Arlie Russell Hochschild
Encyclopedia
Arlie Russell Hochschild (born January 15, 1940, Boston, Massachusetts) is a professor of sociology
at the University of California, Berkeley
. She is the author of several prize-winning books and numerous articles on the balancing acts of modern two-job couples at home and at work. She introduced to the field of sociology the ideas of feeling rules
, time bind
and emotional labor
.
,
, where she later became a professor. With her husband, writer Adam Hochschild
, she raised two sons. As a graduate student at Berkeley
, Hochschild read the writings of C. Wright Mills
. In White Collar
, Mills argued that we "sell our personality." This resonated with Hochschild, but she felt that more needed to be added. As she writes,
Culture guides the act of recognizing a feeling by proposing what's possible for us to feel. In The Managed Heart
Hochschild cites the Czech novelist Milan Kundera
, who writes that the Czech word “litost” refers to an indefinable longing, mixed with remorse and grief—a constellation of feelings with no equivalent in any other language. It is not that non-Czechs never feel litost, she notes; it is that they are not, in the same way, invited to lift the feeling out and affirm it—instead of to disregard or suppress it.
Apart from what we think a feeling is, Hochschild asserts in The Managed Heart
, we have ideas about what it should be. We say, "You should be thrilled at winning the prize" or "you should be furious at what he did." We evaluate the fit between feeling and context in light of what she calls "feeling rules
," which are themselves deeply rooted in culture. In light of such feeling rules, we try to manage our feelings—i.e., we try to be happy at a party, or grief-stricken at a funeral. In all of these ways—our experience of an interaction, our definition of feeling, our appraisal and management of feeling—feeling is social.
This perspective led Hochschild to propose the idea of "emotional labor
"--the effort to seem to feel and to try to actually feel the "right" feeling for the job, and to try to induce the "right" feeling in certain others. In The Managed Heart
Hochschild shows that flight attendants are trained to manage both passengers' fear of turbulence and their own upset at cranky or abusive passengers. She illustrates the process by which bill collectors are trained to restrict compassion or liking for debtors. As the number of service jobs grows, so too does the amount of emotional labor
performed.
Increasingly, Hochschild argues, emotional labor
is going global. In her essay, "Love and Gold," she sets the concept of emotional labor in a larger political context. She describes a South-to-North "heart transplant" as immigrant care workers from such countries as the Philippines
and Sri Lanka
leave their young, their elderly and their communities in the poor South to take up paid jobs caring for the young and elderly in families and communities of the affluent North. Such jobs call on workers to manage grief and anguish vis-a-vis their own long-separated children, spouses, and elderly parents, even as they try to feel—and genuinely do feel—joyful attachment to the children and elders they daily care for in the North.
"Is an emotion a resource like gold or ivory that can be extracted from one place and taken to another?" Hochschild asks. Rich countries indeed do "extract" love from poor ones, she concludes, in the broad sense that they are taking caregivers away from the South and transferring them to the North. But what is extracted, she argues, is the emotion a person has partially displaced, in the psychoanalytic sense, from its original object (her own baby left behind) onto another (the baby she is now paid to care for). That displaced love is then further "produced" and "assembled" in Los Angeles or Athens, or elsewhere in the rich North, with the leisure, the money, the ideology of the child, the intense loneliness and the intense sense of missing her own children. Thus, Hochschild argues that love is gold but the gold is created through a social alchemy which blends a pre-modern childhood (as lived in rural areas of the Philippines
, Thailand
, India
) and a post-modern American ideology of intensive mothering and child development, with the loneliness and separation of migration. In "Love and Gold," Hochschild shows us a way of seeing the emotion of maternal love through the lens of global capitalism.
Other of Hochschild's books apply her perspective on emotion to the American family, which is still stuck, she proposes in The Second Shift, in a "stalled gender revolution." (Most mothers now do paid work outside the home; that is the revolution. But the jobs they go out to and men they come home to haven't changed as rapidly or deeply—that is the stall.) Hochschild explores how couples divide up the emotional as well as physical work of making home feel like home. She traces links between a couple's division of labor and their underlying "economy of gratitude." Who, she asks, is grateful to whom, and for what, and how is gratitude influenced by the external "rate of exchange" for male help at home?
