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Annona is the second largest genus
Genus

A genus is a low-level taxonomic rank used in the classification of living and fossil organisms. The taxonomic ranks are domain , kingdom , phylum, class , order , family , genus, and species....
, after Guatteria
Guatteria

Guatteria is a genus of plant in family Annonaceae. It contains the following species :* Guatteria anomala, R.E. Fries* Guatteria atabapensis, Aristeg....
, in the plant family Annonaceae
Annonaceae

Annonaceae family, also called custard apple familyis a family of flowering plants consisting of trees, shrubs or rarely woody lianas.With about 2300 to 2500 species and more than 130 genera,...
, containing approximately 110 species of mostly Neotropic
Neotropic

In biogeography, Neotropic or Neotropical refers to one of the world's eight terrestrial ecozones.This ecozone includes South and Central America, the Mexico lowlands, the Caribbean islands, and southern Florida, because these regions share a large number of plant and animal groups....
al and Afrotropic
Afrotropic

The Afrotropic is one of the earth's eight ecozones. It includes Africa south of the Sahara Desert, the southern and eastern fringes of the Arabian Peninsula, the island of Madagascar, southern Iran and extreme southwestern Pakistan, and the islands of the western Indian Ocean....
al trees and shrub
Shrub

A shrub or bush is a horticulture rather than strictly Botany category of woody plant, distinguished from a tree by its multiple stems and lower height, usually less than 5-6 m tall....
s. The name derives from the Taíno
Taíno

The Ta?nos were Indigenous peoples of the Americas of the Bahamas, Greater Antilles, and the northern Lesser Antilles. It is believed that the seafaring Ta?nos were relatives of the Arawakan people of South America....
 annon. Paleoethnobotanical
Paleoethnobotany

Paleoethnobotany, also known as archaeobotany in European academic circles, is the archaeology sub-field that studies plant remains from archaeological sites....
 studies have dated Annona exploitation
Exploitation of natural resources

See also*Sustainability*List of environmental issues*Consumerism*Over-consumption...
 and cultivation
Agriculture

Agriculture refers to the production of food and goods through farming and forestry. Agriculture was the key development that led to the rise of civilization, with the animal husbandry of domestication animals and plants creating food surpluses that enabled the development of more Population density and Social stratification societies....
 in the Yautepec River region
Yautepec de Zaragoza

Yautepec is a city and its surrounding municipalities of Mexico of the same name located in the north-central part of the Mexican state of Morelos....
 of Mexico
Mexico

The United Mexican States , commonly known as Mexico , is a federalism constitutionalism republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico....
 to approximately 1000 BC.

Currently, seven Annona species
Species

In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biological classification and a taxonomic rank. A species is often defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring....
 and one hybrid are grown for domestic or commercial use mostly for the edible and nutritious fruits. Many of the species are used in traditional medicines for the treatment of a variety of diseases.






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Encyclopedia


Annona is the second largest genus
Genus

A genus is a low-level taxonomic rank used in the classification of living and fossil organisms. The taxonomic ranks are domain , kingdom , phylum, class , order , family , genus, and species....
, after Guatteria
Guatteria

Guatteria is a genus of plant in family Annonaceae. It contains the following species :* Guatteria anomala, R.E. Fries* Guatteria atabapensis, Aristeg....
, in the plant family Annonaceae
Annonaceae

Annonaceae family, also called custard apple familyis a family of flowering plants consisting of trees, shrubs or rarely woody lianas.With about 2300 to 2500 species and more than 130 genera,...
, containing approximately 110 species of mostly Neotropic
Neotropic

In biogeography, Neotropic or Neotropical refers to one of the world's eight terrestrial ecozones.This ecozone includes South and Central America, the Mexico lowlands, the Caribbean islands, and southern Florida, because these regions share a large number of plant and animal groups....
al and Afrotropic
Afrotropic

The Afrotropic is one of the earth's eight ecozones. It includes Africa south of the Sahara Desert, the southern and eastern fringes of the Arabian Peninsula, the island of Madagascar, southern Iran and extreme southwestern Pakistan, and the islands of the western Indian Ocean....
al trees and shrub
Shrub

A shrub or bush is a horticulture rather than strictly Botany category of woody plant, distinguished from a tree by its multiple stems and lower height, usually less than 5-6 m tall....
s. The name derives from the Taíno
Taíno

The Ta?nos were Indigenous peoples of the Americas of the Bahamas, Greater Antilles, and the northern Lesser Antilles. It is believed that the seafaring Ta?nos were relatives of the Arawakan people of South America....
 annon. Paleoethnobotanical
Paleoethnobotany

