascular endothelial growth factor Vascular endothelial growth factor Vascular endothelial growth factor is a signal protein produced by cells that stimulates vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. It is part of the system that restores the oxygen supply to tissues when blood circulation is inadequate.... (VEGF), given the . >- | Polyarteritis nodosa Polyarteritis nodosa Polyarteritis nodosa is a vasculitis of medium & small-sized arteries, which become swollen and damaged from attack by rogue immune cells. Polyarteritis nodosa is also called Kussmaul disease or Kussmaul-Maier disease... |
>- | >- | Accepted | IFN-gamma, IL-1, TNF-alpha | >- | Accepted | Anti-p62 Anti-p62 antibodies Anti-p62 antibodies are found in a primary biliary cirrhosis. p62 is also more frequent in Stage IV primary biliary cirrhosis and is prognostic for severe disease. The autoantigen is the nucleoporin 62kDA protein.... , Anti-sp100 Anti-sp100 antibodies Anti-sp100 antibodies are found in association with primary biliary cirrhosis. The autoimmune target of anti-sp100 is the sp100 nuclear antigen which was identified by its association with primary biliary cirrhosis... , Anti-Mitochondrial(M2)Anti-Ro aka SSA. Also, they are often present in Sjögren's syndrome Sjögren's syndrome Sjögren's syndrome , also known as "Mikulicz disease" and "Sicca syndrome", is a systemic autoimmune disease in which immune cells attack and destroy the exocrine glands that produce tears and saliva.... . |
>- | primary biliary cirrhosis Primary biliary cirrhosis Primary biliary cirrhosis, often abbreviated PBC, is an autoimmune disease of the liver marked by the slow progressive destruction of the small bile ducts within the liver. When these ducts are damaged, bile builds up in the liver and over time damages the tissue. This can lead to scarring,... ? >- | Progressive inflammatory neuropathy Progressive inflammatory neuropathy Progressive inflammatory neuropathy is a disease that was identified in a report, released on January 31, 2008, by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The first known outbreak of this neuropathy was in southeastern Minnesota in the United States. The disease was reported among pig... |
Suspected | >- | Accepted | IV? | HLA-C HLA-C HLA-C belongs to the MHC class I heavy chain receptors. The C receptor is a heterodimer consisting of a HLA-C mature gene product and β2-microglobulin. The mature C chain is anchored in the membrane... w6, IL-12b, IL-23b]], TNFalpha, nfKb >- | Psoriatic arthritis Psoriatic arthritis Psoriatic arthritis is a type of inflammatory arthritis that, according to the National Psoriasis Foundation, will develop in up to 30 percent of people who have the chronic skin condition psoriasis... |
Accepted | IV? | >- | >- | >- | anti-NR2A antibodies | >- | Suspected | >- | Accepted | >- | >- | Suspected | >- | >- | Accepted | III | Rheumatoid factor Rheumatoid factor Rheumatoid factor is an autoantibody most relevant in rheumatoid arthritis. It is defined as an antibody against the Fc portion of IgG. RF and IgG join to form immune complexes that contribute to the disease process... (anti-IgGFc), Anti-MCV , ACPAs(Vimentin Vimentin Vimentin is a type III intermediate filament protein that is expressed in mesenchymal cells. IF proteins are found in all metazoan cells as well as bacteria. IF, along with tubulin-based microtubules and actin-based microfilaments, comprise the cytoskeleton... |
HLA-DR4 HLA-DR4 HLA-DR4 is a HLA-DR serotype that recognizes the DRB1*04 gene products. The DR4 serogroup is large and has a number ofmoderate frequency alleles spread over large regions of the world.-Serology:The serological identification of DR4 is good... , PTPN22 PTPN22 Protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 22 , also known as PTPN22, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PTPN22 gene. Alternative splicing of this gene results in two transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms... , depleted B cells, TNF alpha, IL-17 IL-17 IL-17 or IL 17 can refer to:* Interleukin 17* Illinois' 17th congressional district* Illinois Route 17... , (also maybe IL-1, 6, and 15) >- | Rheumatic fever Rheumatic fever Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory disease that occurs following a Streptococcus pyogenes infection, such as strep throat or scarlet fever. Believed to be caused by antibody cross-reactivity that can involve the heart, joints, skin, and brain, the illness typically develops two to three weeks after... |