In The Time Bind
, Hochschild studied how families working at a Fortune 500
company fared in their efforts to expand family time, and explored a major contradiction that their lives expressed. On one hand, nearly everyone she talked to expressed the deeply held feeling that "my family comes first." On the other hand, given the lack of family time, absence of community and kin support at home, and a strong and alluring culture at work, working parents felt the pull of cultural magnets that worked in the opposite direction. Hochschild finds that in about a fifth of families, it was at work and not at home that the person felt most competent, most appreciated, most supported ( i.e. could get help with mistakes) and even most secure. Their values pulled them one way, while cultural magnets pulled them in another. Meanwhile, Hochschild noted, working parents dealt with this contradictory pull between values and magnets through the deployment of various strategies. One was the strategy of “emotional asceticism,” the curtailment of emotional needs; another strategy was to permit personal needs and hire others to meet them; a third was to develop a "potential self"--an imaginary self one would be if only one had time. Hochschild argues that these strategies were ways in which families absorbed the emotional strains of a stalled revolution, without altering the conditions that caused those strains.
Concepts developed by Hochschild, such as "feeling rules" and "the time bind" have been adopted by scholars in a range of disciplines. Capturing some of the recent research and debate, a collection published in 2011, At the Heart of Work and Family: Engaging the Ideas of Arlie Hochschild, critically explores the conceptual framework developed by Hochschild. This anthology includes an Afterword by Hochschild and two of her classic articles and explores emotion work at the intersection of work and family life.
Taken as a whole, Hochschild’s books describe various ways in which each individual "self" becomes a shock absorber of larger contradictory forces. Hochschild describes how we sometimes become estranged from ourselves, partly by adopting myths (family myths of The Second Shift, the strategies of evasion in The Time Bind
, the employer's myth of the naturally loving Sri Lankan nanny in Global Woman. Such myths function to contain anxiety, she notes, and—like "false consciousness"--they obscure individuals’ recognition of some difficult truths about modern capitalism. In this sense, Hochschild’s work combines critical theory
, ethnographic
observation, and a focus on human emotion
.
A complete list of Hochschild's writings can be found on her UC Berkeley website.
, Fulbright
and Mellon
fellowships, and three awards granted by the American Sociological Association
--the Charles Cooley
Award (for her book The Managed Heart
) the Jessie Bernard
Award (for The Second Shift, The Time Bind
and Global Woman), and the Award for Public Understanding of Sociology (for lifetime achievement). Within sociology she is known as the founder of the sociology of emotion
and, outside of it, as a "public sociologist
," having contributed to the New York Times op-ed page and Book Review, Mother Jones
, The American Prospect
, Harper's Magazine
, and TomDispatch.com on issues of the day. Hochschild has received honorary doctoral degrees from Swarthmore College
(her alma mater), Aalborg University in Denmark
, and the University of Oslo
, Norway
. Her work appears in 14 languages.
(2003b) Global Woman: Nannies, Maids and Sex Workers in the New Economy, co-edited with Barbara Ehrenreich for Metropolitan Books, New York: Metropolitan Press.
(1997) The Time Bind: When Work Becomes Home and Home Becomes Work. New York: Metropolitan/Holt. Appears as a cover article in The New York Times Magazine, and excerpted in The Nation and Working USA. New preface for paperback American edition. Reissued in 1997 with new afterword. Recorded as audio book by Scholarly Audio Inc.
(1989) The Second Shift: Working Parents and the Revolution at Home, (with Anne Machung). New York: Viking Penguin. Reissued in 1997 with new afterword. Published in Great Britain by Piatkus Press.
(1983) The Managed Heart: The Commercialization of Human Feeling. Berkeley: The University of California Press. Reprinted with new afterword in 2003.
(1973) The Unexpected Community. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. Second edition (1979): Berkeley, CA: The University of California Press.
(2009) "The State of Families, Class and Culture." In the “Crossroads” essay series of the New York Times Review of Books, October 18, pp. 27.
(2009) "Childbirth at the Global Crossroads." The American Prospect
, October 5, pp. 25–28. A review of it can be found here and here.
(2008) "Feeling Around the World." Contexts, 7(2):80. Reprinted in the Swedish sociological journal, Sociologisk Forskning.
(2005) "Rent-A-Mom and Other Services: Market, Meaning and Emotion." International Journal of Work Organization and Emotion, 1(1):74-86.
(2005) "The Chauffeur’s Dilemma." The American Prospect
, July, pp. 51–53.
(2005) "Arrested Development." New York Times, June 29, pp. 23. (Editorial on children in American detention camps in Iraq, Afghanistan, and Guantanamo.) Reprinted in the International Herald Tribune
.
