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Animal Farm



 
 
Animal Farm is a novel
Novel

File:2009 stapelweise Neuerscheinungen im Buchladen.JPGA novel is today a long narrative in literary prose. The genre has historical roots both in the fields of the medieval and early modern Romance and in the tradition of the novella....
 by George Orwell
George Orwell

Eric Arthur Blair , better known by his pen name George Orwell, was an England author. His work is marked by a profound consciousness of social injustice, an intense dislike of totalitarianism, and a passion for clarity in language....
. Published in England
England

native_name =|conventional_long_name = England|common_name = England|image_flag = Flag of England.svg|image_coat = England COA.svg|symbol_type = Royal Coat of Arms...
 on 17 August 1945
1945 in literature

The year 1945 in literature involved some significant events and new books....
, the book reflects events leading up to and during the Stalin era before World War II
World War II

World War II, or the Second World War , was a global military conflict which involved a Participants in World War II, including all of the great powers, organised into two opposing military alliances: the Allies of World War II and the Axis powers....
. Orwell, a democratic socialist
Democratic socialism

Democratic socialism is a description used by various socialism movements, tendencies, and organizations, to emphasize the democratic character of their political orientation....
 and a member of the Independent Labour Party
Independent Labour Party

The Independent Labour Party was a socialist political party in the United Kingdom....
 for many years, was a critic of Joseph Stalin
Joseph Stalin

Joseph Stalin was the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1922 until his death in 1953....
 and was suspicious of Moscow
Moscow

Moscow is the capital and the largest types of inhabited localities in Russia of the Russian Federation. It is also the largest European cities and metropolitan areas, with the Moscow metropolitan area ranking among the largest urban areas in the world....
-directed Stalinism
Stalinism

File:Joseph Stalin.jpgStalinism is a term that purportedly describes the political system of the Soviet Union under the leadership of Joseph Stalin, leader of the Soviet Union from 1929?1953....
 after his experiences with the NKVD
NKVD

The NKVD or People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs was the leading secret police organization of the Soviet Union that was responsible for Soviet political repressions during the Stalinism era....
 during the Spanish Civil War
Spanish Civil War

The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict in Spain that started after an attempted coup d'?tat by a group of Spanish Army generals, supported by the conservative Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right , Carlist groups and the fascistic Falange, against the government of the Second Spanish Republic, then under the leadership of pr...
. In a letter to Yvonne Davet, Orwell described Animal Farm as his novel "contre Stalin".

The original title was Animal Farm: A Fairy Story, but A Fairy Story was dropped by the US publishers for its 1946 publication.






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Animal Farm is a novel
Novel

File:2009 stapelweise Neuerscheinungen im Buchladen.JPGA novel is today a long narrative in literary prose. The genre has historical roots both in the fields of the medieval and early modern Romance and in the tradition of the novella....
 by George Orwell
George Orwell

Eric Arthur Blair , better known by his pen name George Orwell, was an England author. His work is marked by a profound consciousness of social injustice, an intense dislike of totalitarianism, and a passion for clarity in language....
. Published in England
England

native_name =|conventional_long_name = England|common_name = England|image_flag = Flag of England.svg|image_coat = England COA.svg|symbol_type = Royal Coat of Arms...
 on 17 August 1945
1945 in literature

The year 1945 in literature involved some significant events and new books....
, the book reflects events leading up to and during the Stalin era before World War II
World War II

World War II, or the Second World War , was a global military conflict which involved a Participants in World War II, including all of the great powers, organised into two opposing military alliances: the Allies of World War II and the Axis powers....
. Orwell, a democratic socialist
Democratic socialism

Democratic socialism is a description used by various socialism movements, tendencies, and organizations, to emphasize the democratic character of their political orientation....
 and a member of the Independent Labour Party
Independent Labour Party

The Independent Labour Party was a socialist political party in the United Kingdom....
 for many years, was a critic of Joseph Stalin
Joseph Stalin

Joseph Stalin was the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1922 until his death in 1953....
 and was suspicious of Moscow
Moscow

Moscow is the capital and the largest types of inhabited localities in Russia of the Russian Federation. It is also the largest European cities and metropolitan areas, with the Moscow metropolitan area ranking among the largest urban areas in the world....
-directed Stalinism
Stalinism

File:Joseph Stalin.jpgStalinism is a term that purportedly describes the political system of the Soviet Union under the leadership of Joseph Stalin, leader of the Soviet Union from 1929?1953....
 after his experiences with the NKVD
NKVD

The NKVD or People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs was the leading secret police organization of the Soviet Union that was responsible for Soviet political repressions during the Stalinism era....
 during the Spanish Civil War
Spanish Civil War

The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict in Spain that started after an attempted coup d'?tat by a group of Spanish Army generals, supported by the conservative Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right , Carlist groups and the fascistic Falange, against the government of the Second Spanish Republic, then under the leadership of pr...
. In a letter to Yvonne Davet, Orwell described Animal Farm as his novel "contre Stalin".

The original title was Animal Farm: A Fairy Story, but A Fairy Story was dropped by the US publishers for its 1946 publication. Only in Telugu, of all translations during Orwell's lifetime, was the original title retained. Other variations in the title include: A Satire and A Contemporary Satire. Orwell suggested for the French
French language

French is a Romance language spoken around the world by around 80 million people as first language, by 190 million as second language, and by about another 200 million people as an acquired tongue, with significant speakers in 54 countries....
 translation the title Union des républiques socialistes animales or URSA, which means "bear" in Latin.

The book was chosen by Time
Time (magazine)

Time is a weekly United States newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and U.S. News & World Report. A European edition is published from London....
 Magazine as one of the 100 best English-language novels (1923 to 2005), was number 31 on the Modern Library List of Best 20th-Century Novels
Modern Library List of Best 20th-Century Novels

Modern Library's 100 Best Novels is a list of the best English-language novels of the 20th century as determined by the Modern Library. In the spring of 1998 the Modern Library polled its editorial board to find the best 100 novels of the 20th century....
 and won a Retrospective Hugo Award
Hugo Award

The Hugo Awards are given every year for the best science fiction or fantasy works and achievements of the previous year. The award is named after Hugo Gernsback, the founder of the pioneering science fiction magazine Amazing Stories....
 in 1996.