Paleoethnobotany, also known as archaeobotany in European academic circles, is the archaeology sub-field that studies plant remains from archaeological sites....
 studies have dated Annona exploitation
Exploitation of natural resources

See also*Sustainability*List of environmental issues*Consumerism*Over-consumption...
 and cultivation
Agriculture

Agriculture refers to the production of food and goods through farming and forestry. Agriculture was the key development that led to the rise of civilization, with the animal husbandry of domestication animals and plants creating food surpluses that enabled the development of more Population density and Social stratification societies....
 in the Yautepec River region
Yautepec de Zaragoza

Yautepec is a city and its surrounding municipalities of Mexico of the same name located in the north-central part of the Mexican state of Morelos....
 of Mexico
Mexico

The United Mexican States , commonly known as Mexico , is a federalism constitutionalism republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico....
 to approximately 1000 BC.

Currently, seven Annona species
Species

In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biological classification and a taxonomic rank. A species is often defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring....
 and one hybrid are grown for domestic or commercial use mostly for the edible and nutritious fruits. Many of the species are used in traditional medicines for the treatment of a variety of diseases. Several annonacaeous species have been found to contain acetogenins, a class of natural compounds with a wide variety of biological activities.

Description

Taprooted evergreen
Evergreen

In botany, an evergreen plant is a plant having leaf all year round. This contrasts with deciduous plants, which completely lose their foliage for part of the year....
 or semi-deciduous
Deciduous

Deciduous means falling off at maturity or tending to fall off and is typically used in reference to trees or shrubs that lose their leaves seasonally and to the shedding of other plant structures such as petals after flowering or fruit when ripe....
 tropic
Tropic

A tropic can refer to:In geography, either of two Circle of latitude:*Tropic of Cancer, at Degree N*Tropic of Capricorn, at Degree S*Tropics, referring to the tropical regions of the world....
al trees or shrubs.

Trunks: Thin bark that has broad and shallow depression or fissures which join together and are scaly. Slender, stiff, cylindrical and tapering shoots with raised pores and naked buds. Leaves: Leaf blades can be leathery or thin and rather soft or pliable, bald or hairy. Flowers: The flowering stalks rise from an axil, or occasionally from axillary buds on main stem or older stems, or as solitary flowers or small bundle of flowers. Usually three or four deciduous sepal
Sepal

A sepal is a part of the flower of angiosperms . Sepals in a "typical" flower are green and lie under the more conspicuous petals. As a collective unit the sepals are called the Wiktionary:calyx, and the collection of petals is called the Wiktionary:corolla....
s that are smaller than the outer petal
Petal

A petal is one member or part of the Corolla of a flower. The corolla is the name for all of the petals of a flower; the inner perianth whorl, term used when this is not the same in appearance as the outermost whorl and is used to attract pollinators based on its advertising coloration....
s that do not overlap while in bud. Six to eight fleshy petals in two whorls -- the petals of the outer whorl are larger and do not overlap; inner petals are ascending, distinctively smaller and nectar glands are darker pigmented. Numerous stamens that are ball, club-shaped, or curved and hooded or pointed beyond anther sac. Numerous pistils, attached directly to the base, partially united to various degrees with distinct stigmas. One or two ovules per pistil; style and stigma club-shaped or narrowly conic. Fruits: One fleshy, ovate to spherical fruit per flower. Each fruit consisting of many individual small fruits or syncarps; one syncarp and seed per pistil. Seeds beanlike with tough coats. Pollination: Dynastid scarab beetles appears basic within the genus Annona. Those species of Annona which are more morphologically
Morphology (biology)

The term morphology in biology refers to form, structure and configuration of an organism. This includes aspects of the outward appearance as well as the form and structure of the internal parts like bones and organs....
 derived, as well as all Rollinia
Rollinia

Rollinia is a genus in the family Annonaceae. While it is widely recognised as a distinct genus a recent monograph advocates its inclusion in Annona, which also contains custard apples and soursops....
 spp. possess reduced floral chambers and attract small beetles like Nitidulidae or Staphylinidae.