(2004) “The Commodity Frontier.” pp. 38–56 in Self, Social Structure, and Beliefs: Essays in Sociology, edited by J. Alexander, G. Marx and C. Williams. Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press.
(2003) "Let Them Eat War." Mother Jones
, October 8.
(2000) "The Nanny Chain." Cover article in The American Prospect
, Vol. 11, Issue 4, January 3, pp. 32–36.
(1986) "The Totaled Woman." Review of The Crisis of The Working Mother by Barbara Berg, Playing For High Stakes by Elaine Denholtz, and The Third Sex by Patricia McBroom, in the New York Times Book Review, May 11, pp. 15.
(1983) "Vive La Difference." Review of Ivan Illich
's Gender in the New York Times Book Review, January 30, pp. 7.
(1975) "The Sociology of Feeling and Emotion: Selected Possibilities." Sociological Inquiry 45(2-3):280-307.
Sociology
Sociology is the study of society. It is a social science—a term with which it is sometimes synonymous—which uses various methods of empirical investigation and critical analysis to develop a body of knowledge about human social activity...
at the University of California, Berkeley
University of California, Berkeley
The University of California, Berkeley , is a teaching and research university established in 1868 and located in Berkeley, California, USA...
. She is the author of several prize-winning books and numerous articles on the balancing acts of modern two-job couples at home and at work. She introduced to the field of sociology the ideas of feeling rules
Feeling rules
Feeling rules are socially shared norms that influence how we want to try to feel emotions in given social relations. This concept was introduced by sociologist Arlie Russell Hochschild in 1979....
, time bind
Time bind
Time bind is a concept introduced by sociologist Arlie Russell Hochschild in 1997 with the publication of her The Time Bind: When Work Becomes Home and Home Becomes Work...
and emotional labor
Emotional labor
Emotional labor is a form of emotional regulation wherein workers are expected to display certain emotions as part of their job, and to promote organizational goals...
.
Early life
The child of diplomats, Hochschild early became fascinated with the boundaries people draw between inner experience and outer appearance. As she writes in the preface to her book, The Managed Heart: The Commercialization of Human FeelingThe Managed Heart: the Commercialization of Human Feeling
The Managed heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling, by Arlie Russell Hochschild, was first published in 1983. A 20th Anniversary addition with a new afterword added by the author was published in 2003. Hochschild's text is seminal and scholars like Sarah J. Tracy and Stephen Fineman have...
,
- "I found myself passing a dish of peanuts among many guests and looking up at their smiles; diplomatic smiles can look different when seen from below than when seen straight on. Afterwards I would listen to my mother and father interpret various gestures. The tight smile of the Bulgarian emissary, the averted glance of the Chinese consul . . . I learned, conveyed messages not simply from person to person but from Sofia to Washington, from Peking to Paris, and from Paris to Washington. Had I passed the peanuts to a person, I wondered, or to an actor? Where did the person end and the act begin? Just how is a person related to an act?"
Education and Academic Career
Hochschild earned her M.A. and PhD from the University of California, BerkeleyUniversity of California, Berkeley
The University of California, Berkeley , is a teaching and research university established in 1868 and located in Berkeley, California, USA...
, where she later became a professor. With her husband, writer Adam Hochschild
Adam Hochschild
Adam Hochschild is an American author and journalist.-Biography:Hochschild was born in New York City. As a college student, he spent a summer working on an anti-government newspaper in South Africa and subsequently worked briefly as a civil rights worker in Mississippi in 1964...
, she raised two sons. As a graduate student at Berkeley
University of California, Berkeley
The University of California, Berkeley , is a teaching and research university established in 1868 and located in Berkeley, California, USA...
, Hochschild read the writings of C. Wright Mills
C. Wright Mills
Charles Wright Mills was an American sociologist. Mills is best remembered for his 1959 book The Sociological Imagination in which he lays out a view of the proper relationship between biography and history, theory and method in sociological scholarship...
. In White Collar
White Collar: The American Middle Classes
White Collar: The American Middle Classes is a study of the American middle class by sociologist C. Wright Mills, first published in 1951. It describes the forming of a "new class": the white-collar workers. It is also a major study of social alienation in the modern industrialized world and...