Overview

The short novel
Novel

File:2009 stapelweise Neuerscheinungen im Buchladen.JPGA novel is today a long narrative in literary prose. The genre has historical roots both in the fields of the medieval and early modern Romance and in the tradition of the novella....
 is an allegory
Allegory

Allegory is generally treated as a figure of rhetoric, but an allegory does not have to be expressed in language: it may be addressed to the eye, and is often found in realistic painting, sculpture or some other form of Mimesis, or representative art....
 in which animals play the roles of the Bolshevik
Bolshevik

Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists were a faction of the Marxism Russian Social Democratic Labour Party which split apart from the Menshevik faction at the 2nd Congress of the RSDLP in 1903 and ultimately became the Communist Party of the Soviet Union....
 revolutionaries and overthrow and oust the human owner of a farm (Manor Farm), renaming it Animal Farm and setting it up as a commune in which, at first, all animals are equal; however, class and status disparities soon emerge between the different animal species (the pigs being the "greater species"). The novel
Novel

File:2009 stapelweise Neuerscheinungen im Buchladen.JPGA novel is today a long narrative in literary prose. The genre has historical roots both in the fields of the medieval and early modern Romance and in the tradition of the novella....
 describes how a society's ideologies can be manipulated and twisted by those in positions of social and political power, including how a utopia
Utopia

Utopia is a name for an ideal community or society, taken from the Utopia written in 1516 by Sir Thomas More describing a fictional island in the Atlantic Ocean, possessing a seemingly perfect social system-politics-legal system....
n society is made impossible by the corrupting nature of the very power necessary to create it.

The novel addresses not only the corruption of revolution by its leaders but also highlights how wickedness in human nature (indifference, ignorance, greed and myopia) destroys any possibility of a Utopia
Utopia

Utopia is a name for an ideal community or society, taken from the Utopia written in 1516 by Sir Thomas More describing a fictional island in the Atlantic Ocean, possessing a seemingly perfect social system-politics-legal system....
. While this novel deigns poor leadership as the flaw in revolution (and not the revolution of itself), it also shows how ignorance and indifference to problems within a revolution let the horrors happen.

Characters and their possible real-life counterparts

The events and characters in Animal Farm satirise Stalinism
Stalinism

File:Joseph Stalin.jpgStalinism is a term that purportedly describes the political system of the Soviet Union under the leadership of Joseph Stalin, leader of the Soviet Union from 1929?1953....
 ("Animalism"), authoritarian government and human stupidity generally; Snowball is seen as Leon Trotsky
Leon Trotsky

Leon Trotsky , born Lev Davidovich Bronstein , was a Bolshevik revolutionary and Marxism theorist. He was one of the leaders of the Russian October Revolution, second only to Lenin....
 and the head pig, Napoleon, is Stalin.

Pigs

Old Major
Old Major

Old Major is the first major character described by George Orwell in Animal Farm. This "purebred" of pigs is the kind, grandfatherly philosopher of change....
, a prize Middle White boar
List of domestic pig breeds

The following are domestic breeds of Domestic pig .*Blue Butt*American guinea hog a rare breed of heritage popular with modern homesteaders*American Landrace...
, is the inspiration that fuels the Rebellion in the book. According to one interpretation, he could be based upon both Karl Marx
Karl Marx

Karl Heinrich Marx was a Germanphilosophy, political economy, historian, sociologist, humanism, political theorist and revolutionary credited as the founder of communism....
 (in that he describes the ideal society the animals could create if the humans are overthrown) and Vladimir Lenin
Vladimir Lenin

Vladimir Ilyich Lenin , born Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov and also known by the pseudonyms V.I. Lenin and N. Lenin, was a Russians revolutionary, a Bolshevik Communism politician, the principal leader of the October Revolution and the first head of the USSR....
 (in that his skull is put on revered public display, as was Lenin's embalmed corpse
Lenin's Mausoleum

Lenin's Mausoleum also known as Lenin's Tomb, situated in Red Square in Moscow, is the mausoleum that serves as the current cemetery of Vladimir Lenin....
). However, according to Christopher Hitchens
Christopher Hitchens

Christopher Eric Hitchens is a United Kingdom-born, United Kingdom and United States author, journalist and literary critic. Currently living in Washington, D.C., he has been a columnist at Vanity Fair magazine, The Atlantic, World Affairs , The Nation , Slate , Free Inquiry, and a variety of other media outlets....
: "the Leon Trotsky
Leon Trotsky

Leon Trotsky , born Lev Davidovich Bronstein , was a Bolshevik revolutionary and Marxism theorist. He was one of the leaders of the Russian October Revolution, second only to Lenin....
 elements are combined into one [i.e., Snowball], or, it might even be [...] to say, there is no Lenin at all."

He introduces the animals to the song "Beasts of England
Beasts of England

George Orwell's allegory novel Animal Farm contains various anthems adopted by the eponymous farm, most notably the original anthem Animal Farm Anthems#Beasts of England and its later replacement Animal Farm Anthems#Comrade Napoleon....
", which becomes their anthem, and puts the idea of rebellion in the animals' heads.

Napoleon
Napoleon (Animal Farm)

Napoleon is a fictional character in George Orwell's Animal Farm. While he is at first a common farm pig, he takes advantage of the animals' uprising against their masters to eventually become the tyrannical "President of Animal Farm," which he turns into a dictatorship....
, a Berkshire boar
Berkshire (pig)

Berkshire Pigs are a rare breed of domestic pig originating from Great Britain. In New Zealand it is estimated that there are now less than a hundred purebred sows....
 ("a large, rather fierce-looking Berkshire boar, the only Berkshire on the farm, not much of a talker, but with a reputation for getting his own way."), is the main tyrant
Tyrant

This article is about the political ruler. For other uses see Tyrant and Tyranny In modern usage, a tyrant is a single ruler holding absolute political power over a state or within an organization....
 and villain
Villain

A villain is an "evil" character in a story, whether a history narrative or, especially, a work of fiction. The villain usually is the antagonist, the character who tends to have a negative effect on other characters....
 of Animal Farm and is based upon Joseph Stalin
Joseph Stalin

Joseph Stalin was the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1922 until his death in 1953....
. He begins to gradually build up his power, using puppies he took from mother dogs Jessie and Bluebell, which he raises to be vicious dogs as his secret police
Secret police