II | streptococcal M protein M protein (Streptococcus) M protein is a virulence factor that can be produced by certain species of Streptococcus.Viruses, parasites and bacteria are covered in protein and sugar molecules that help them gain entry into a host by counteracting the host's defences. One such molecule is the M protein produced by certain... cross reacts with human myosin Myosin Myosins comprise a family of ATP-dependent motor proteins and are best known for their role in muscle contraction and their involvement in a wide range of other eukaryotic motility processes. They are responsible for actin-based motility. The term was originally used to describe a group of similar... , anti-DNase B, ASO |
>- | Suspected | IV. | BTNL2 BTNL2 Butyrophilin-like protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the BTNL2 gene.-Further reading:... ; HLA-B7 HLA-B7 HLA-B7 is an HLA-B serotype. The serotype identifies the more common HLA-B*07 gene products. B7, previously HL-A7, was one of the first 'HL-A' antigens recognized, largely because of the frequency of B*0702 in Northern and Western Europe and the United States... -DR15 HLA-DR15 HLA-DR15 is a HLA-DR serotype that recognizes the DRB1*1501 to *1505 and *1507 gene products. DR15 is found at high levels from Ireland to Central Asia. frequencies... ; HLA DR3-DQ2 HLA DR3-DQ2 HLA DR3-DQ2 is double serotype that specifically recognizes cells from individuals who carry a multigene HLA DR, DQ haplotype.Certain HLA DR and DQ genes have known involvementin autoimmune diseases. DR3-DQ2, a multigene... . >- | Schizophrenia Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by a disintegration of thought processes and of emotional responsiveness. It most commonly manifests itself as auditory hallucinations, paranoid or bizarre delusions, or disorganized speech and thinking, and it is accompanied by significant social... |
Suspected | >- | anti-21 hydroxylase, anti-17 hydroxylase | >- | >- | >- | Suspected | IV? | Scl-70 Anti-topoisomerase Anti-topoisomerase antibodies Anti-topoisomerase antibodies are autoantibodies directed against topoisomerase and found in several diseases, most importantly scleroderma. Diseases with ATA are autoimmune disease because they react with self-proteins... |
>- | III | >- | Accepted | Anti-ro]]. Also, they are often present in Sjögren's syndrome Sjögren's syndrome Sjögren's syndrome , also known as "Mikulicz disease" and "Sicca syndrome", is a systemic autoimmune disease in which immune cells attack and destroy the exocrine glands that produce tears and saliva.... . |
>- | HLA-B27 HLA-B27 Human Leukocyte Antigen B27 is a class I surface antigen encoded by the B locus in the major histocompatibility complex on chromosome 6 and presents antigenic peptides to T cells... >- | Still's disease Still's disease Still's disease can refer to:* Juvenile idiopathic arthritis* Adult-onset Still's disease... see Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis |
ANA ANA -Abbreviations:* AB Nyköpings Automobilfabrik* Administration for Native Americans, a program in the Administration for Children and Families* Afghan National Army* Agency for New Americans, a refugee organization in Boise, Idaho... |
macrophage migration inhibitory factor Macrophage migration inhibitory factor Macrophage migration inhibitory factor also known as glycosylation-inhibiting factor , L-dopachrome isomerase, or phenylpyruvate tautomerase is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MIF gene.- Structure :... >- | Stiff person syndrome Stiff person syndrome Stiff person syndrome is a rare neurologic disorder of unknown etiology characterized by progressive rigidity and stiffness, primarily of the axial musculature, that is superimposed by spasms, resulting in postural deformities... |
Suspected | glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), | GLRA1 GLRA1 Glycine receptor subunit alpha-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GLRA1 gene.-Further reading:... (glycine receptor Glycine receptor The glycine receptor, or GlyR, is the receptor for the amino acid neurotransmitter glycine. GlyR is an ionotropic receptor that produces its effects through chloride current... >- | Subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE) |