Images


Selected species

The following is a list of some of the more important species. Many of them have significant agricultural, medicinal, pharmaceutical, and other uses. Synonyms appear in the sub-list.
  • Annona amambayensis
  • Annona ambotay
  • Annona asplundiana
    Annona asplundiana

    Annona asplundiana is a species of plant in the Annonaceae family. It is Endemism to Peru....
  • Annona atabapensis
    Annona atabapensis

    Annona atabapensis is a species of plant in the Annonaceae family. It is Endemism to Venezuela....
  • Annona ×atemoya
    Atemoya

    The atemoya, Annona ?atemoya, is a cross between two tropical fruits – the sweetsop and the cherimoya – which are both native fruits of the tropical Americas....
     (Atemoya)
  • Annona bullata
  • Annona cacans
    Annona cacans

    Annona coriacea is a fruit tree native to Atlantic Forest and Cerrado vegetation in Brazil. This plant is cited as an endangered species, according to list of flora endangered species of Rio Grande do Sul, a state of Brazil....
  • Annona calophylla
  • Annona campestris
  • Annona cherimola
    Annona cherimola

    Originally called Chirimuya by the Inca Empire who lived where it was growing in the Andes of South America, Annona cherimola is an edible fruit bearing species of the genus Annona from the family Annonaceae is now widely cultivated mostly for its sweet fruits that share the name Custard-apple with others in its family....
     (Cherimoya)
    • Annona pubescens
    • Annona tripetala
  • Annona conica
    Annona conica

    Annona conica is a species of plant in the Annonaceae family. It is Endemism to Ecuador. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests....
  • Annona coriacea
    Annona coriacea

    Annona coriacea is a fruit tree native to Brazil. Commonly known as soursop, its original habitat includes the ecoregions of Cerrado, Caatinga, and Pantanal....
  • Annona cornifolia
  • Annona crassiflora (Marolo)
  • Annona cristalensis
    Annona cristalensis

    Annona cristalensis is a species of plant in the Annonaceae family. It is Endemism to Cuba....
  • Annona crotonifolia
  • Annona deceptrix
    Annona deceptrix

    Annona deceptrix is a species of plant in the Annonaceae family. It is Endemism to Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests....
  • Annona deminuta
    Annona deminuta

    Annona deminuta is a species of plant in the Annonaceae family. It is Endemism to Peru....
  • Annona dioica
  • Annona diversifolia (Ilama
    Ilama (fruit)

    The ilama is a tropical fruit tree found in Central America. The name is derived from the Spanish language from the Nahuatl language ilamatzapotl whose rough translation is 'old woman's sapote'....
    )
  • Annona dolabripetala
  • Annona dolichophylla
    Annona dolichophylla

    Annona dolichophylla is a species of plant in the Annonaceae family. It is Endemism to Peru....
  • Annona echinata
  • Annona ecuadorensis
    Annona ecuadorensis

    Annona ecuadorensis is a species of plant in the Annonaceae family. It is Endemism to Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests....
  • Annona ekmanii
    Annona ekmanii

    Annona ekmanii is a species of plant in the Annonaceae family. It is Endemism to Cuba....
  • Annona excellens
  • Annona glabra
    Pond-apple

    Annona glabra. commonly known as the Pond-apple, is a tropical fruit tree in the family Annonaceae, in the same genus as the Soursop and Cherimoya....
     (Pond-apple
    Pond-apple

    Annona glabra. commonly known as the Pond-apple, is a tropical fruit tree in the family Annonaceae, in the same genus as the Soursop and Cherimoya....
    , Alligator-apple, Monkey-apple)
    • Annona palustris
  • Annona glaucophylla
  • Annona haematantha
  • Annona hayesii
  • Annona hypoglauca
  • Annona hystricoides
    Annona hystricoides

    Annona hystricoides is a species of plant in the Annonaceae family. It is Endemism to Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests....
  • Annona jahnii
  • Annona jamaicensis
    Annona jamaicensis

    Annona jamaicensis is a species of plant in the Annonaceae family. It is Endemism to Jamaica....
  • Annona longiflora
  • Annona lutescens
  • Annona macrocalyx
  • Annona malmeana
  • Annona manabiensis
    Annona manabiensis

    Annona manabiensis is a species of plant in the Annonaceae family. It is Endemism to Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests....
  • Annona microcarpa
  • Annona montana
    Annona montana

    or 'Anona#Mountain_soursop' is an edible fruit and medicinal plant in the Annonaceae family native to Central America and islands in the Caribbean....
     Macfad. (Mountain Soursop)
    • Annona marcgravii Mart.
  • Annona monticola
  • Annona muricata
    Annona muricata

    Annona muricata is a member of the family of Custard apple trees called Annonaceae and a species of the genus Annona known mostly for its edible fruits Anona....
     (Soursop
    Soursop

    The soursop is a broadleaf flowering evergreen tree native to Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean and northern South America. Today, it is also grown in some areas of Southeast Asia....
    , Guanábana)
    • Annona macrocarpa auct.
  • Annona nutans
  • Annona oligocarpa
    Annona oligocarpa

