The
Territory of Arizona was a territory claimed by the
Confederate States of AmericaThe Confederate States of America was a separatist political entity existing between 1861 to 1865, established by eleven southern slave states of the United States of America, each of which had previously declared their secession from the United States...
during the
American Civil WarThe American Civil War , also known as the War Between the States and several other names, was a civil war in the United States of America. Eleven Southern slave states declared their secession from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America...
, between 1861 and 1865. It consisted of the portion of the
New Mexico TerritoryThe Territory of New Mexico was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from September 9, 1850, until January 6, 1912, when the final extent of the territory was admitted to the Union as the State of New Mexico....
south of the
34th parallel northThe 34th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 34 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane.Starting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the parallel 34° north passes through:-Confederate States of America:...
, including parts of the modern states of
New MexicoNew Mexico is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States. Inhabited by Native American populations for many centuries, it has also been part of the Imperial Spanish viceroyalty of New Spain, part of Mexico, and a U.S. territory. Among U.S...
and
ArizonaThe State of Arizona is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States. The capital and largest city is Phoenix. The second largest city is Tucson, followed in size by the four Phoenix metropolitan area cities of Mesa, Glendale, Chandler, and Scottsdale.Arizona was the 48th and...
.
It overlapped but was not identical to the
Arizona TerritoryThe Territory of Arizona was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from February 24, 1863 until February 14, 1912, when it was admitted to the Union as the 48th state....
created by the
United StatesThe United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
in 1863. The territory was declared on August 1, 1861, following the Confederate victory at the
Battle of MesillaThe Battle of Mesilla, fought on July 25, 1861 at Mesilla in what is now New Mexico, was an engagement between Confederate and Union forces during the American Civil War. The battle resulted in a Confederate victory and led directly to the declaration of a Confederate Arizona Territory, consisting...
. Confederate hold in the area was broken after the
Battle of Glorieta PassThe Battle of Glorieta Pass, fought from March 26 – 28, 1862 in northern New Mexico Territory, was the decisive battle of the New Mexico Campaign during the American Civil War. Dubbed the "Gettysburg of the West" by some historians, it was intended as the killer blow by Confederate forces to break...
, the defining battle of the
New Mexico CampaignThe New Mexico Campaign was a military operation of the American Civil War from February to April 1862 in which Confederate Brigadier General Henry Hopkins Sibley invaded the northern New Mexico Territory in an attempt to gain control of the Southwest, including the gold fields of Colorado and the...
, and in July 1862 the government relocated to
TexasTexas is the second-largest U.S. state in both area and population, and the largest state in the contiguous United States.The name had wide usage among native Americans, meaning "friends" or "allies"...
in the town of
El PasoEl Paso is a city in and the county seat of El Paso County, Texas, United States, and part of the American Southwest. According to the United States Census Bureau's 2006 population estimates, the city had a population of 606,913. It is the sixth-largest city in Texas and the 22nd-largest city in...
where it remained for the duration of the war.
However, the territory continued to be represented in the
Confederate CongressThe Congress of the Confederate States was the legislative body of the Confederate States of America, existing during the American Civil War between 1861 and 1865...
and Confederate troops continued to fight under the Arizona banner until the war's end.
Before the start of the war the land of the current states of
New MexicoNew Mexico is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States. Inhabited by Native American populations for many centuries, it has also been part of the Imperial Spanish viceroyalty of New Spain, part of Mexico, and a U.S. territory. Among U.S...
and
ArizonaThe State of Arizona is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States. The capital and largest city is Phoenix. The second largest city is Tucson, followed in size by the four Phoenix metropolitan area cities of Mesa, Glendale, Chandler, and Scottsdale.Arizona was the 48th and...
was part of the
New Mexico TerritoryThe Territory of New Mexico was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from September 9, 1850, until January 6, 1912, when the final extent of the territory was admitted to the Union as the State of New Mexico....
and the
Gadsden PurchaseThe Gadsden Purchase is a region of present-day southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico that was purchased by the United States in a treaty signed by President Franklin Pierce on June 24, 1853, and ratified by the U.S. Senate on April 25, 1854...