Secret police are a police agency which operates in secrecy to maintain national security against internal threats to the state.Secret police forces are typically associated with totalitarianism regimes, as they are often used to maintain the political power of the state rather than uphold the rule of law....
. After driving Snowball off the farm, Napoleon usurps full power, using false propaganda from Squealer and threats and intimidation from the dogs to keep the other animals in line. Among other things, he gradually changes the Commandments to allow himself privileges such as eating at a table and to justify his dictatorial rule. By the end of the book, Napoleon and his fellow pigs have learned to walk upright and started to behave similarly to the humans against whom they originally revolted. Napoleon's name adds to the novella's themes of totalitarian dictators rising from vacuum of power and absolute power corrupting absolutely. The character's namesake, Napoleon Bonaparte, forcibly took control from a weak government in 1799, installed himself as First Consul and eventually crowned himself Emperor. In addition, the French Revolution served as inspiration for many of Karl Marx
Karl Marx

Karl Heinrich Marx was a Germanphilosophy, political economy, historian, sociologist, humanism, political theorist and revolutionary credited as the founder of communism....
's ideas. In the French version of Animal Farm, Napoleon is called César, the French spelling of Caesar
Caesar

Caesar or C?sar may refer to the following:...
.

Snowball
Snowball (Animal Farm)

Snowball is a fictional character pig in the book Animal Farm written by George Orwell....
 is Napoleon's rival. He is an allusion to Leon Trotsky
Leon Trotsky

Leon Trotsky , born Lev Davidovich Bronstein , was a Bolshevik revolutionary and Marxism theorist. He was one of the leaders of the Russian October Revolution, second only to Lenin....
. He wins over most animals, but is driven out of the farm by Napoleon. Snowball genuinely works for the good of the farm and devises plans to help the animals achieve their vision of an egalitarian utopia, but Napoleon and his dogs chase him from the farm, and Napoleon spreads rumours to make him seem evil and corrupt and that he had secretly sabotaged the animals' efforts to improve the farm. In his biography of Orwell, Bernard Crick suggests that Snowball was as much inspired by POUM leader Andrés Nin
Andrés Nin

Andreu Nin P?rez, was a Spain Communism revolutionary....
 as by Trotsky. Nin was a similarly adept orator and also fell victim to the Communist purges of the Left during the Spanish Civil War.

Squealer
Squealer (Animal Farm)

Squealer is a fictional pig from George Orwell's Animal Farm, primarily inspired by Joseph Stalin's aide Vyacheslav Molotov also figuratively as propaganda....
, a small fat porker, serves as Napoleon's right hand pig and minister of propaganda. Inspired by Vyacheslav Molotov
Vyacheslav Molotov

Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov , Soviet Union politician and diplomacy, was a leading figure in the Government of the Soviet Union from the 1920s, when he rose to power as a prot?g? of Joseph Stalin, to 1957, when he was dismissed from Presidium of the Central Committee by Nikita Khrushchev....
 and the Soviet paper Pravda
Pravda

Pravda was a leading newspaper of the Soviet Union and an official organ of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union between 1912 and 1991....
, Squealer manipulates the language to excuse, justify, and extol all of Napoleon's actions. He represents all the propaganda Stalin used to justify his own terrible acts. In all of his work, George Orwell made it a point to show how politicians used language. Squealer limits debate by complicating it and he confuses and disorients, making claims that the pigs need the extra luxury they are taking in order to function properly, for example. However, when questions persist, he usually uses the threat of the return of Mr Jones, the former owner of the farm, to justify the pigs' privileges. Squealer uses statistics to convince the animals that life is getting better and better. Most of the animals have only dim memories of life before the revolution; therefore, they are convinced.

Minimus is a poetic pig who writes the second and third national anthems of Animal Farm after the singing of "Beasts of England" is banned. He represents admirers of Stalin both inside and outside the USSR such as Maxim Gorky
Maxim Gorky

Aleksey Maksimovich Peshkov , better known as Maxim Gorky , was a Russian/Soviet Union author, a founder of the socialist realism literary method and a political activist....
. As Minimus composed the replacement of "Beasts of England", he may equate to the three main composers of the National Anthem of the Soviet Union
National Anthem of the Soviet Union

The National Anthem of the Soviet Union replaced The Internationale as the national anthem on March 15, 1944. The lyrics were written by Sergey Mikhalkov in collaboration with Gabriel El-Registan and the music was composed by Alexander Vasilyevich Alexandrov ....
 which replaced The Internationale
The Internationale

The Internationale is a famous socialism, communism, social-democratic and anarchism anthem and one of the most widely recognized songs in the world....
 – Gabriel El-Registan, Alexander Vasilyevich Alexandrov
Alexander Vasilyevich Alexandrov

Alexander Vasilyevich Alexandrov was a Russian SovietUnion composer, the founder of the Red Army Choir, who wrote the music for the national anthem of the Soviet Union, which in 2001, became the anthem of Russia ....
 and Sergey Mikhalkov
Sergey Mikhalkov

Sergey Vladimirovich Mikhalkov is a List of Russian authors of children's books and satirical fables who had the opportunity to write the lyrics of his country's national anthem on three different occasions, spanning almost 60 years....
.

The Piglets are hinted to be the children of Napoleon (albeit not truly noted in the novel) and are the first generation of animals actually subjugated to his idea of animal inequality.

The Rebel Pigs are four pigs who complain about Napoleon's takeover of the farm but are quickly silenced and later executed. This is based on the Great Purge
Great Purge

Great Purge was a series of campaigns of political repression and persecution in the Soviet Union orchestrated by Joseph Stalin in 1936-1938. Also described as a "Soviet holocaust" by several authors, it involved the purge of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, repression of kulaks, Red Army leadership, and the persecution of unaffiliat...
 during Stalin's regime. The closest parallels to the Rebel Pigs may be Nikolai Bukharin
Nikolai Bukharin

Nikolai Ivanovich Bukharin , was a Bolshevik Russian Revolution of 1917 and intelligentsia and Soviet Union politician....
, Alexei Rykov
Alexei Rykov

Alexei Ivanovich Rykov was a Russian Marxist revolutionary and Soviet Union politician, Soviet head of the government from between 1924 to 1930....
, Grigory Zinoviev
Grigory Zinoviev

Gregory Yevseevich Zinoviev...
 and Lev Kamenev
Lev Kamenev

was a Bolshevik revolutionary and a prominent Soviet Union politician. He was briefly the nominal head of the Soviet state in 1917 and a founding member and later chairman of the ruling Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee....
.

