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Antimony pentafluoride

 

 
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Antimony pentafluoride
 
 
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Antimony pentafluoride is the chemical compound
Chemical compound

A chemical compound is a Chemical substance consisting of two or more different chemical element Chemical bond together in a fixed mass ratio that can be split into simpler substances....
 with the formula Sb
Antimony

Antimony is a chemical element with the symbol Sb and atomic number 51. A metalloid, antimony has four allotropy forms. The stable form of antimony is a blue-white metalloid....
F
Fluorine

Fluorine is the chemical element with the symbol F and atomic number 9. Fluorine forms a single bond with itself in elemental form, resulting in the diatomic F2 molecule....
5. This colourless, viscous liquid is a valuable Lewis acid
Lewis acid

A Lewis acid is a chemical compound, A, that can accept a pair of electrons from a Lewis base, B, that acts as an electron-pair donor, forming an adduct, AB.Gilbert N....
 and a component of the superacid
Superacid

A superacid is an acid with an acidity greater than that of 100% sulfuric acid, which has a Hammett acidity function of -12. Commercially available superacids include trifluoromethanesulfonic acid , also known as triflic acid, and fluorosulfuric acid , both of which are about a thousand times stronger than sulfuric acid....
 fluoroantimonic acid
Fluoroantimonic acid

Fluoroantimonic acid HSbF6 is a mixture of hydrogen fluoride and antimony pentafluoride in various ratios. The 1:1 combination affords the strongest known superacid, which has been demonstrated to protonate even hydrocarbons to afford carbocations and H2....
, the strongest known acid. Some features that give the compound scientific interest are its Lewis acid
Lewis acid

A Lewis acid is a chemical compound, A, that can accept a pair of electrons from a Lewis base, B, that acts as an electron-pair donor, forming an adduct, AB.Gilbert N....
ity and that it also reacts with almost all known compounds.

he gas phase, SbF5 adopts a trigonal bipyramidal structure of D3h point group symmetry
Symmetry group

The symmetry group of an object is the group of all isometries under which it is invariant with Function composition as the operation. It is a subgroup of the isometry group of the space concerned....
 (see picture).






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Encyclopedia


Antimony pentafluoride is the chemical compound
Chemical compound

A chemical compound is a Chemical substance consisting of two or more different chemical element Chemical bond together in a fixed mass ratio that can be split into simpler substances....
 with the formula Sb
Antimony

Antimony is a chemical element with the symbol Sb and atomic number 51. A metalloid, antimony has four allotropy forms. The stable form of antimony is a blue-white metalloid....
F
Fluorine

Fluorine is the chemical element with the symbol F and atomic number 9. Fluorine forms a single bond with itself in elemental form, resulting in the diatomic F2 molecule....
5. This colourless, viscous liquid is a valuable Lewis acid
Lewis acid

A Lewis acid is a chemical compound, A, that can accept a pair of electrons from a Lewis base, B, that acts as an electron-pair donor, forming an adduct, AB.Gilbert N....
 and a component of the superacid
Superacid

A superacid is an acid with an acidity greater than that of 100% sulfuric acid, which has a Hammett acidity function of -12. Commercially available superacids include trifluoromethanesulfonic acid , also known as triflic acid, and fluorosulfuric acid , both of which are about a thousand times stronger than sulfuric acid....
 fluoroantimonic acid
Fluoroantimonic acid

Fluoroantimonic acid HSbF6 is a mixture of hydrogen fluoride and antimony pentafluoride in various ratios. The 1:1 combination affords the strongest known superacid, which has been demonstrated to protonate even hydrocarbons to afford carbocations and H2....
, the strongest known acid. Some features that give the compound scientific interest are its Lewis acid
Lewis acid

A Lewis acid is a chemical compound, A, that can accept a pair of electrons from a Lewis base, B, that acts as an electron-pair donor, forming an adduct, AB.Gilbert N....
ity and that it also reacts with almost all known compounds.

Structure and chemical reactions

In the gas phase, SbF5 adopts a trigonal bipyramidal structure of D3h point group symmetry
Symmetry group

The symmetry group of an object is the group of all isometries under which it is invariant with Function composition as the operation. It is a subgroup of the isometry group of the space concerned....
 (see picture). The structure is more complex in the liquid and solid state. The liquid contains polymers wherein each Sb is octahedral, the structure being described with the formula [SbF4(µ-F)2]n. The crystalline material is tetrameric, i.e. it has the formula [SbF4(µ-F)]4. The Sb-F bonds are 2.02 Å within the eight-membered Sb4F4 ring; the remaining fluoride ligands radiating from the four Sb centers are shorter at 1.82 Å. The related species PF5 and AsF5 are monomer
Monomer

A monomer is a small molecule that may become Chemistry chemical bonding to other monomers to form a polymer....
ic in the solid and liquid states, probably due to the smaller sizes of the central atom, which limits their coordination number. BiF5 is a polymer.

SbF5 is a strong Lewis acid, exceptionally so toward sources of F- to give the very stable anion [SbF6]-. The latter reacts with additional SbF5 to give [Sb2F11]-.

In the same way that SbF5 enhances the Brønsted acidity of HF, it enhances the oxidizing power of F2. This effect is illustrated by the oxidation of oxygen
Oxygen

Oxygen no O2 produced; 2) O2 produced, but absorbed in oceans & seabed rock; 3) O2 starts to gas out of the oceans, but is absorbed by land surfaces and formation of ozone layer; 4-5) O2 sinks filled and the gas accumulates]]...
:
SbF5 + ½F2 + O2 ? [O2]+[SbF6]-


Antimony pentafluoride has also been used in the first discovered chemical reaction that produces fluorine
Fluorine

Fluorine is the chemical element with the symbol F and atomic number 9. Fluorine forms a single bond with itself in elemental form, resulting in the diatomic F2 molecule....
 gas from fluoride compounds:
2 SbF5 + K
Potassium

Potassium is a chemical element. It has the symbol K , atomic number 19, and atomic mass 39.0983. Potassium was first isolated from potash, hence the name....
2Mn
Manganese

Manganese is a chemical element, designated by the symbol Mn. It has the atomic number 25. It is found as a Oxidation state in nature , and in many minerals....
F6 ? 2 KSbF6 + MnF3 + 0.5 F2
The driving force for this reactions is the high affinity of SbF5 for F-, which is the same property which recommends the use of SbF5 to generate superacids.

Safety

SbF5 reacts violently with many compounds, often releasing dangerous hydrogen fluoride
Hydrogen fluoride

Hydrogen fluoride is a chemical compound with the chemical formula HF. It is the principal industrial source of fluorine, often in the aqueous form as hydrofluoric acid, and thus is the precursor to many important compounds including pharmaceuticals and polymers ....
.

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