    Annona oligocarpa is a species of plant in the Annonaceae family. It is Endemism to Ecuador. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests....
  • Annona paludosa
  • Annona paraguayensis
  • Annona phaeoclados
  • Annona praetermissa
    Annona praetermissa

    Annona praetermissa is a species of plant in the Annonaceae family. It is Endemism to Jamaica. It is threatened by habitat loss....
  • Annona purpurea
    Annona purpurea

    Annona purpurea is an edible fruit and medicinal plant in the Annonaceae family. It is native to Mexico, Central America, and parts of South America....
     (Sonconya)
  • Annona pygmaea
  • Annona reticulata
    Annona reticulata

    Annona reticulata is a small deciduous or semi-evergreen tree in the plant family Annonaceae.It is best known for its fruit, called Custard-apple, a name it shares with fruits of other species from the same family: Annona cherimola and Annona squamosa or sometimes it is called Wild-sweetsop....
     (Custard-apple
    Custard-apple

    The custard-apple, also called bullock's heart or bull's heart, is the fruit of the tree Annona reticulata. This tree is a small deciduous or semi-evergreen tree sometimes reaching tall and a native of the tropical New World that prefers low elevations, and a warm, humid climate....
    , Bullock's-heart, Corazón)
  • Annona salzmannii
  • Annona scleroderma (Poshe-te, Cawesh)
  • Annona senegalensis
    Annona senegalensis

    Annona senegalensis or African custard-apple is a species of plant in the Annonaceae family. This fruit is mostly found from Senegal to South Africa....
     (African Custard-Apple)
    • Annona chrysophylla
  • Annona sericea
  • Annona spinescens
  • Annona spraguei
    Annona spraguei

    Annona spraguei is a species of plant in the Annonaceae family. It is Endemism to Panama. It is threatened by habitat loss....
  • Annona squamosa
    Annona squamosa

    |image = Sugar-apple.jpg|image_caption = Sugar-apple|regnum = Plantae|unranked_divisio = Angiosperms|unranked_classis = Magnoliids|ordo = Magnoliales...
     (Sugar-apple, Sweetsop, Anón)
  • Annona testudinea
  • Annona trunciflora
    Annona trunciflora

    Annona trunciflora is a species of plant in the Annonaceae family. It is Endemism to Venezuela....


Insects and diseases

Annona are generally disease free. They are susceptible to some fungus and wilt. Ants are a problem since they promote mealy bugs on the fruit.

Insects
  • Braephratiloides cubense (Annona seed borer)
  • Bepratelloides cubense (Annona seed borer)
  • Morganella longispina (Plumose scale)
  • Philephedra n.sp. (Philephedra scale)
  • Pseudococcus sp. (Mealy bugs)
  • Xyleborus
    Xyleborus

    With over 500 species, Xyleborus is by far the largest bark beetle genus in the tribe Xyleborini.Xyloborus nowadays includes a high number of formerly independent genera....
     sp. (Ambrosia beetles)
  • Ammiscus polygrophoides
  • Anastrepha atrox
  • Anastrepha barandianae
  • Anastrepha bistrigata
  • Anastrepha chiclayae
  • Anastrepha disticta
  • Anastrepha extensa
  • Anastrepha fraterculus
  • Anastrepha oblicua
  • Anastrepha serpentina
  • Anastrepha striata
  • Anastrepha suspensa
  • Apate monachus
  • Bactrocera
    Bactrocera

    Bactrocera is a large genus of Tephritidae fruit flies, with more than 500 species currently described....
     spp.
  • Bephrata maculicollis
  • Brevipalpus spp.
  • Ceratitis capitata
    Ceratitis capitata

    Ceratitis capitata, the Mediterranean fruit fly, or medfly for short, is a species of fruit fly capable of wreaking extensive damage to a wide range of fruit crops....
  • Cerconota anonella
  • Coccoidea spp.
  • Emanadia flavipennis
  • Gelwchiidae spp.
  • Heliothrips haemorphoidalis
  • Leosynodes elegantales
  • Lyonetia spp.
  • Oiketicus kirby
  • Orthezia olivicola
  • Phyllocnistis spp.
  • Pinnaspis aspidistrae
  • Pseudococcus citri
  • Saissetia nigra
  • Talponia spp.
  • Tenuipalpidae
  • Tetranynchus spp.
  • Thrips
    Thrips