Pinkeye is a minor pig who is mentioned only once; he is the pig that tastes Napoleon's food to make sure it's not poisoned, in response to rumours about an assassination attempt on Napoleon.

Humans

Mr. Jones
Jones (Animal Farm)

Mr. Jones of Manor Farm was a human character in George Orwell's satire book Animal Farm....
 represents Nicholas II of Russia
Nicholas II of Russia

Nicholas II was the last Tsar of Russian Empire, Grand Prince of Finland, and claimant to the title of King of Poland. His official title was Nicholas II, Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias and he is currently regarded as Saint Nicholas the Passion Bearer by the Russian Orthodox Church....
, the deposed Czar, who had been facing severe financial difficulties in the days leading up to the 1917 Revolution
Russian Revolution of 1917

The Russian Revolution is the series of revolutions in Russia in 1917, which destroyed the Tsarist autocracy and led to the creation of the Soviet Union....
. The character is also a nod towards Louis XVI. There are several implications that he represents an autocratic but ineffective capitalist
Capitalism

Capitalism is an economic system in which wealth, and the means of producing wealth, are private property and controlled rather than commonly, publicly, or state-owned and controlled....
, incapable of running the farm and looking after the animals properly. Jones is a very heavy drinker and the animals revolt against him after he drinks so much that he does not feed
Feed

Feed may refer to:* As a verb, to feed means to give food to, or to eat food. See feeding.* Feed as a noun often refers to animal feed, food given to or meant for livestock ...
 or take care
Care

Care may refer to:* Care , a 1980s alternative rock band from Liverpool*...
 of them, and his attempt to recapture the farm is foiled in the Battle of the Cowshed (the Russian Civil War
Russian Civil War

The Russian Civil War was a multi-party war that occurred within the former Russian Empire after the Russian provisional government collapsed and the Bolshevik party assumed power in Saint Petersburg....
).

Mr. Frederick
Frederick (Animal Farm)

Mr. Frederick of Pinchfield Farm is a fictional human character in the satire novella Animal Farm by George Orwell. Mr. Frederick is one of Animal Farm's neighbors, and keeps a small but organized farm....
 is the tough owner
Ownership

Ownership is the state or fact of exclusive rights and control over property, which may be an personal property, land ownership, or some other kind of property ....
 of Pinchfield, a well-kept neighbouring farm. He represents Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler

Adolf Hitler was an Austrian-born Germany politician and the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party , popularly known as the Nazi Party....
 and the Nazi Party in general. He buys wood
Timber

Timber may refer to:* Lumber, i.e. wood materials* Timber, Oregon, an unincorporated community in the U.S. state of Oregon* Timber , a 1984 arcade game by Bally Midway...
 from the animals for forged
Counterfeit

A counterfeit is an imitation made usually with the intent to deceptively represent its content or origins, thus increasing sales appeal due to the reputation of the imitated product....
 money
Money

Money is anything that is generally accepted as payment for goods and services and repayment of debts. The main uses of money are as a medium of exchange, a unit of account, and a store of value....
 and later attacks them, destroying the windmill
Windmill

A windmill is a machine that is powered by the energy of the wind. It is designed to convert the energy of the wind into more useful forms using rotating blades or sails....
 but being finally beaten in the resulting Battle of the Windmill (World War II
World War II

World War II, or the Second World War , was a global military conflict which involved a Participants in World War II, including all of the great powers, organised into two opposing military alliances: the Allies of World War II and the Axis powers....
), which could be interpreted as either the battle of Moscow
Battle of Moscow

The Battle of Moscow is the name given by the Soviet historians to the two periods of strategically significant fighting on a 600 km sector of the Eastern Front during World War II....
 or Stalingrad
Battle of Stalingrad

The Battle of Stalingrad was a battle between Nazi Germany and its allies and the Soviet Union for control of the city of Stalingrad in Southern Russia....
. There are also stories of him mistreating his own animals, such as throwing dogs into a furnace, which may also represent the Nazi Party's treatment of political dissidents.

Mr. Pilkington
Pilkington (Animal Farm)

Mr. Pilkington of Foxwood Farm is a human character in George Orwell's satirical book Animal Farm. Mr. Pilkington has a larger but thus more unkempt farm, and is on bad terms with Frederick of Pinchfield Farm, whose farm is on the opposite side of Animal Farm....
 is the easy-going but crafty
Cleverness

Excess long comment to prevent listing on...
 owner of Foxwood, a neighbouring farm overgrown with weeds, as described in the book. He represents the western powers, such as the United Kingdom
United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom , the UK or Britain,is a sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe....
 and the United States
United States

The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U...
. The card game at the very end of the novel is a metaphor
Metaphor

Metaphor is language that directly compares seemingly unrelated subjects. It is a figure of speech that compares two or more things without using the words "like" or "as." More generally, a metaphor describes a first subject as being or equal to a second object in some way....
 for the Tehran Conference
Tehran Conference

The Tehran Conference was the meeting of Joseph Stalin, Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Winston Churchill between November 28 and December 1, 1943 in Tehran, Iran....
, where the parties flatter each other, all the while cheating
Cheating

'Cheating' is an act of lying, deception, fraud, trickery, imposture, or imposition. Cheating characteristically is employed to create an unfair advantage, usually in one's own interest, and often at the expense of others....
 at the game. This last scene is ironic
Irony

Irony is a Literary technique or rhetorical device, in which there is an wiktionary:incongruous or wiktionary:discordance between what one says or does and what one means or what is generally understood....
 because all the Pigs are civil and kind to the humans, defying all for which they had fought. This happened at the Tehran Conference: the Soviet Union formed an alliance with the United States and the United Kingdom, capitalist countries that the Soviet Union had fought in the early years of the revolution. At the end of the novel, both Napoleon and Pilkington draw the Ace
Ace

The word "ace" comes from the Old French word 'as' meaning 'a unit', from the name of a small Ancient Rome coin. It originally meant the side of a dice with only one mark, before it was a term for a playing card....
 of Spades
Spades

Spades is a partnership trick-taking card game, in which the object is for each pair or partnership to take at least the number of tricks they bid on before play began....
 (which in most games, is the highest-ranking card) at the same time and begin fighting
Argument

* In logic, an Argument is a set of one or more meaningful declarative sentences known as the premises along with another meaningful declarative sentence known as the conclusion....
 loudly, symbolising the beginning of tension between the U.S. and Soviet superpowers.