, which ran parallel to William Walker (filibuster)'s
Republics of Lower California and SonoraThe Republic of Sonora was a federal republic with two states .-The Republic of Sonora:On October 16, 1853 with 48 men, filibuster William Walker sailed out from San Francisco on his first filibustering expedition: the conquest of the Mexican territories of Baja California and Sonora...
.
The
Territory of Arizona was a territory claimed by the
Confederate States of AmericaThe Confederate States of America was a separatist political entity existing between 1861 to 1865, established by eleven southern slave states of the United States of America, each of which had previously declared their secession from the United States...
during the
American Civil WarThe American Civil War , also known as the War Between the States and several other names, was a civil war in the United States of America. Eleven Southern slave states declared their secession from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America...
, between 1861 and 1865. It consisted of the portion of the
New Mexico TerritoryThe Territory of New Mexico was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from September 9, 1850, until January 6, 1912, when the final extent of the territory was admitted to the Union as the State of New Mexico....
south of the
34th parallel northThe 34th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 34 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane.Starting at the Prime Meridian and heading eastwards, the parallel 34° north passes through:-Confederate States of America:...
, including parts of the modern states of
New MexicoNew Mexico is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States. Inhabited by Native American populations for many centuries, it has also been part of the Imperial Spanish viceroyalty of New Spain, part of Mexico, and a U.S. territory. Among U.S...
and
ArizonaThe State of Arizona is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States. The capital and largest city is Phoenix. The second largest city is Tucson, followed in size by the four Phoenix metropolitan area cities of Mesa, Glendale, Chandler, and Scottsdale.Arizona was the 48th and...
.
It overlapped but was not identical to the
Arizona TerritoryThe Territory of Arizona was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from February 24, 1863 until February 14, 1912, when it was admitted to the Union as the 48th state....
created by the
United StatesThe United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
in 1863. The territory was declared on August 1, 1861, following the Confederate victory at the
Battle of MesillaThe Battle of Mesilla, fought on July 25, 1861 at Mesilla in what is now New Mexico, was an engagement between Confederate and Union forces during the American Civil War. The battle resulted in a Confederate victory and led directly to the declaration of a Confederate Arizona Territory, consisting...
. Confederate hold in the area was broken after the
Battle of Glorieta PassThe Battle of Glorieta Pass, fought from March 26 – 28, 1862 in northern New Mexico Territory, was the decisive battle of the New Mexico Campaign during the American Civil War. Dubbed the "Gettysburg of the West" by some historians, it was intended as the killer blow by Confederate forces to break...
, the defining battle of the
New Mexico CampaignThe New Mexico Campaign was a military operation of the American Civil War from February to April 1862 in which Confederate Brigadier General Henry Hopkins Sibley invaded the northern New Mexico Territory in an attempt to gain control of the Southwest, including the gold fields of Colorado and the...
, and in July 1862 the government relocated to
TexasTexas is the second-largest U.S. state in both area and population, and the largest state in the contiguous United States.The name had wide usage among native Americans, meaning "friends" or "allies"...
in the town of
El PasoEl Paso is a city in and the county seat of El Paso County, Texas, United States, and part of the American Southwest. According to the United States Census Bureau's 2006 population estimates, the city had a population of 606,913. It is the sixth-largest city in Texas and the 22nd-largest city in...
where it remained for the duration of the war.
However, the territory continued to be represented in the
Confederate CongressThe Congress of the Confederate States was the legislative body of the Confederate States of America, existing during the American Civil War between 1861 and 1865...
and Confederate troops continued to fight under the Arizona banner until the war's end.
Origins of Secession
Before the start of the war the land of the current states of
New MexicoNew Mexico is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States. Inhabited by Native American populations for many centuries, it has also been part of the Imperial Spanish viceroyalty of New Spain, part of Mexico, and a U.S. territory. Among U.S...
and
ArizonaThe State of Arizona is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States. The capital and largest city is Phoenix. The second largest city is Tucson, followed in size by the four Phoenix metropolitan area cities of Mesa, Glendale, Chandler, and Scottsdale.Arizona was the 48th and...
was part of the
New Mexico TerritoryThe Territory of New Mexico was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from September 9, 1850, until January 6, 1912, when the final extent of the territory was admitted to the Union as the State of New Mexico....
and the
Gadsden PurchaseThe Gadsden Purchase is a region of present-day southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico that was purchased by the United States in a treaty signed by President Franklin Pierce on June 24, 1853, and ratified by the U.S. Senate on April 25, 1854...