III ]] | essential mixed cryoglobulinemia | >- | >- | >- | >- | ocular antigens following trauma | >- | III | >- | >- | Accepted | IV | >- | II | glycoprotein Glycoprotein Glycoproteins are proteins that contain oligosaccharide chains covalently attached to polypeptide side-chains. The carbohydrate is attached to the protein in a cotranslational or posttranslational modification. This process is known as glycosylation. In proteins that have segments extending... s IIb-IIIa or Ib-IX in ITP ITP ITP can refer to:*Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura , a bleeding disorder*Individual Thought Patterns, the fifth album by death metal band Death*Industria de Turbo Propulsores, a Spanish gas turbine manufacturer... anti-ADAMTS13 in TTP TTP TTP may refer to:* Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan , the main Taliban militant umbrella group in Pakistan* Tenderness to palpation, a medical diagnostic such as in Trochleitis... . and HUS HUS HUS is a three-letter acronym that may refer to the following:*Sikorsky HUS, US Navy helicopter, see Sikorsky H-34*Hemolytic-uremic syndrome* See also Hus... anti-cardiolipin Cardiolipin Cardiolipin is an important component of the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it constitutes about 20% of the total lipid composition. The only other place that cardiolipin can be found is in the membranes of most bacteria. The name ‘cardiolipin’ is derived from the fact that it was first... (anti-cardiolipin antibodies Anti-cardiolipin antibodies Anti-cardiolipin antibodies are antibodies often directed against cardiolipin and found in several diseases including syphilis, antiphospholipid syndrome, livedoid vasculitis, vertebrobasilar insufficiency, Behçet's syndrome, idiopathic spontaneous abortion, and systemic lupus erythematosus. They... ) and β2 glycoprotein I Apolipoprotein H Apolipoprotein H , previously known as , is a multifunctional apolipoprotein. One of its functions is to bind cardiolipin. When bound the structure of cardiolipin and Apo-H both undergo large changes in structure... in Antiphospholipid syndrome Antiphospholipid syndrome Antiphospholipid syndrome or antiphospholipid antibody syndrome , often also Hughes syndrome, is an autoimmune, hypercoagulable state caused by antibodies against cell-membrane phospholipids that provokes blood clots in both arteries and veins as well as pregnancy-related complications such as... anti-HPA-1a, anti-HPA-5b, and others in NAIT NAIT NAIT stands for:*North American Islamic Trust, an organization in Plainfield, Indiana, that owns Islamic properties*Northern Alberta Institute of Technology*Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia*National Association of Industrial Technology... |
>- | Accepted | >- | Accepted | IV | >- | Accepted | anti-nuclear antibody Anti-nuclear antibody Anti-nuclear antibodies are autoantibodies directed against contents of the cell nucleus.... |
HLA-DR4 HLA-DR4 HLA-DR4 is a HLA-DR serotype that recognizes the DRB1*04 gene products. The DR4 serogroup is large and has a number ofmoderate frequency alleles spread over large regions of the world.-Serology:The serological identification of DR4 is good... >- | Undifferentiated spondyloarthropathy |
>- | II? | anti C1q antibodies | >- | Accepted | III | sometimes ANCA | >- | Suspected | >- | Accepted | Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic(cANCA) Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies are a group of autoantibodies, mainly of the IgG type, against antigens in the cytoplasm of neutrophil granulocytes and monocytes... |
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Development of therapies
In both autoimmune and inflammatory diseases the condition arises through aberrant reactions of the human adaptive or innate immune systems. In autoimmunity, the patient’s immune system is activated against the body's own proteins. In inflammatory diseases, it is the overreaction of the immune system, and its subsequent downstream signaling (TNF, IFN, etc.), which causes problems.A substantial minority of the population suffers from these diseases, which are often chronic, debilitating, and life-threatening. There are more than eighty illnesses caused by autoimmunity. It has been estimated that autoimmune diseases are among the ten leading causes of death among women in all age groups up to 65 years.
External links
- The Autoimmunity Blog
- Autoimmune Disease Diagnostics Industrial Learning Unit on Chemgaroo
- Autoimmunity – an Introduction Industrial Learning Unit on Chemgaroo
- LDN Research Trust A UK based charity raising awareness of the potential usage of LDN as a treatment for Auto-immune diseases
- Links to pictures of Autoimmune Diseases (Hardin MD) at University of IowaUniversity of IowaThe University of Iowa is a public state-supported research university located in Iowa City, Iowa, United States. It is the oldest public university in the state. The university is organized into eleven colleges granting undergraduate, graduate, and professional degrees...