, Mills argued that we "sell our personality." This resonated with Hochschild, but she felt that more needed to be added. As she writes,
- "Mills seemed to assume that in order to sell personality, one need only have it. Yet simply having personality does not make one a diplomat, any more than having muscles makes one an athlete. What was missing was a sense of the active emotional labor involved in the selling. This labor, it seemed to me, might be one part of a distinctly patterned yet invisible emotional system– a system composed of individual acts of 'emotion work,' social 'feeling rules,' and a great variety of exchanges between people in private and public life."
Major Ideas
Hochschild starts with the thesis that human emotion and feeling—joy, sadness, anger, elation, jealousy, envy, despair—is, in large part, social. Each culture, she argues, provides us with prototypes of feeling which, like the different keys on a piano, attune us to different inner notes. Tahitians, she points out, have one word, "sick," for what in other cultures might correspond to ennui, depression, grief or sadness.Culture guides the act of recognizing a feeling by proposing what's possible for us to feel. In The Managed Heart
The Managed Heart: the Commercialization of Human Feeling
The Managed heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling, by Arlie Russell Hochschild, was first published in 1983. A 20th Anniversary addition with a new afterword added by the author was published in 2003. Hochschild's text is seminal and scholars like Sarah J. Tracy and Stephen Fineman have...
Hochschild cites the Czech novelist Milan Kundera
Milan Kundera
Milan Kundera , born 1 April 1929, is a writer of Czech origin who has lived in exile in France since 1975, where he became a naturalized citizen in 1981. He is best known as the author of The Unbearable Lightness of Being, The Book of Laughter and Forgetting, and The Joke. Kundera has written in...
, who writes that the Czech word “litost” refers to an indefinable longing, mixed with remorse and grief—a constellation of feelings with no equivalent in any other language. It is not that non-Czechs never feel litost, she notes; it is that they are not, in the same way, invited to lift the feeling out and affirm it—instead of to disregard or suppress it.
Apart from what we think a feeling is, Hochschild asserts in The Managed Heart
The Managed Heart: the Commercialization of Human Feeling
The Managed heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling, by Arlie Russell Hochschild, was first published in 1983. A 20th Anniversary addition with a new afterword added by the author was published in 2003. Hochschild's text is seminal and scholars like Sarah J. Tracy and Stephen Fineman have...
, we have ideas about what it should be. We say, "You should be thrilled at winning the prize" or "you should be furious at what he did." We evaluate the fit between feeling and context in light of what she calls "feeling rules
Feeling rules
Feeling rules are socially shared norms that influence how we want to try to feel emotions in given social relations. This concept was introduced by sociologist Arlie Russell Hochschild in 1979....
," which are themselves deeply rooted in culture. In light of such feeling rules, we try to manage our feelings—i.e., we try to be happy at a party, or grief-stricken at a funeral. In all of these ways—our experience of an interaction, our definition of feeling, our appraisal and management of feeling—feeling is social.
This perspective led Hochschild to propose the idea of "emotional labor
Emotional labor
Emotional labor is a form of emotional regulation wherein workers are expected to display certain emotions as part of their job, and to promote organizational goals...
"--the effort to seem to feel and to try to actually feel the "right" feeling for the job, and to try to induce the "right" feeling in certain others. In The Managed Heart
The Managed Heart: the Commercialization of Human Feeling
The Managed heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling, by Arlie Russell Hochschild, was first published in 1983. A 20th Anniversary addition with a new afterword added by the author was published in 2003. Hochschild's text is seminal and scholars like Sarah J. Tracy and Stephen Fineman have...
Hochschild shows that flight attendants are trained to manage both passengers' fear of turbulence and their own upset at cranky or abusive passengers. She illustrates the process by which bill collectors are trained to restrict compassion or liking for debtors. As the number of service jobs grows, so too does the amount of emotional labor
Emotional labor
Emotional labor is a form of emotional regulation wherein workers are expected to display certain emotions as part of their job, and to promote organizational goals...
performed.
Increasingly, Hochschild argues, emotional labor
Emotional labor
Emotional labor is a form of emotional regulation wherein workers are expected to display certain emotions as part of their job, and to promote organizational goals...
is going global. In her essay, "Love and Gold," she sets the concept of emotional labor in a larger political context. She describes a South-to-North "heart transplant" as immigrant care workers from such countries as the Philippines
Philippines
The Philippines , officially known as the Republic of the Philippines , is a country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam...
and Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka is a country off the southern coast of the Indian subcontinent. Known until 1972 as Ceylon , Sri Lanka is an island surrounded by the Indian Ocean, the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait, and lies in the vicinity of India and the...
leave their young, their elderly and their communities in the poor South to take up paid jobs caring for the young and elderly in families and communities of the affluent North. Such jobs call on workers to manage grief and anguish vis-a-vis their own long-separated children, spouses, and elderly parents, even as they try to feel—and genuinely do feel—joyful attachment to the children and elders they daily care for in the North.