, which ran parallel to William Walker (filibuster)'s
Republics of Lower California and SonoraThe Republic of Sonora was a federal republic with two states .-The Republic of Sonora:On October 16, 1853 with 48 men, filibuster William Walker sailed out from San Francisco on his first filibustering expedition: the conquest of the Mexican territories of Baja California and Sonora...
. As early as 1856 concerns had been raised about the ability of the territorial government in
Santa FeSanta Fe is the capital of the state of New Mexico. It is the fourth-largest city in the state and is the seat of . Santa Fe had a population of 62,203 at the April 1, 2000 census; the estimate for July 1, 2006, is 72,056...
to effectively govern the southern part of the territory, which was separated by the
Jornada del MuertoThe Jornada del Muerto in the U.S. state of New Mexico was the name given by the Spanish conquistadors to a desert basin and the particularly dry stretch of the route through it leading northward from central New Spain to the furthest reaches of the colony in northern Nuevo México...
; a difficult stretch of
desertA desert is a landscape or region that receives almost no precipitation. Deserts are defined as areas with an average annual precipitation of less than per year, or as areas where more water is lost by evapotranspiration than falls as precipitation. In the Köppen climate classification system,...
.
Other concerns were the lack of substanial numbers of troops to fight the
ApacheApache is the collective term for several culturally related groups of Native Americans in the United States originally from the American Southwest. These indigenous peoples of North America speak a Southern Athabaskan language, and are related linguistically to the languages of Athabaskan...
s who were terrorizing mining camps all over
Traditional ArizonaTraditonal Arizona refers to the region south of the Gila River, to roughly the present day Mexican border. Also from the Colorado River on the California border to the Rio Grande river, east of the present day Mesilla, New Mexico. The region borders Southern California, Northern New Mexico and...
. Another was the closing of the mail stations which connected the Arizona
frontierA frontier is a political and geographical term referring to areas near or beyond a boundary.-Colonial North America:In the earliest days of European settlement of the Atlantic coast, the frontier was essentially any part of the forested interior of the continent beyond the fringe of existing...
colonies to the
EastThe Eastern Half of The United States, the American East, or simply the East is traditionally defined as the states east of the Mississippi River...
. The Arizonans felt abandoned which fueled dissatisfaction for the federal government.
Secession
In July 1860, a convention of settlers from the southern part of the territory was held in
TucsonTucson is a city in and the county seat of Pima County, Arizona, United States, located 118 miles southeast of Phoenix and 60 miles north of the U.S.-Mexico border. As of July 1, 2006, a Census Bureau estimate puts the city's population at 541,811, with a metropolitan area population at...
. The convention drafted a constitution for a "Territory of Arizona" to be organized out of the New Mexico Territory south of 34° N.
The convention elected
Lewis OwingsDr. Lewis S. Owings was a medical doctor and politician in the New Mexico and Arizona territories. He was chosen twice for the role of Provisional Governor for the territory of Arizona by conventions seeking to organize the territory-by both Pre Civil War Union and Confederate delegations!In 1860...
as the territorial governor, and elected a delegate to
CongressThe United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses, the Senate and the House of Representatives. Both senators and representatives are chosen through direct election....
. The proposal, however, did not succeed in Congress because of opposition from anti-slavery Congressmen, who feared the new territory might eventually become a
slave stateIn the United States of America prior to the American Civil War, a slave state was a U.S. state in which slavery of African Americans was legal, whereas a free state was one in which slavery was either prohibited or eliminated over time...
.
After the start of the American Civil War, support for the Confederacy was strong in the southern part of the New Mexico Territory, largely due to its neglect by the United States government. In March 1861, the citizens of
Mesilla, New MexicoMesilla is a town in Doña Ana County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 2,180 at the 2000 census. It is part of the Las Cruces Metropolitan Statistical Area....
called a
secessionAttempts or aspirations of secession from the United States have been a feature of the politics of the country since its birth. The line between actions based on an alleged constitutional right of secession as opposed to actions justified by the extraconstitutional natural right of revolution has...
convention to separate themselves from the United States and join the Confederacy.
