Arnold Ruge

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Arnold Ruge

Arnold Ruge (13 September 1802 - 31 December 1880) was a German

Germany

Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands....
philosopher and political

Politics

Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions. The term is generally applied to behaviour within civil governments, but politics has been observed in all human group interactions, including corporation, academia, and religion institutions....
writer.

in Bergen

Bergen auf Rügen

Bergen auf R?gen is the capital of the district of R?gen in the middle of the island of R?gen in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. Since 1 January 2005, Bergen has moreover been the administrative seat of the Amt of Bergen auf R?gen, which with a population of over 23,000 is Mecklenburg-Vorpommern's most populous Amt....
, he studied in Halle, Jena and Heidelberg. As an advocate of a free and united Germany he was jailed for five years in 1825 in the fortress of Kolberg

Kolobrzeg

Kolobrzeg is a city in Middle Pomerania Pomerania in north-western Poland with some 50,000 inhabitants . Kolobrzeg is located on the Parseta River on the south coast of the Baltic Sea ....
, where he studied Plato

Plato

Plato , was a Classical Greece Greeks philosopher, mathematician, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of the Platonic Academy in Ancient Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the western world....
and the Greek poets. Moving to Halle

Halle, Saxony-Anhalt

Halle is the largest city in the Germany States of Germany of Saxony-Anhalt. It is also called Halle an der Saale in order to distinguish it from Halle, North Rhine-Westphalia in North Rhine-Westphalia....
on his release, he published a number of plays — including Schill und die Seinen, a tragedy — and translations of ancient Greek

Greek language

Greek is an Indo-European languages native to the southern Balkan peninsula, the language of the Greek people. It forms an independent branch within Indo-European....
texts — e.g.

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Encyclopedia

Arnold Ruge (13 September 1802 - 31 December 1880) was a German

Germany

Politics

Studies in university and prison

Born in Bergen

Bergen auf Rügen

Kolobrzeg

Plato

Halle, Saxony-Anhalt

Greek language

Greek is an Indo-European languages native to the southern Balkan peninsula, the language of the Greek people. It forms an independent branch within Indo-European....
texts — e.g. Oedipus in Colonus.

Hegelians

He also became associated with the Young Hegelians

Young Hegelians

The Young Hegelians, or Left Hegelians, were a group of Prussian intellectuals writing in the decade or so after the death of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel in 1831 and responding to his ambiguous legacy....
. In 1837 with E. T. Echtermeyer he founded the Hallesche Jahrbücher für deutsche Kunst und Wissenschaft. In this periodical he discussed the questions of the time from the point of view of the Hegelian philosophy. According to Frederick Copleston

Frederick Copleston

Frederick Charles Copleston, Jesuit, Order of the British Empire was a Society of Jesus priest and historian of philosophy....
:

“Ruge shared Hegel's belief that history is a progressive advance towards the realization of freedom, and that freedom is attained in the State, the creation of the rational General Will.[...] At the same time he criticized Hegel for having given an interpretation of history which was closed to the future, in the sense that it left no room for novelty.”

The Jahrbücher was detested by the orthodox party in Prussia

Prussia

Prussia was, most recently, a historic state originating out of the Duchy of Prussia and the Margraviate of Brandenburg. This state had for centuries substantial influence on Germany and European history....
; and was finally suppressed by the Saxon

Saxony

The Free State of Saxony is a States of Germany of Germany. Located in the southeastern part of present-day Germany. It is the tenth-largest German state in area and the sixth largest in population , of Germany's sixteen states....
government in 1843.