Mr. Whymper is a man hired by Napoleon to represent
Representation

Representation can refer to:* Representation , one's ability to influence the political process* Representative democracy* Representation , the depiction and ethical concerns of construction in visual arts and literature....
 Animal Farm in human society. He is loosely based on Western intellectuals such as George Bernard Shaw
George Bernard Shaw

George Bernard Shaw, was an Irish people playwright.Although Shaw's first profitable writing was music and literary criticism, his talent was for drama, and he wrote more than 60 plays....
 and, especially, Lincoln Steffens
Lincoln Steffens

Joseph Lincoln Steffens was an American journalist and one of the most famous practitioners of the journalistic style called muckraking. He is also known for his 1921 statement, upon his return from the Soviet Union: "I have been over into the future, and it works."...
, who visited the USSR in 1919.

Equines

There are four main equines (horse
Horse

The horse is a hoofed mammal, a subspecies of one of seven extant species of the family Equidae. The horse has evolution of the horse over the past 45 to 55 million years from a small multi-toed creature into the large, odd-toed ungulate animal of today....
s and donkey
Donkey

The 'donkey' or 'ass', Equus africanus asinus, is a Domestication member of the Equidae or horse family, and an Odd-toed ungulates. The wild ancestor of the donkey is the Wild Ass, E....
s) characters: Clover, Boxer, Benjamin, and Mollie.

Boxer
Boxer (Animal Farm)

Boxer is a fictional horse from George Orwell's Animal Farm. He is the farm's most hard-working and loyal worker. He serves as an allegory for the Russian working class who helped oust the Czar and establish the Soviet Union, but were eventually betrayed by the Stalinists....
 is one of the main characters. He is the tragic symbol of the working class, or proletariat
Proletariat

The proletariat is a term used to identify a lower social class; a member of such a class is proletarian. Originally it was identified as those people who had no wealth other than their sons....
: loyal, kind, dedicated, and physically the strongest animal on the farm, but naïve and slow. His ignorance
Ignorance

Ignorance is the state in which a person lacks knowledge, sophistication or intelligence. The word 'Ignorant' is an adjective describing a person in that state....
 and blind trust towards his leaders leads to his death and their profit. In particular, his heroic physical work represents the Stakhanovite
Stakhanovite

In Soviet Union history and iconography, a Stakhanovite follows the example of Aleksei Grigorievich Stakhanov, employing hard work or Scientific management efficiencies to over-achieve on the job....
 movement. His maxim of "I will work harder" is reminiscent of Jurgis Rudkus from the Upton Sinclair
Upton Sinclair

Upton Sinclair, Jr. , was a Pulitzer Prize-winning prolific United States author who wrote over 90 books in many genres and was widely considered to be one of the best investigators advocating Socialism views....
 novel The Jungle
The Jungle

The Jungle is a 1906 in literature novel written by author and Socialism journalist Upton Sinclair. It was written about the corruption of the United States meatpacking industry during the early 20th century....
. His second maxim, "Napoleon is always right" is an example of the propaganda used by Squealer to control the animals. It was not adopted until later in the book. Boxer's work ethic is often praised by the pigs, and he is set as a prime example to the other animals. When Boxer is injured, and can no longer work, Napoleon sends him off to the knacker's yard
Knacker

A knacker is a person in the trade of Rendering animals that are unfit for human consumption, such as working animal. This leads to the slang expression "knackered" meaning very tired, or "ready for the knacker?s yard", where old horses are slaughtered and made into dog food and Animal glue....
 and deceives the other animals, saying that Boxer died peacefully in the hospital
Hospital

A hospital is an institution for health care providing patient treatment by specialized staff and equipment, and often but not always providing for longer-term patient stays....
. When the animals cannot work
Manual labour

Manual labour is physical work done with the hands, especially in an unskilled employment such as fruit and vegetable picking, road building, or any other field where the work may be considered physically arduous, and which has as a profitable objective, usually the production of good s....
, Napoleon tosses them aside, for they mean nothing to him.

Clover is Boxer's companion and a fellow draft horse
Draft horse

A draft horse , draught horse or dray horse is a large horse bred for hard, heavy tasks such as ploughing and farm labour. There are a number of different list of horse breeds, with varying characteristics but all share common traits of strength, patience and a docile temperament which made them indispensable to generations of...
. She helps and cares for Boxer when he splits his hoof
Horse hoof

A horse hoof is a structure surrounding the distal Phalanx bones of the 3rd digit of each of the four limbs of Equidae species, which is covered by complex soft tissue and keratinised structures....
. She blames herself for forgetting the original Seven Commandments
Seven Commandments

The Seven Commandments in the novel Animal Farm by George Orwell were a list of rules or laws that were supposed to keep order and ensure elementary Animalism within Animal Farm....
 when Squealer had actually revised them. Clover is compassion
Compassion

Compassion is commonly defined as a profound human emotion prompted by the suffering of others. More vigorous than empathy, the feeling commonly gives rise to an active desire to alleviate another's suffering....
ate, as is shown when she protects the baby
Infant

An infant or baby is the term used to refer to the young offspring of humans....
 ducklings during Major's speech. She is also upset when animals are executed by the dogs, and is held in great respect
Respect

Respect is esteem for, or a sense of the worth or excellence of, a person, a personal quality, ability, or a manifestation of a personal quality or ability....
 by three younger horses who ultimately replace Boxer.