On March 16, the convention adopted a secession ordinance citing the region's common interests and geography with the Confederacy, the need of frontier protection, and the loss of postal service routes under the United States government as reasons for their separation. The ordinance proposed the question of secession to the western portions of the territory, and on March 28 a second convention in present day
Tucson, ArizonaTucson is a city in and the county seat of Pima County, Arizona, United States, located 118 miles southeast of Phoenix and 60 miles north of the U.S.-Mexico border. As of July 1, 2006, a Census Bureau estimate puts the city's population at 541,811, with a metropolitan area population at...
, also met and ratified the ordinance.
The conventions subsequently established a provisional territorial government for the Confederate "Territory of Arizona." Owings was again elected as provisional governor and
Granville Henderson OuryGranville Henderson Oury was a nineteenth century politician, lawyer, judge and miner.-Early life and career:...
was chosen as a delegate to petition for the territory's admission into the Confederacy.
The Confederate Territory of Arizona became officially recognized when President
Jefferson DavisJefferson Finis Davis was an American politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history, 1861 to 1865, during the American Civil War....
signed the proclamation on February 14, 1862. To commemorate this event, February 14, 1912, the fiftieth anniversary, was selected as official date of statehood for Arizona.
Civil War
The Confederate Arizona Territory was important to the role of the
New Mexico Territory in the American Civil WarThe New Mexico Territory, which included the areas which became the modern U.S. states of New Mexico and Arizona as well as the southern part of Nevada, played a role in the Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War. Both Confederate and Union governments claimed ownership and territorial...
, primarily because it offered Confederate access to
UnionDuring the American Civil War, the Union was a name used to refer to the federal government of the United States, which was supported by the twenty-three states which were not part of the secession attempt by the 11 states that tried to form the Confederacy...
CaliforniaCalifornia is the most populous state in the United States, and the third largest by area. California is the second most populous sub-national entity in the Americas, behind only São Paulo, Brazil...
. Consequently it was the scene of several important battles in the war's
Trans-Mississippi TheaterThe Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War was the major military and naval operations west of the Mississippi River...
.
The rebels established a military post,
Fort YumaFort Yuma was a historic fort in California, located across the Colorado River from Yuma, Arizona. Fort Yuma was on the Butterfield Overland Mail route from 1858 until 1861. The fort was abandoned May 16, 1883 and transferred to the Department of the Interior...
on the banks of the
Colorado RiverThe Colorado River , or the Red River, is a river in the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico, approximately long, draining a part of the arid regions on the western slope of the Rocky Mountains...
in 1862 adjacent to the Union army post with the same name on the other side in
CaliforniaCalifornia is the most populous state in the United States, and the third largest by area. California is the second most populous sub-national entity in the Americas, behind only São Paulo, Brazil...
, and when the end of Confederate rule arrived, the Fort Yuma on the Arizona side was abandoned by Confederate troops who were mostly an Irish-immigrant cavalry composed of
Irish AmericanIrish Americans are citizens of the United States who trace their ancestry to Ireland. A total of 36,495,800 Americans reported Irish ancestry in the 2006 American Community Survey. The only self-reported ancestral group larger than Irish Americans are German Americans...
s.
They avoided capture by Union soldiers by fleeing to Mexico 10 miles away.
In July 1861, a force of
TexansTexas is the second-largest U.S. state in both area and population, and the largest state in the contiguous United States.The name had wide usage among native Americans, meaning "friends" or "allies"...
under
Lieutenant ColonelLieutenant colonel is a rank of commissioned officer in the armies and most marine forces and air forces of the world, typically ranking above a major and below a colonel. The rank of lieutenant colonel is often shortened to simply "colonel" in conversation and in unofficial correspondence...
John BaylorJohn Robert Baylor was a politician in Texas and a military officer of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War.-Biography:...
, arrived in
El Paso, TexasEl Paso is a city in and the county seat of El Paso County, Texas, United States, and part of the American Southwest. According to the United States Census Bureau's 2006 population estimates, the city had a population of 606,913. It is the sixth-largest city in Texas and the 22nd-largest city in...