"Is an emotion a resource like gold or ivory that can be extracted from one place and taken to another?" Hochschild asks. Rich countries indeed do "extract" love from poor ones, she concludes, in the broad sense that they are taking caregivers away from the South and transferring them to the North. But what is extracted, she argues, is the emotion a person has partially displaced, in the psychoanalytic sense, from its original object (her own baby left behind) onto another (the baby she is now paid to care for). That displaced love is then further "produced" and "assembled" in Los Angeles or Athens, or elsewhere in the rich North, with the leisure, the money, the ideology of the child, the intense loneliness and the intense sense of missing her own children. Thus, Hochschild argues that love is gold but the gold is created through a social alchemy which blends a pre-modern childhood (as lived in rural areas of the Philippines
Philippines
The Philippines , officially known as the Republic of the Philippines , is a country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam...
, Thailand
Thailand
Thailand , officially the Kingdom of Thailand , formerly known as Siam , is a country located at the centre of the Indochina peninsula and Southeast Asia. It is bordered to the north by Burma and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the...
, India
India
India , officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world...
) and a post-modern American ideology of intensive mothering and child development, with the loneliness and separation of migration. In "Love and Gold," Hochschild shows us a way of seeing the emotion of maternal love through the lens of global capitalism.
Other of Hochschild's books apply her perspective on emotion to the American family, which is still stuck, she proposes in The Second Shift, in a "stalled gender revolution." (Most mothers now do paid work outside the home; that is the revolution. But the jobs they go out to and men they come home to haven't changed as rapidly or deeply—that is the stall.) Hochschild explores how couples divide up the emotional as well as physical work of making home feel like home. She traces links between a couple's division of labor and their underlying "economy of gratitude." Who, she asks, is grateful to whom, and for what, and how is gratitude influenced by the external "rate of exchange" for male help at home?
In The Time Bind
Time bind
Time bind is a concept introduced by sociologist Arlie Russell Hochschild in 1997 with the publication of her The Time Bind: When Work Becomes Home and Home Becomes Work...
, Hochschild studied how families working at a Fortune 500
Fortune 500
The Fortune 500 is an annual list compiled and published by Fortune magazine that ranks the top 500 U.S. closely held and public corporations as ranked by their gross revenue after adjustments made by Fortune to exclude the impact of excise taxes companies collect. The list includes publicly and...
company fared in their efforts to expand family time, and explored a major contradiction that their lives expressed. On one hand, nearly everyone she talked to expressed the deeply held feeling that "my family comes first." On the other hand, given the lack of family time, absence of community and kin support at home, and a strong and alluring culture at work, working parents felt the pull of cultural magnets that worked in the opposite direction. Hochschild finds that in about a fifth of families, it was at work and not at home that the person felt most competent, most appreciated, most supported ( i.e. could get help with mistakes) and even most secure. Their values pulled them one way, while cultural magnets pulled them in another. Meanwhile, Hochschild noted, working parents dealt with this contradictory pull between values and magnets through the deployment of various strategies. One was the strategy of “emotional asceticism,” the curtailment of emotional needs; another strategy was to permit personal needs and hire others to meet them; a third was to develop a "potential self"--an imaginary self one would be if only one had time. Hochschild argues that these strategies were ways in which families absorbed the emotional strains of a stalled revolution, without altering the conditions that caused those strains.
Concepts developed by Hochschild, such as "feeling rules" and "the time bind" have been adopted by scholars in a range of disciplines. Capturing some of the recent research and debate, a collection published in 2011, At the Heart of Work and Family: Engaging the Ideas of Arlie Hochschild, critically explores the conceptual framework developed by Hochschild. This anthology includes an Afterword by Hochschild and two of her classic articles and explores emotion work at the intersection of work and family life.
Taken as a whole, Hochschild’s books describe various ways in which each individual "self" becomes a shock absorber of larger contradictory forces. Hochschild describes how we sometimes become estranged from ourselves, partly by adopting myths (family myths of The Second Shift, the strategies of evasion in The Time Bind
Time bind
Time bind is a concept introduced by sociologist Arlie Russell Hochschild in 1997 with the publication of her The Time Bind: When Work Becomes Home and Home Becomes Work...
