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Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase

 

 
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Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase
 
 
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Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (synonyms: DOPA decarboxylase, tryptophan
Tryptophan

Tryptophan is one of the 20 List of standard amino acids, as well as an essential amino acid in the human diet. It is encoded in the standard genetic code as the codon UGG....
 decarboxylase, 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase, AAAD) is a lyase
Lyase

In biochemistry, a lyase is an enzyme that catalyzes the breaking of various chemical bonds by means other than hydrolysis and oxidation, often forming a new double bond or a new ring structure....
 enzyme
Enzyme

Enzymes are biomolecules that catalysis chemical reactions. Almost all enzymes are proteins. In enzymatic reactions, the molecules at the beginning of the process are called Substrate , and the enzyme converts them into different molecules, the products....
.

atalyzes several different decarboxylation
Decarboxylation

Decarboxylation is any chemical reaction in which a carboxyl group is split off from a compound as carbon dioxide ....
 reactions:

The enzyme uses pyridoxal phosphate as a cofactor
Cofactor (biochemistry)

A cofactor is a non-protein chemical compound that is bound to an enzyme and is required for catalysis. They can be considered "helper molecules/ions" that assist in biochemical transformations....
.

ormal dopamine
Dopamine

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter occurring in a wide variety of animals, including both vertebrates and invertebrates. In the human brain, this phenethylamine functions as a neurotransmitter, activating the five types of dopamine receptors ? D1, D2, D3, D4 and D5, and their variants....
 and serotonin
Serotonin

Serotonin is a monoamine neurotransmitter synthesized in serotonergic neurons in the central nervous system and enterochromaffin cells in the gastrointestinal tract of animals including humans....
 (5-HT) neurotransmitter synthesis, AAAD is not the rate-limiting step in either reaction.






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Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (synonyms: DOPA decarboxylase, tryptophan
Tryptophan

Tryptophan is one of the 20 List of standard amino acids, as well as an essential amino acid in the human diet. It is encoded in the standard genetic code as the codon UGG....
 decarboxylase, 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase, AAAD) is a lyase
Lyase

In biochemistry, a lyase is an enzyme that catalyzes the breaking of various chemical bonds by means other than hydrolysis and oxidation, often forming a new double bond or a new ring structure....
 enzyme
Enzyme

Enzymes are biomolecules that catalysis chemical reactions. Almost all enzymes are proteins. In enzymatic reactions, the molecules at the beginning of the process are called Substrate , and the enzyme converts them into different molecules, the products....
.

Reactions

It catalyzes several different decarboxylation
Decarboxylation

Decarboxylation is any chemical reaction in which a carboxyl group is split off from a compound as carbon dioxide ....
 reactions:
  • L-DOPA to dopamine
    Dopamine

    Dopamine is a neurotransmitter occurring in a wide variety of animals, including both vertebrates and invertebrates. In the human brain, this phenethylamine functions as a neurotransmitter, activating the five types of dopamine receptors ? D1, D2, D3, D4 and D5, and their variants....
     - a neurotransmitter
    Neurotransmitter

    Neurotransmitters are chemistry which relay, amplify and modulate signals between a neuron and another cell . Neurotransmitters are packaged into vesicles that cluster beneath the membrane on the presynaptic side of a synapse, and are released into the synaptic cleft, where they bind to receptors in the membrane on the postsynaptic side of...
  • 5-HTP to serotonin
    Serotonin

    Serotonin is a monoamine neurotransmitter synthesized in serotonergic neurons in the central nervous system and enterochromaffin cells in the gastrointestinal tract of animals including humans....
     (5-HT) - also a neurotransmitter
  • tryptophan
    Tryptophan

    Tryptophan is one of the 20 List of standard amino acids, as well as an essential amino acid in the human diet. It is encoded in the standard genetic code as the codon UGG....
     to tryptamine
    Tryptamine

    Tryptamine is a monoamine alkaloid found in plants, fungi, and animals. It is based around the indole ring structure, and is chemically related to the amino acid tryptophan, from which its name is derived....
     - a precursor to many alkaloids found in plants and animals


The enzyme uses pyridoxal phosphate as a cofactor
Cofactor (biochemistry)

A cofactor is a non-protein chemical compound that is bound to an enzyme and is required for catalysis. They can be considered "helper molecules/ions" that assist in biochemical transformations....
.

As a rate-limiting step

In normal dopamine
Dopamine

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter occurring in a wide variety of animals, including both vertebrates and invertebrates. In the human brain, this phenethylamine functions as a neurotransmitter, activating the five types of dopamine receptors ? D1, D2, D3, D4 and D5, and their variants....
 and serotonin
Serotonin

Serotonin is a monoamine neurotransmitter synthesized in serotonergic neurons in the central nervous system and enterochromaffin cells in the gastrointestinal tract of animals including humans....
 (5-HT) neurotransmitter synthesis, AAAD is not the rate-limiting step in either reaction. However, AAAD becomes the rate-limiting step of dopamine synthesis in patients treated with L-DOPA (such as in Parkinson's Disease
Parkinson's disease

Parkinson's disease is a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that often impairs the sufferer's motor skills and speech, as well as other functions....
), and the rate-limiting step of serotonin synthesis in people treated with 5-HTP (such as in mild depression
Clinical depression

Major depressive disorder is a mental disorder characterized by a pervasive depression , low self-esteem, and anhedonia in normally enjoyable activities....
 or dysthymia
Dysthymia

Dysthymia is a chronic depression mood disorder that falls within the Clinical depression. It is considered a chronic depression, but with less severity than major depressive disorder....
).

AAAD is the rate-limiting enzyme in the formation of biogenic trace amine
Trace amine

Trace amines are endogenous compounds structurally related to classical biogenic amines, such as catecholamines, serotonin and histamine. Trace amines include p-tyramine, ?-phenylethylamine, tryptamine, octopamine, and 3-iodothyronamine, and are found in the nervous systems of animals from insects to mammals....
s.

   


Genetics

The gene
Gene

A gene is the basic unit of heredity in a living organism. All living things depend on genes. Genes hold the information to build and maintain their cell and pass genetic trait to offspring....
 encoding the enzyme is referred to as DDC and located on chromosome 7 in humans. Single nucleotide polymorphism
Single nucleotide polymorphism

A single-nucleotide polymorphism is a DNA sequence variation occurring when a single nucleotide — adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine — in the genome differs between members of a species ....
s and other gene variations have been investigated in relation to neuropsychiatric disorders, e.g., a one-base pair deletion at –601 and a four-base pair deletion at 722–725 in exon
Exon

An exon in a gene is a DNA or RNA sequence that is translated into RNA or protein. In contrast, an intron is a DNA sequence in the gene that is not translated....
 1 in relation to bipolar affective disorder and autism
Autism

Autism is a Neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impaired social interaction and communication, and by restricted and repetitive behavior....
.

See also

  • Aromatic amino acids
    Aromatic amino acids

    Aromatic amino acids are amino acids which include an Aromaticity ring.Examples include:* Among 20 standard amino acids: phenylalanine, histidine, tryptophan, and tyrosine...


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