, across the border from Mesilla.
With support from the secessionist residents of Mesilla, Baylor's 2nd Texas Mounted Rifles entered the territory and took a position in the town on July 25. Union forces under Major Isaac Lynde at nearby
Fort FillmoreFort Fillmore was a fortification established by Col. Edwin Vose Sumner in September of 1851 near Mesilla in what is now New Mexico, primarily to protect settlers and traders travelling to California. Travellers in the Westward Migration were under constant threat from Indian attack, and a network...
prepared to attack Baylor. On July 27 the two armies met outside of town at the
Battle of MesillaThe Battle of Mesilla, fought on July 25, 1861 at Mesilla in what is now New Mexico, was an engagement between Confederate and Union forces during the American Civil War. The battle resulted in a Confederate victory and led directly to the declaration of a Confederate Arizona Territory, consisting...
in a brief engagement in which the Union troops were defeated.
Major Lynde then abandoned
Fort FillmoreFort Fillmore was a fortification established by Col. Edwin Vose Sumner in September of 1851 near Mesilla in what is now New Mexico, primarily to protect settlers and traders travelling to California. Travellers in the Westward Migration were under constant threat from Indian attack, and a network...
and began a march north to join the troops at
Fort CraigFort Craig was a U.S. Army fort located along El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro, near the Rio Grande in Socorro County, New Mexico.The Fort Craig site was approximately 1,050 feet east-west by 600 feet north-south and was located on 40 acres .-Before Fort Craig:The 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo...
under Colonel Edward R. S. Canby. However, his retreat came to a halt in severe heat and was overtaken by Baylor. Lynde surrendered his command without a shot fired at San Augustine Springs, in the
Organ MountainsThe Organ Mountains are a rugged mountain range in southern New Mexico in the southwestern United States. They lie east of the city of Las Cruces, in Doña Ana County....
.
On August 1, 1861, the victorious Baylor proclaimed the existence of a Confederate Arizona Territory, which comprised the area defined in the Tucson convention the previous year. He appointed himself as permanent
governorA governor is a governing official, usually the executive of a non-sovereign level of government, ranking under the head of state...
. Among his cabinet members was the Mesilla attorney
Marcus H. MacWillieMarcus H. MacWillie was a politician who represented the Confederate Arizona Territory in the Congress of the Confederate States during the American Civil War....
, who served as the territorial
attorney generalIn most common law jurisdictions, the attorney general, or attorney-general, is the main legal advisor to the government, and in some jurisdictions he or she may in addition have executive responsibility for law enforcement or responsibility for public prosecutions.-Usage:The term has traditionally...
.
The next month, Baylor's men and a Union force would fight a small engagement at the village of
Canada AlamosaThe Battle of Canada Alamosa was a skirmish of the American Civil War on the late evening and morning of September 24 and 25, 1861. Several small battles occurred in Confederate Arizona near the border with Union New Mexico Territory, this being the largest of which.-Background:The battle occurred...
. Ending with another Confederate victory.
The proposal to organize the territory was passed by the Confederate Congress in early 1862 and proclaimed by
PresidentThe President of the Confederate States of America was the Head of State and Head of Government of the Confederate States of America, which was formed from the states which declared their secession from the United States. The only person to hold the office was Jefferson Davis. He was President...
Jefferson DavisJefferson Finis Davis was an American politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history, 1861 to 1865, during the American Civil War....
on February 14, 1862.
Efforts by the Confederacy to secure control of the region led to the
New Mexico CampaignThe New Mexico Campaign was a military operation of the American Civil War from February to April 1862 in which Confederate Brigadier General Henry Hopkins Sibley invaded the northern New Mexico Territory in an attempt to gain control of the Southwest, including the gold fields of Colorado and the...
. In 1862, Baylor was ousted as governor of the territory by Davis, and the Confederate loss at the
Battle of Glorieta PassThe Battle of Glorieta Pass, fought from March 26 – 28, 1862 in northern New Mexico Territory, was the decisive battle of the New Mexico Campaign during the American Civil War. Dubbed the "Gettysburg of the West" by some historians, it was intended as the killer blow by Confederate forces to break...
forced their retreat from the territory. The following month, a small Confederate picket troop north of Tucson fought to with an equally small Union cavalry patrol from California in the so-called
Battle of Picacho PassThe Battle of Picacho Pass or Battle of Picacho Peak was an engagement of the American Civil War on April 15, 1862, near Picacho Peak, northwest of Tucson, Arizona...