Mollie is a self-centred and vain white mare
Mare

Mare most commonly refers to mare.Mare and similar may also refer to:...
 who likes wearing ribbons in her mane, eating sugar
Sugar

Sugar is a class of edible crystalline substances, mainly sucrose, lactose, and fructose. Human taste buds interpret its flavor as sweet. Sugar as a basic food carbohydrate primarily comes from sugar cane and from sugar beet, but also appears in fruit, honey, sorghum, sugar maple , and in many other sources....
 cubes (which represent luxury
Luxury

Luxury can refer to several things:*Luxury good, an economic good for which demand increases more than proportionally as income rises; contrast with inferior good and normal good....
) and being pampered and groomed by humans. She represents upper-class people, the bourgeoisie
Bourgeoisie

Bourgeoisie is a classification used in analyzing human societies to describe a social class of people. Historically, the bourgeoisie comes from the middle or merchant classes of the Middle Ages, whose status or power came from employment, education, and wealth, as distinguished from those whose power came from being born into an aristocrati...
 and nobility
Russian nobility

The Russian nobility arose in the 14th century and essentially governed Russia until the October Revolution of 1917.The Russian language word for nobility, Dvoryanstvo , derives from the Russian word dvor , meaning the Court of a prince or duke and later, of the tsar....
 who fled to the West after the Russian Revolution
Russian Revolution of 1917

The Russian Revolution is the series of revolutions in Russia in 1917, which destroyed the Tsarist autocracy and led to the creation of the Soviet Union....
 and effectively dominated
Domination

Domination is the condition of having control or power over animals or things.Domination or dominant may refer to:...
 the Russian diaspora
Russian diaspora

The term Russian diaspora refers to the global community of ethnicity Russians. The largest number of Russians living outside Russia can be found in former republics of the Soviet Union;Russian-speaking populations also exist in the USA, in the European Union and in Israel....
. Accordingly, she quickly leaves for another farm and is only once mentioned again.

Benjamin
Benjamin (Animal Farm)

Benjamin is a fictional donkey in George Orwell's novella Animal Farm. He is the oldest of the animals and is alive in the last scene of the novel....
 is a wise
Wisdom

Wisdom is knowledge, understanding, experience, discretion, and Intuition , along with a capacity to apply these qualities well towards finding solutions to problems....
 old donkey
Donkey

The 'donkey' or 'ass', Equus africanus asinus, is a Domestication member of the Equidae or horse family, and an Odd-toed ungulates. The wild ancestor of the donkey is the Wild Ass, E....
 who shows little emotion
Emotion

An emotion is a mental and physiological state associated with a wide variety of feelings, thoughts, and behavior.Emotions are subjective experiences, or experienced from an individual point of view....
 and is one of the longest-lived animals; he is still alive at the end of the book and probably lives even longer than the imagined end of Napoleon's rule. The animals often ask him about his lack of expression but he always answers with: 'Donkeys live a long time. None of you have ever seen a dead donkey.' Benjamin can also read as well as any pig, but rarely displays his ability. He is a dedicated friend to Boxer and is very upset when Boxer is taken away. Benjamin has known about the pigs' wrongdoing the entire time, but he says nothing to the other animals. He represents the cynics in society. Another possibility is that Benjamin is an allegory for intellectuals who have the wisdom to stay clear of the purges, but take no action themselves, such as pacifists, whose 'line' Orwell firmly disliked. Yet another possibility is that Benjamin is Orwell himself.

Other animals


Muriel is a wise old goat
Goat

The domestic goat is a subspecies of goat domesticated from the wild goat of southwest Asia and Eastern Europe. The goat is a member of the Bovidae family and is closely related to the sheep: both are in the goat-antelope subfamily Caprinae....
 who is friends with all of the animals on the farm. She, like Benjamin and Snowball, is one of the few animals on the farm who can read
Literacy

The traditional definition of literacy is considered to be the ability to read and write, or the ability to use language to Reading , Writing, Listening, and Speech communication....
 (with some difficulty, she has to spell the words out first) which helps Clover know that the Seven Commandments have been surreptitiously changed throughout the story. She possibly represents the same category as Benjamin, though she dies near the end of the book from old age
Old age

Old age consists of ages nearing or surpassing the average life span of human beings, and thus the end of the human biological life cycle. Euphemisms and terms for old people include seniors ? chiefly an American usage ? or elderly....
.

The Puppies, who were raised by Napoleon to be his security
Security

Security is the degree of protection against danger, loss, and criminals. Individuals or actions that encroach upon the condition of protection are responsible for a "breach of security."...
 force may be a reference to the fact that a major factor in Stalin's rise to power was his appointment as General Secretary of the Communist Party by Lenin in 1922, in which role he used his powers of appointment, promotion and demotion to quietly pack the party with his own supporters. The puppies represent Stalin's secret police
NKVD

The NKVD or People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs was the leading secret police organization of the Soviet Union that was responsible for Soviet political repressions during the Stalinism era....
.

Moses the Raven
Raven

Raven is the common name given to several larger-bodied members of the genus Corvus —but in Europe and North America the Common Raven is normally implied....
 is an old bird
Bird

Birds are wing, Bipedalismal, endothermic , vertebrate animals that lay egg . There are around 10,000 living species, making them the most numerous tetrapod vertebrates....
 that occasionally visits the farm with tales of a place in the sky called Sugarcandy Mountain, where he says animals go when they die, but only if they work hard. He spends time turning the animals' minds to Sugarcandy Mountain and he does no work. He represents religious leaders, specifically the Russian Orthodox Church
Russian Orthodox Church

The Russian Orthodox Church ; or The Moscow Patriarchate , also known as the Orthodox Christian Church of Russia, is a body of Christianity who constitute an Autocephaly Eastern Orthodox Church under the jurisdiction of the List of Metropolitans and Patriarchs of Moscow, in full communion with the other Eastern Orthodox Churches....
, which is banned when the pigs come to power. His religious persona is exacerbated by the fact that he is named after a biblical character
Moses

Moses is a Hebrew Bible Hebrews religious leader, lawgiver, prophet, to whom the Mosaic authorship of the Torah is traditionally attributed. Also called Moshe Rabbeinu in Hebrew , he is the most important prophet in Judaism, and also an important prophet of Christianity, Islam, the Bah?'? Faith, Rastafari movement, Chrislam and many ot...
. He feels unequal in comparison to the other animals, so he leaves after the rebellion, for all animals were supposed to be equal. However, much later in the book he returns to the farm and continues to proclaim the existence of Sugarcandy Mountain. The other animals are confused by the pigs' attitude towards Moses; they denounce his claims as nonsense, but allow him to remain on the farm. The pigs do this to offer a glimpse of hope of a happy afterlife to the other animals, probably to keep the animal's minds on Sugarcandy Mountain and off possible uprisings. This is an analogy to Stalin's pact with the Russian Orthodox Church. In the end, he is one of few animals to remember the rebellion, along with Clover, Benjamin, and the pigs.