    Thrips are tiny, slender insects with fringed wings . Other common names for thrips include thunderflies, thunderbugs, storm flies, and corn lice....
    Fungi
  • Armillaria (oak root fungus)
  • Ascochyta cherimolaer
  • Botryodiplodia theobremae
  • Cercospora annonaceae
  • Cladosporium carpophilum
  • Colletotrichium spp.
  • Colletotrichium annonicola
  • Colletotrichium gloeosporioides
  • Corticium salmonicolor
  • Fumagina spp.
  • Fusarium solani
  • Gloeosporium
  • Glomerella cingulata
    Glomerella cingulata

    Glomerella cingulata is a plant pathology fungus that causes disease on many different hosts including quince and apple bitter rot and anthracnose on many fruit and vegetable species....
  • Isariopsis anonarum
  • Koleroga noxis
  • Monilia
  • Nectria episphaeria
  • Oidium
    Oidium

    This article is about a type of fungal spore. For the ascomycete genus, see Oidium . For the fungus that causes powdery mildew on grapes, see Uncinula necator....
  • Phakopsora cherimolae
  • Phomopsis
    Phomopsis

    Phomopsis is a plant disease. Also called dead-arm it is caused by a fungus called Phomopsis viticola. Usually, infections begin during early growth stages in spring....
     spp.
  • Phomopsis annonacearum
  • Phyllosticta
    Phyllosticta

    Phyllosticta is a genus of fungi. Many of the species in this genus are plant pathogens....
  • Phythium spp.
  • Phytophtora palmivora
  • Phytophtora parasitica
  • Rhizopus nigricans
    Rhizopus nigricans

    Rhizopus nigricans is a type of harmless mold which is known to grow on bread, therefore known as breadmold. It is a member of the genus Rhizopus, which contains fungus with columnar hemispherical aerial sporangia anchored to the substrate by rhizoids....
  • Rhizopus stolonifer
  • Rhizoctonia spp.
  • Rhizoctonia solani
    Rhizoctonia solani

    Rhizoctonia solani is a plant pathogenic fungus with a wide host range and worldwide distribution. It is one cause of the condition known as damping off, which is a cause of death of seedlings in agriculture....
  • Salssetia oleare
  • Sclerotium rolfsii
    Sclerotium rolfsii

    Sclerotium rolfsii is a club fungus that can cause a variety of diseases in plants, including wilt and Southern Blight. It was first described in 1892 by Peter Henry Rolfs in association with tomato blight in Florida....
  • Uredo cherimola
  • Verticillium
    Verticillium

    Verticillium is a genus of fungi in the division Ascomycota. Within the genus, diverse groups are formed comprising saprotrophs and parasites of higher plants, insects, nematodes, mollusc eggs and other fungi thus it can be seen that the genus is a wide ranging group of taxa characterised by simple but ill-defined characters....
     (wilt)
  • Zignoella annonicolaNematodes
  • Cephalobidae spp.
  • Dorylaimidae spp.
  • Gracilacus
    Gracilacus

    Gracilacus is a genus of nematodes. Many of the species in this genus are plant pathogens....
     spp.
  • Helicotylenchus spp.
  • Hemicycliophora spp.
  • Hoplolaimidae spp.
  • Meloidogyne incognita
    Meloidogyne incognita

    The Meloidogyne incognita is a nematode, a type of roundworm, in Family Heteroderidae. It is an important parasite classified in parasitology as a root-knot nematode; in other words, it prefers to attack the root of its host plant....
     spp.
  • Pratylenchus
    Pratylenchus

    Pratylenchus is a genus of nematodes. Many of the species in this genus are plant pathogens....
     spp.
  • Paratylenchus micoletzky. Rhabditis spp.
  • Tylenchorhynchus
    Tylenchorhynchus

    Tylenchorhynchus is a genus of nematodes including many species of plant parasites. The classification of stunt nematodes - those including the Tylenchorhynchus genus - is unstable; many newly discovered species within this genus are reconsidered to be actually subspecies....
     spp.
  • Xiphinema americanum
    Xiphinema americanum

    Xiphinema americanum is a plant pathogenic nematode.External links...
     Algae
  • Cephaleuros virescens
    Cephaleuros virescens

    Cephaleuros virescens is a plant pathogen.External links References...
  • Cephalosporium spp.
  • Paecilomyces
    Paecilomyces

    Paecilomyces is a genus of nematophagous fungus which kills nematodes by pathogenesis, or by causing disease in the nematodes. Therefore the fungus can be used as a bio-nematicide to control nematodes by applying it to soil....
     spp. Diseases
  • Diplodia natalensis (Dry fruit rot)
  • Fruit rot


External links