, the employer's myth of the naturally loving Sri Lankan nanny in Global Woman. Such myths function to contain anxiety, she notes, and—like "false consciousness"--they obscure individuals’ recognition of some difficult truths about modern capitalism. In this sense, Hochschild’s work combines critical theory
Critical theory
Critical theory is an examination and critique of society and culture, drawing from knowledge across the social sciences and humanities. The term has two different meanings with different origins and histories: one originating in sociology and the other in literary criticism...
, ethnographic
Ethnography
Ethnography is a qualitative method aimed to learn and understand cultural phenomena which reflect the knowledge and system of meanings guiding the life of a cultural group...
observation, and a focus on human emotion
Emotion
Emotion is a complex psychophysiological experience of an individual's state of mind as interacting with biochemical and environmental influences. In humans, emotion fundamentally involves "physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience." Emotion is associated with mood,...
.
A complete list of Hochschild's writings can be found on her UC Berkeley website.
Honors
Hochschild has won GuggenheimGuggenheim Fellowship
Guggenheim Fellowships are American grants that have been awarded annually since 1925 by the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation to those "who have demonstrated exceptional capacity for productive scholarship or exceptional creative ability in the arts." Each year, the foundation makes...
, Fulbright
Fulbright Program
The Fulbright Program, including the Fulbright-Hays Program, is a program of competitive, merit-based grants for international educational exchange for students, scholars, teachers, professionals, scientists and artists, founded by United States Senator J. William Fulbright in 1946. Under the...
and Mellon
Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation of New York City and Princeton, New Jersey in the United States, is a private foundation with five core areas of interest, endowed with wealth accumulated by the late Andrew W. Mellon of the Mellon family of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It is the product of the 1969...
fellowships, and three awards granted by the American Sociological Association
American Sociological Association
The American Sociological Association , founded in 1905 as the American Sociological Society , is a non-profit organization dedicated to advancing the discipline and profession of sociology by serving sociologists in their work and promoting their contributions to serve society.The ASA holds its...
--the Charles Cooley
Charles Cooley
Charles Horton Cooley was an American sociologist and the son of Thomas M. Cooley. He studied and went on to teach economics and sociology at the University of Michigan, and he was a founding member and the eighth president of the American Sociological Association...
Award (for her book The Managed Heart
The Managed Heart: the Commercialization of Human Feeling
The Managed heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling, by Arlie Russell Hochschild, was first published in 1983. A 20th Anniversary addition with a new afterword added by the author was published in 2003. Hochschild's text is seminal and scholars like Sarah J. Tracy and Stephen Fineman have...
) the Jessie Bernard
Jessie Bernard
Jessie Shirley Bernard was a sociologist and noted feminist scholar. She was a persistent forerunner of feminist thought in American sociology and her life's work is characterized as extraordinarly productive spanning several intellectual and political eras...
Award (for The Second Shift, The Time Bind
Time bind
Time bind is a concept introduced by sociologist Arlie Russell Hochschild in 1997 with the publication of her The Time Bind: When Work Becomes Home and Home Becomes Work...
and Global Woman), and the Award for Public Understanding of Sociology (for lifetime achievement). Within sociology she is known as the founder of the sociology of emotion
Sociology of emotions
The sociology of emotion applies sociological theorems and techniques to the study of human emotions. As sociology emerged primarily as a reaction to the negative affects of modernity, many normative theories deal in some sense with 'emotion' without forming a part of any specific subdiscipline:...
and, outside of it, as a "public sociologist
Public sociology
Public sociology is an approach to the discipline which seeks to transcend the academy and engage wider audiences. Rather than being defined by a particular method, theory, or set of political values, public sociology may be seen as a style of sociology, a way of writing and a form of intellectual...
," having contributed to the New York Times op-ed page and Book Review, Mother Jones
Mother Jones (magazine)
Mother Jones is an American independent news organization, featuring investigative and breaking news reporting on politics, the environment, human rights, and culture. Mother Jones has been nominated for 23 National Magazine Awards and has won six times, including for General Excellence in 2001,...
, The American Prospect
The American Prospect
The American Prospect is a monthly American political magazine dedicated to American liberalism. Based in Washington, DC, The American Prospect is a journal "of liberal ideas, committed to a just society, an enriched democracy, and effective liberal politics" which focuses on United States politics...