The Sheep
Sheep

#REDIRECT Domestic sheep...
 represent the masses, manipulated
Manipulation

Manipulation can mean:...
 to support Stalin in spite of his treachery. They show limited intelligence
Intelligence

Intelligence is an umbrella term used to describe a property of the mind that encompasses many related abilities, such as the capacities to reason, to plan, to problem solving, to think abstraction, to comprehend ideas, to use language, and to Learning....
 and understanding
Understanding

Understanding is a psychology process related to an abstract or physical object, such as a person, situation, or message whereby one is able to think about it and use concepts to deal adequately with that object....
 of the situations but support Napoleon and regularly chant "Four legs good, Two legs bad" (at the end of the novel, bad is changed to better) and distract people, or, as it were, animals.

The Rats
RATS

RATS may refer to:* RATS , Regression Analysis of Time Series, a statistical package* Rough Auditing Tool for Security, a computer program...
 may represent some of the nomadic people in the far north of the USSR.

The Hens may represent the Kulaks as they destroy
Destruction

Destruction is the act of damaging something beyond use or repair. It may also refer to:* Destruction , a German thrash metal band* Destruction , one of the Endless in Neil Gaiman's comic book series The Sandman...
 their eggs
Egg (biology)

In most birds and reptiles, an egg is the zygote, resulting from fertilization of the ovum. To enable incubation the egg is usually kept within a favourable temperature range as it nourishes and protects the growing embryo....
 rather than hand them over to Napoleon, just as during collectivisation some Kulaks destroyed
Sabotage

Sabotage is a deliberate action aimed at weakening an enemy, oppressor or employer through subversion, obstruction, disruption, and/or destruction....
 machinery or killed their livestock
Livestock

Livestock is the term used to refer to a domesticated animal intentionally reared in an agricultural setting to produce things such as food or fibre, or for its labour....
.

Significance

The allegory
Allegory

Allegory is generally treated as a figure of rhetoric, but an allegory does not have to be expressed in language: it may be addressed to the eye, and is often found in realistic painting, sculpture or some other form of Mimesis, or representative art....
 that the book employs allows for reader interpretation on a number of levels:

George Orwell
George Orwell

Eric Arthur Blair , better known by his pen name George Orwell, was an England author. His work is marked by a profound consciousness of social injustice, an intense dislike of totalitarianism, and a passion for clarity in language....
 wrote the book following his experiences during the Spanish Civil War
Spanish Civil War

The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict in Spain that started after an attempted coup d'?tat by a group of Spanish Army generals, supported by the conservative Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right , Carlist groups and the fascistic Falange, against the government of the Second Spanish Republic, then under the leadership of pr...
, which are described in another of his books, Homage to Catalonia
Homage to Catalonia

Homage to Catalonia is Political journalism and novelist George Orwell's personal account of his experiences and observations in the Spanish Civil War, written in the first person....
. He intended it to be a strong condemnation of what he saw as the Stalinist corruption of the original socialist
Socialism

Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating public or state ownership and administration of the means of production and distribution of goods, and a society characterized by equality for all individuals, with a fair or Egalitarianism method of compensation....
 ideals. For the preface of a Ukrainian edition he prepared in 1947, Orwell described what gave him the idea of setting the book on a farm:

This Ukrainian edition was an early propaganda use of the book. It was printed to be distributed among the Soviet citizens of Ukraine who were some of the many millions of displaced persons throughout Europe at the end of the Second World War. The American occupation forces considered the edition to be propaganda printed on illegal presses, and handed 1,500 confiscated copies of Animal Farm over to the Soviet authorities. The politics in the book also affected the UK, with Orwell reporting that Ernest Bevin
Ernest Bevin

Ernest Bevin Privy Council of the United Kingdom was a United Kingdom labour leader, politician, and statesman best known for his time as Minister of Labour in the war-time coalition government, and as Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs in the post-war Labour Party government....
 was "terrified". that it may cause embarrassment if published before the 1945 general election
United Kingdom general election, 1945

The United Kingdom General Election of 1945 was a United Kingdom general election held on 5 July 1945, with delayed polls taking place on 12 July and in Nelson and Colne on 19 July....
.

In recent years, the book has been used to compare new movements that overthrow heads of a corrupt and undemocratic government or organisation, only eventually to become corrupt and oppressive themselves as they succumb to the trappings of power and begin using violent and dictatorial methods to keep it. Such analogies have been used for many former African colonies such as Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe

Zimbabwe , is a landlocked country located in the southern part of the continent of Africa, between the Zambezi and Limpopo River rivers. It is bordered by South Africa to the south, Botswana to the southwest, Zambia to the northwest and Mozambique to the east....
 and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, whose succeeding African-born rulers were accused of being as corrupt as, or worse than, the European colonists they supplanted.

The book also clearly ponders whether a focus of power in one person is healthy for a society. The book leaves the ending slightly ambiguous in this regard.

British censorship and suppressed preface

During World War II
World War II

World War II, or the Second World War , was a global military conflict which involved a Participants in World War II, including all of the great powers, organised into two opposing military alliances: the Allies of World War II and the Axis powers....
 it became apparent to Orwell that anti-Russian literature was not something which most major publishing houses would touch — including his regular publisher Gollancz
Victor Gollancz Ltd

Victor Gollancz Ltd was a major United Kingdom book publisher of the twentieth century. It was founded in 1927 by Victor Gollancz and specialised in the publication of high quality literature, nonfiction and popular fiction, including science fiction....
. One publisher he sought during the war, who had initially accepted Animal Farm, subsequently rejected his book after an official at the British Ministry of Information warned him off — although the assumed civil servant who gave the order was later found to be a Soviet
Soviet Union

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a Constitution of the Soviet Union socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.The name is a translation of the , romanization of Russian Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik, abbreviated ????, SSSR....
 spy
SPY

SPY may refer to:* SPY , ticker symbol for Standard & Poor's Depositary Receipts* Spy , a satirical monthly, trademarked all-caps* SPY , airport code for San P?dro, C?te d'Ivoire...
. The publisher then wrote to Orwell, saying : "If the fable were addressed generally to dictators and dictatorships at large then publication would be all right, but the fable does follow, as I see now, so completely the progress of the Russian Soviets and their two dictators [Lenin and Stalin], that it can apply only to Russia, to the exclusion of the other dictatorships.

