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Arikara (also Sahnish, Arikaree, Ree) refers to a group of Native Americans
Native Americans in the United States

Native Americans in the United States are the Indigenous peoples of the Americas from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States United States, including parts of Alaska and the island state of Hawaii....
 that speak a Caddoan language
Caddoan languages

The Caddoan languages are a language family of Native American languages. They are spoken across the Great Plains of the central United States, from North Dakota to Oklahoma....
. They were a semi-nomad
Nomad

Nomadic people, , also known as nomads, are communities of people who move from one place to another, rather than Settler in one location....
ic group that lived on the Great Plains
Great Plains

The Great Plains are the broad expanse of prairie and steppe which lie west of the Mississippi River and east of the Rocky Mountains in the United States and Canada....
 of the United States of America
The united states of america

The United States of America may refer to:* United States, the country* The United States of America ...
 for several hundred years. They lived primarily in earth lodge
Earth lodge

An earth lodge is a semi-subterranean building covered partially or completely with earth, best known from the Native Americans in the United States cultures of the Great Plains and Eastern Woodlands....
s, used tipi
Tipi

A tipi is a conical tent originally made of animal skins or birch bark and popularized by the Native Americans in the United States of the Great Plains....
s while traveling from their villages, and were an agricultural
Agriculture

Agriculture refers to the production of food and goods through farming and forestry. Agriculture was the key development that led to the rise of civilization, with the animal husbandry of domestication animals and plants creating food surpluses that enabled the development of more Population density and Social stratification societies....
 society.






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Arikara Lang
Arikara (also Sahnish, Arikaree, Ree) refers to a group of Native Americans
Native Americans in the United States

Native Americans in the United States are the Indigenous peoples of the Americas from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States United States, including parts of Alaska and the island state of Hawaii....
 that speak a Caddoan language
Caddoan languages

The Caddoan languages are a language family of Native American languages. They are spoken across the Great Plains of the central United States, from North Dakota to Oklahoma....
. They were a semi-nomad
Nomad

Nomadic people, , also known as nomads, are communities of people who move from one place to another, rather than Settler in one location....
ic group that lived on the Great Plains
Great Plains

The Great Plains are the broad expanse of prairie and steppe which lie west of the Mississippi River and east of the Rocky Mountains in the United States and Canada....
 of the United States of America
The united states of america

The United States of America may refer to:* United States, the country* The United States of America ...
 for several hundred years. They lived primarily in earth lodge
Earth lodge

An earth lodge is a semi-subterranean building covered partially or completely with earth, best known from the Native Americans in the United States cultures of the Great Plains and Eastern Woodlands....
s, used tipi
Tipi

A tipi is a conical tent originally made of animal skins or birch bark and popularized by the Native Americans in the United States of the Great Plains....
s while traveling from their villages, and were an agricultural
Agriculture

Agriculture refers to the production of food and goods through farming and forestry. Agriculture was the key development that led to the rise of civilization, with the animal husbandry of domestication animals and plants creating food surpluses that enabled the development of more Population density and Social stratification societies....
 society. Their primary crop was corn (or maize
Maize

Maize , known as corn in some countries, is a cereal domesticated in Mesoamerica and subsequently spread throughout the American continents....
), and it was such an important aspect of their society that it was often referred to as "Mother Corn."

The Arikara moved from South Dakota
South Dakota

South Dakota is a U.S. state located in the Midwestern United States of the United States of America. It is named after the Lakota people and Sioux Sioux Native Americans in the United States tribes....
 into North Dakota
North Dakota

North Dakota is a U.S. state located in the Midwestern United States and Western United States regions of the United States of America. North Dakota is the 19th largest state by area in the US; it is the 48th most populous, with just over 640,000 residents as of 2006....
, now on the Fort Berthold reservation
Fort Berthold Reservation

The Fort Berthold Indian Reservation is a U.S. Indian reservation in North Dakota that is home for the Three Affiliated Tribes which consists of the Mandan, Arikara and Hidatsa peoples....
.

Their population was decimated by smallpox
Smallpox

Smallpox is an infectious disease unique to humans, caused by either of two virus variants, Variola major and Variola minor. The disease is also known by the Latin names Variola or Variola vera, which is a derivative of the Latin varius, meaning spotted, or varus, meaning "pimple"....
 in the late 1830s, and due to their reduced numbers, they started to live closer to the Mandan
Mandan

The Mandan are a Native Americans in the United States tribe that historically lived along the banks of the Missouri River and two of its tributaries?the Heart River and Knife Rivers?in present-day North Dakota and South Dakota....
 and Hidatsa
Hidatsa

The Hidatsa are a Siouan languages people, a part of the Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara Nation. The Hidatsa name for themselves is Nuxbaaga ....
 tribes who lived in the same area. Today the three tribes are still closely associated and are known as the Three Affiliated Tribes.

During the Black Hills War
Black Hills War

The Black Hills War was a series of conflicts between the Lakota people , their allies, and the United States from 1876 until 1877....
, Arikaras served as scouts for Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer
George Armstrong Custer

George Armstrong Custer was a United States Army officer and cavalry commander in the American Civil War and the Indian Wars. At the start of the Civil War, Custer was a cadet at the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, and his class's graduation was accelerated so that they could enter the war....
 on the Little Bighorn Campaign.

Arikara is now spoken in North Dakota
North Dakota

North Dakota is a U.S. state located in the Midwestern United States and Western United States regions of the United States of America. North Dakota is the 19th largest state by area in the US; it is the 48th most populous, with just over 640,000 residents as of 2006....
 by a very few elders. Less than 5 speakers remain, in the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation in North Dakota. Arikara is very close to the Pawnee
Pawnee

The Pawnee are a Native Americans in the United States tribe that historically lived along the Platte River, Loup River and Republican Rivers in present-day Nebraska and in Northern Kansas....
 language, but they are not mutually intelligible.

See also

  • Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara Nation
    Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara Nation

    Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara Nation, also known as the Three Affiliated Tribes, are a Native Americans in the United States group comprising a union of the Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara peoples, whose native lands ranged across the Missouri River basin in the Dakotas....
  • Arikara War
    Arikara War

    The Arikara War took place in 1823 near the Missouri River, present day South Dakota. Arikara warriors attacked a trapping expedition travelling on the river....
  • Native American tribes in Nebraska
    Native American tribes in Nebraska

    Native American tribes in the U.S. state of Nebraska have a history that ranges several thousands of years before present. More than 15 tribes have been identified as having lived in, hunted in, or otherwise occupied territory within the current state boundaries....


Bibliography

  • Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
  • Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); ISBN 0-521-29875-X.