Revolutions of 1848

In Paris

Paris

Paris is the Capital of France and the country's largest city. It is situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the ?le-de-France Regions of France ....
, Ruge co-edited the Deutsch–Französische Jahrbücher
Deutsch–Französische Jahrbücher

The Deutsch?Franz?sische Jahrb?cher was a journal published in Paris by Karl Marx and Arnold Ruge. This is where Marx had published his On The Jewish Question....
with Karl Marx

Karl Marx

Karl Heinrich Marx was a Germanphilosophy, political economy, historian, sociologist, humanism, political theorist and revolutionary credited as the founder of communism....
briefly. He had little sympathy with Marx's socialistic theories, and soon left him. In the revolutionary movement of 1848

Revolutions of 1848

The European Revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the Spring of Nations or the Year of Revolution, were a series of political upheavals throughout the European continent....
, he organized the Extreme Left in the Frankfurt parliament

Frankfurt Parliament

The Frankfurt Parliament was the first freely elected parliament for all of Germany. It was in session from 18 May 1848 until 31 May 1849 in the Paulskirche, Frankfurt at Frankfurt am Main....
, and for some time he lived in Berlin

Berlin

Berlin is the Capital of Germany city and one of sixteen States of Germany of Germany. With a population of 3.4 million within its city limits, Berlin is the country's largest city....
as the editor of the Die Reform. The Prussian government intervened and Ruge soon afterwards left again for Paris, hoping, through his friend Alexandre Ledru-Rollin, to establish relations between German and French republicans; but in 1849 both Ledru-Rollin and Ruge had to take refuge in London

London

London is the capital of both England and the United Kingdom, and the most populous municipality in the European Union. An important settlement for two millennia, History of London goes back to its founding by the Roman Empire....
.

London

In London, in company with Giuseppe Mazzini

Giuseppe Mazzini

Giuseppe Mazzini , the "Soul of Italy," was an Italian patriot, philosopher and politician. His efforts helped bring about the modern Italian state in place of the several separate states, many dominated by foreign powers, that existed until the 19th century....
and other advanced politicians, he formed a “European Democratic Committee.” From this Ruge soon withdrew, and in 1850, Ruge moved to Brighton

Brighton

Brighton is a city on the south coast of England and, with its neighbours Hove and Portslade, forms the Brighton and Hove.The ancient settlement of Brighthelmston dates from before the Domesday Book , but it emerged as a health resort during the 18th Century and became a destination for day-trippers after the arrival of the railway in...
to live as a teacher

Teacher

In education, a teacher is a person who teaches. A teacher who teaches an individual student may also be described as a personal tutor.The role of teacher is often formal and ongoing, carried out by way of Occupation or Profession at a school or other place of formal education....
and writer

Writer

A writer is anyone who creates a written work, although the word usually designates those who write creatively or professionally, as well as those who have written in many different forms....
. In 1866, he vigorously supported Prussia against Austria

Austria

Austria , officially the Republic of Austria , is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It borders both Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west....
in the Austro-Prussian War

Austro-Prussian War

The Austro-Prussian War was a war fought in 1866 between the Austrian Empire and its German allies on one side and the Kingdom of Prussia with its German allies and Kingdom of Italy on the other, that resulted in Prussian dominance over the German states....
, and in 1870, he supported Germany against France

France

France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France....
in the Franco-Prussian War

Franco-Prussian War

The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War, often referred to in France as the 1870 War was a conflict between Second French Empire and Kingdom of Prussia, while Prussia was backed by the North German Confederation, of which it was a member, and the South German states of Grand Duchy of Baden, History of W?rttemberg#The Kingdom...
. On a smaller scale, while in Brighton, he was chairman of the successful Park Crescent Residents' Association. In his last years he received from the German government a pension of 1000 marks.

Works

Ruge was a leader in religious and political liberalism, but did not produce any work of enduring importance. In 1846-48 his Gesammelte Schriften were published in ten volumes. After this time he wrote, among other books, Unser System, Revolutionsnovellen, Die Loge des Humanismus, and Aus früherer Zeit (his memoirs). He also wrote many poems, and several dramas and romances, and translated into German various English works, including the Letters of Junius and Buckle's History of Civilization. His Letters and Diary (1825-80) were published by Paul Nerrlich (Berlin, 1885-87). See A. W. Bolin's L. Feuerbach, pp. 127-52 (Stuttgart, 1891).