"Another thing: it would be less offensive if the predominant caste in the fable were not pigs. I think the choice of pigs as the ruling caste will no doubt give offence to many people, and particularly to anyone who is a bit touchy, as undoubtedly the Russians are."

Orwell originally wrote a preface which complains about British government suppression of his book, self-imposed British self-censorship and how the British people were suppressing criticism of the USSR, their World War II ally. "The sinister fact about literary censorship
Censorship

Censorship is the suppression of freedom of speech or deletion of communicative material which may be considered objectionable, harmful or sensitive, as determined by a censor....
 in England is that it is largely voluntary. ... [Things are] kept right out of the British press, not because the Government intervened but because of a general tacit agreement that 'it wouldn't do' to mention that particular fact." Somewhat ironically
Irony

Irony is a Literary technique or rhetorical device, in which there is an wiktionary:incongruous or wiktionary:discordance between what one says or does and what one means or what is generally understood....
, the preface itself was censored and is not published with most editions of the book.

Controversies

  • The estate of Orwell declared itself "hostile" to the publication of Snowball's Chance
    Snowball's Chance

    Snowball's Chance , is a parody of George Orwell's Animal Farm written by John Reed , in which Snowball the pig returns to the Manor Farm after many years' absence, to install capitalism?which proves to have its own pitfalls....
    , a 2002 parody of Animal Farm by U.S. author John Reed
    John Reed (novelist)

    John Reed is an United States novelist. A graduate of Columbia University's Masters of Fine Art in Creative Writing program, his most recent work is All the World's a Grave: A New Play by William Shakespeare ....
    .


Cultural references


References to the novella are frequent in other works of popular culture, particularly in popular music and television series.

Adaptations


Animal Farm has been adapted to film twice. The first
Animal Farm (1954 film)

Animal Farm is a 1954 in film England animated feature by Halas and Batchelor, based on the Animal Farm by George Orwell. It was the first British animated feature released worldwide, but it was not the first British animated feature ever made ....
 was an animated feature and the second
Animal Farm (1999 film)

Animal Farm is a made for TV film version of the 1945 George Orwell Animal Farm....
 was a TV live action version (which differs from the book factually).

Editions

  • ISBN 0-451-51679-6 (paperback, 1956, Signet Classic)
  • ISBN 0-582-02173-1 (paper text, 1989)
  • ISBN 0-15-107255-8 (hardcover
    Hardcover

    A hardcover is a book bookbinding with rigid protective covers . They may have flexible sewn spines which allow the book to lie flat on a surface when opened, although most modern commercial hardcover books have glued spines....
    , 1990)
  • ISBN 0-582-06010-9 (paper text, 1991)
  • ISBN 0-679-42039-8 (hardcover, 1993)
  • ISBN 0-606-00102-6 (prebound
    Prebound

    A prebound book is a book that was previously bound and has been rebound with a library quality hardcover book binding. In almost all commercial cases, the book in question began as a paperback version....
    , 1996)
  • ISBN 0-15-100217-7 (hardcover, 1996, Anniversary Edition)
  • ISBN 0-452-27750-7 (paperback
    Paperback

    Paperback, softback, or softcover describe and refer to a book by the nature of its bookbinding. The book covers of such books are usually made of paper or cardboard, and are usually held together with adhesive rather than stitches or Staple s....
    , 1996, Anniversary Edition)
  • ISBN 0-451-52634-1 (mass market paperback, 1996, Anniversary Edition)
  • ISBN 0-582-53008-3 (1996)
  • ISBN 1-56000-520-3 (cloth text, 1998, Large Type Edition)
  • ISBN 0-7910-4774-1 (hardcover, 1999)
  • ISBN 0-451-52536-1 (paperback, 1999)
  • ISBN 0-7641-0819-0 (paperback, 1999)
  • ISBN 0-8220-7009-X (e-book
    E-book

    An e-book is the digital media equivalent of a conventional printed book. Such documents are usually read on personal computers, or on dedicated computer hardware devices known as e-book readers or e-book devices....
    , 1999)
  • ISBN 0-7587-7843-0 (hardcover, 2002)
  • ISBN 0-15-101026-9 (hardcover, 2003, with Nineteen Eighty-Four
    Nineteen Eighty-Four

    Nineteen Eighty-Four is a classic utopian and dystopian fiction by English author George Orwell. Published in 1949 in literature, it is set in the eponymous year and focuses on a repressive, totalitarian regime....
    )
  • ISBN 0-452-28424-4 (paperback, 2003, Centennial Edition)
  • ISBN 0-8488-0120-2 (hardcover)
  • ISBN 0-03-055434-9 (hardcover) Animal Farm with Connections
  • ISBN 0-395-79677-6 (hardcover) Animal Farm & Related Readings, 1997


See also

  • Snowball's Chance
    Snowball's Chance

    Snowball's Chance , is a parody of George Orwell's Animal Farm written by John Reed , in which Snowball the pig returns to the Manor Farm after many years' absence, to install capitalism?which proves to have its own pitfalls....
    , a send-up of Animal Farm by John Reed
    John Reed (novelist)

    John Reed is an United States novelist. A graduate of Columbia University's Masters of Fine Art in Creative Writing program, his most recent work is All the World's a Grave: A New Play by William Shakespeare ....
    , Roof Books 2002
  • Bunt
    Wladyslaw Reymont

    Wladyslaw Stanislaw Reymont was a Polish author, and Nobel Prize in Literature. His best known work is the novel Chlopi....
    , published in 1924, is a book with a theme similar to Animal Farm by Wladyslaw Reymont
    Wladyslaw Reymont

    Wladyslaw Stanislaw Reymont was a Polish author, and Nobel Prize in Literature. His best known work is the novel Chlopi....
    .
  • History of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union (1917–1927)
  • History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)


Citations



External links

  • - Free eBook in PDF format.
  • from Literapedia
  • study guide, symbols, quotes, teaching guide