, Harper's Magazine
Harper's Magazine
Harper's Magazine is a monthly magazine of literature, politics, culture, finance, and the arts, with a generally left-wing perspective. It is the second-oldest continuously published monthly magazine in the U.S. . The current editor is Ellen Rosenbush, who replaced Roger Hodge in January 2010...
, and TomDispatch.com on issues of the day. Hochschild has received honorary doctoral degrees from Swarthmore College
Swarthmore College
Swarthmore College is a private, independent, liberal arts college in the United States with an enrollment of about 1,500 students. The college is located in the borough of Swarthmore, Pennsylvania, 11 miles southwest of Philadelphia....
(her alma mater), Aalborg University in Denmark
Denmark
Denmark is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. The countries of Denmark and Greenland, as well as the Faroe Islands, constitute the Kingdom of Denmark . It is the southernmost of the Nordic countries, southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and bordered to the south by Germany. Denmark...
, and the University of Oslo
University of Oslo
The University of Oslo , formerly The Royal Frederick University , is the oldest and largest university in Norway, situated in the Norwegian capital of Oslo. The university was founded in 1811 and was modelled after the recently established University of Berlin...
, Norway
Norway
Norway , officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic unitary constitutional monarchy whose territory comprises the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, Jan Mayen, and the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard and Bouvet Island. Norway has a total area of and a population of about 4.9 million...
. Her work appears in 14 languages.
Books
(2003a) The Commercialization of Intimate Life: Notes From Home And Work. San Francisco and Los Angeles: University of California Press. Published in Australia by the University of Australia.(2003b) Global Woman: Nannies, Maids and Sex Workers in the New Economy, co-edited with Barbara Ehrenreich for Metropolitan Books, New York: Metropolitan Press.
(1997) The Time Bind: When Work Becomes Home and Home Becomes Work. New York: Metropolitan/Holt. Appears as a cover article in The New York Times Magazine, and excerpted in The Nation and Working USA. New preface for paperback American edition. Reissued in 1997 with new afterword. Recorded as audio book by Scholarly Audio Inc.
(1989) The Second Shift: Working Parents and the Revolution at Home, (with Anne Machung). New York: Viking Penguin. Reissued in 1997 with new afterword. Published in Great Britain by Piatkus Press.
(1983) The Managed Heart: The Commercialization of Human Feeling. Berkeley: The University of California Press. Reprinted with new afterword in 2003.
(1973) The Unexpected Community. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. Second edition (1979): Berkeley, CA: The University of California Press.
Selected Reviews of Hochschild’s books
- The Time Bind http://www.newsweek.com/id/109228
- The Second Shift http://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/25/books/she-minds-the-child-he-minds-the-dog.html
- The Managed Heart http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=396046061&sid=13&Fmt=10&clientId=1566&RQT=309&VName=HNP http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/product-description/0520239334
Selected Articles, Book Chapters and Reviews
(2009) “Through an Emotions Lens.” pp. 29–38 in Theorizing Emotions: Sociological Explorations and Applications, edited by D. Hopkins, J. Kleres, H. Flam, and H. Kuzmics. New York & Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Campus Verlag.(2009) "The State of Families, Class and Culture." In the “Crossroads” essay series of the New York Times Review of Books, October 18, pp. 27.
(2009) "Childbirth at the Global Crossroads." The American Prospect
The American Prospect
The American Prospect is a monthly American political magazine dedicated to American liberalism. Based in Washington, DC, The American Prospect is a journal "of liberal ideas, committed to a just society, an enriched democracy, and effective liberal politics" which focuses on United States politics...
, October 5, pp. 25–28. A review of it can be found here and here.
(2008) "Feeling Around the World." Contexts, 7(2):80. Reprinted in the Swedish sociological journal, Sociologisk Forskning.
(2005) "Rent-A-Mom and Other Services: Market, Meaning and Emotion." International Journal of Work Organization and Emotion, 1(1):74-86.
(2005) "The Chauffeur’s Dilemma." The American Prospect
The American Prospect
The American Prospect is a monthly American political magazine dedicated to American liberalism. Based in Washington, DC, The American Prospect is a journal "of liberal ideas, committed to a just society, an enriched democracy, and effective liberal politics" which focuses on United States politics...
, July, pp. 51–53.
(2005) "Arrested Development." New York Times, June 29, pp. 23. (Editorial on children in American detention camps in Iraq, Afghanistan, and Guantanamo.) Reprinted in the International Herald Tribune
International Herald Tribune
The International Herald Tribune is a widely read English language international newspaper. It combines the resources of its own correspondents with those of The New York Times and is printed at 38 sites throughout the world, for sale in more than 160 countries and territories...