.
Before the Picacho Pass skirmish, Union and Confederate forces fought a smaller engagement; known as the Battle of Stanwix Station. By July 1862, Union forces were approaching the territorial capital of Mesilla, and the government vacated to Texas.
The territorial government relocated to
San AntonioSan Antonio is the second-largest city in the state of Texas and the seventh-largest city in the United States. The city is characteristic of other Southwest urban centers in which there are sparsely populated areas and a low density rate outside of the city. It was the fourth-fastest growing...
, and remained there in exile, although MacWillie continued to represent the territory in the
FirstThe First Confederate Congress was the first regular session of the legislature of the Confederate States of America. Members of the First Confederate Congress were chosen in elections held in November 1861.-Sessions:...
and
Second Confederate CongressThe Second Confederate Congress was the second and last regular session of the legislature of the Confederate States of America. Members of the Second Confederate Congress were chosen in elections held in November 1863 and only served one year of their two-year term since the American Civil War...
es. Resistance in Arizona continued at the partisan level, and
Confederate units under the banner of Arizona fought until the end of the war in May 1865.
Apache Wars
In 1862, the column of California volunteers, who fought at Stanwix Station and Picacho Pass, fought at the
Battle of Apache PassThe Battle of Apache Pass was fought at Apache Pass in Arizona, United States, between Apache warriors and the California Column as it marched from California to capture Confederate Arizona and to reinforce New Mexico's Union army.-Background:...
, against 500
ApacheApache is the collective term for several culturally related groups of Native Americans in the United States originally from the American Southwest. These indigenous peoples of North America speak a Southern Athabaskan language, and are related linguistically to the languages of Athabaskan...
s. The battle is considered part of the American Civil War.
There were also several engagements between
ApacheApache is the collective term for several culturally related groups of Native Americans in the United States originally from the American Southwest. These indigenous peoples of North America speak a Southern Athabaskan language, and are related linguistically to the languages of Athabaskan...
s and Confederates. The
Battle of Dragoon SpringsThe Battle of Dragoon Springs was a minor skirmish between a small troop of Confederate dragoons, of Governor John R. Baylor's Company A, Arizona Rangers, and an band of Apache warriors during the American Civil War...
marks the only Confederate combat deaths in the modern confines of
ArizonaThe State of Arizona is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States. The capital and largest city is Phoenix. The second largest city is Tucson, followed in size by the four Phoenix metropolitan area cities of Mesa, Glendale, Chandler, and Scottsdale.Arizona was the 48th and...
. Other engagements include the
Siege of TubacThe Siege of Tubac was a siege of the Apache Wars, between settlers, militia of Confederate Arizona and Chiricahua Apaches. The battle took place at Tubac in the present day southern Arizona.-Siege:...
, the
Battle of Cooke's CanyonThe Battle of Cooke's Canyon was an engagement of the Apache Wars, between settlers from Confederate Arizona, and Chiricahua Apaches. The battle occurred about forty miles northwest of Mesilla, in Cooke's Canyon.-Background:...
, the
Battle of the Florida MountainsThe Battle of the Florida Mountains was an action of the Apache Wars, forces involved were Chiricahua Apache warriors and mounted Confederate States militia...
, the
Battle of Pinos AltosThe Battle of Pinos Altos was a military action of the Apache Wars. The combatants were; settlers of the currently abandoned Pinos Altos mining town, the Confederate Arizona Guards and Apache warriors...
and a number of other smaller skirmishes and massacres.
Arizona Territory Civil War Confederate units =
- Herbert's Battalion of Arizona Cavalry
- Company A, Arizona Rangers
Company A, Arizona Rangers was one of the Confederate military units raised in the Confederate Arizona Territory.- Origin of the Arizona Rangers :...
- Arizona Guards of Pinos Altos, Arizona Territorial Militia
- Arizona Rangers of La Mesilla, Arizona Territorial Militia
See also