.
(2004) “The Commodity Frontier.” pp. 38–56 in Self, Social Structure, and Beliefs: Essays in Sociology, edited by J. Alexander, G. Marx and C. Williams. Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press.
(2003) "Let Them Eat War." Mother Jones
Mother Jones (magazine)
Mother Jones is an American independent news organization, featuring investigative and breaking news reporting on politics, the environment, human rights, and culture. Mother Jones has been nominated for 23 National Magazine Awards and has won six times, including for General Excellence in 2001,...
, October 8.
(2000) "The Nanny Chain." Cover article in The American Prospect
The American Prospect
The American Prospect is a monthly American political magazine dedicated to American liberalism. Based in Washington, DC, The American Prospect is a journal "of liberal ideas, committed to a just society, an enriched democracy, and effective liberal politics" which focuses on United States politics...
, Vol. 11, Issue 4, January 3, pp. 32–36.
(1986) "The Totaled Woman." Review of The Crisis of The Working Mother by Barbara Berg, Playing For High Stakes by Elaine Denholtz, and The Third Sex by Patricia McBroom, in the New York Times Book Review, May 11, pp. 15.
(1983) "Vive La Difference." Review of Ivan Illich
Ivan Illich
Ivan Illich was an Austrian philosopher, Roman Catholic priest, and "maverick social critic" of the institutions of contemporary western culture and their effects on the provenance and practice of education, medicine, work, energy use, transportation, and economic development.- Personal life...
's Gender in the New York Times Book Review, January 30, pp. 7.
(1975) "The Sociology of Feeling and Emotion: Selected Possibilities." Sociological Inquiry 45(2-3):280-307.
Articles about Hochschild
- Adams, Bert N. and R.A. Sydie. 2001. Sociological Theory. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.
- Alis, David. 2009. "Travail Emotionnel, Dissonance Emotionnelle, et Contrefaçon De I’Intimité: Vingt-Cinq Ans Après La Publication de Managed Heart d’Arlie R. Hochschild." in Politiques de L’Intime, edited by I. Berrebi-Hoffmann. Paris, France: Editions La Decouverte.
- Farganis, James. 2007. Readings in Social Theory: The Classic Tradition to Post-Modernism. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill.
- Garey, Anita Ilta and Karen V. Hansen. 2011. "Introduction: An Eye on Emotion in the Study of Families and Work." Pp. 1-14 in At the Heart of Work and Family: Engaging the Ideas of Arlie Hochschild, edited by Anita Ilta Garey and Karen V. Hansen. New Brunswick: NJ.
- Hanninen, Vilma, Jukka Partanen, and Oili-Helena Ylijoki, eds. 2001. Sosiaalipsykologian Suunnannäyttäjiä. Tampere, Finland: Vastapaino.
- Sakiyama, Haruo. 2008. "Theoretical Contribution of Arlie Hochschild" (in Japanese). In Japanese Handbook of Sociology, edited by S. Inoue and K. Ito. Kyoto, Japan: Sekai-Shiso-Sya
- Skucinska, Anna. 2002. "Nowe Obszary Utowardowienia" (in Czech). ZNAK LVii(6):41-63.
- Vilma Hanninen, Jukka Partanen, and Oili-Helena Ylijoki (eds.). 2001. Sosiaalipsykologian Suunnannäyttäjiä. Tampere, Finland: Vastapaino.
- Williams, Simon J. 1998. Chapter 18. pp. 240–251 in Key Sociological Thinkers, edited by R. Stones. New York: New York University Press.
See also
- Emotion workEmotion workEmotion work 'is understood as the art of trying to change in degree or quality an emotion or feeling'.It may be defined as the management of one's own feelings or as "work done in a conscious effort to maintain the well being of a relationship"; though some would 'reserve the term emotion work for...
- Emotional laborEmotional laborEmotional labor is a form of emotional regulation wherein workers are expected to display certain emotions as part of their job, and to promote organizational goals...
- Time bindTime bindTime bind is a concept introduced by sociologist Arlie Russell Hochschild in 1997 with the publication of her The Time Bind: When Work Becomes Home and Home Becomes Work...
- Hochschild, Arlie. 1974. Coleen the Question Girl. Old Westbury, NY: Feminist Press. (A children’s story, out of print.)