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Anglo-Russian Entente

 

 
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Anglo-Russian Entente
 
 
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The Anglo-Russian Entente or the Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907 was an accord signed on 31 August 1907 in St. Petersburg by Count Alexander Izvolsky, Foreign Minister of the Russian Empire
Russian Empire

File:Russian Emperor Flag.jpgFile:Romanov Flag.svgThe Russian Empire was a state that existed from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917....
, and Sir Arthur Nicolson
Arthur Nicolson

Arthur Nicolson may refer to:*Arthur Nicolson, 1st Baron Carnock , diplomat*Sir Arthur Nicolson, 8th Baronet *Sir Arthur Nicolson, 9th Baronet ...
, Britain
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name and the state form of the United Kingdom from 1 January 1801 until 12 April 1927....
's ambassador in Russia.

The convention capped off several decades of the Great Game
The Great Game

File:Persia 1814.jpgThe Great Game was a term used for the strategic rivalry and conflict between the British Empire and the Russian Empire for supremacy in Central Asia....
 between the two powers. It defined their respective spheres of influence
Sphere of influence

A sphere of influence is an area or region over which an organization or state exercises cultural, economic, military or political domination....
 in Persia
Iran

Iran , officially the Islamic Republic of Iran and formerly known internationally as Persian Empire until 1935, is a country in Central Eurasia, located on the northeastern shore of the Persian Gulf and the southern shore of the Caspian Sea....
, Afghanistan
Afghanistan

Afghanistan , officially the Islamic republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country that is located approximately in the center of Asia....
, and Tibet
Tibet

Tibet is a Tibetan Plateau in Asia, north of the Himalayas, and the home to the indigenous Tibetan people and its related ethnic groups. With an average elevation of 4,900 metres , it is the highest region on Earth and has in recent decades increasingly been referred to as the "Roof of the World"....
. Its primary aim was to resolve the long-running disputes over the powers' respective imperial peripheries, though it also served their broader diplomatic objectives by helping to provide a counterweight to German influence.






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The Anglo-Russian Entente or the Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907 was an accord signed on 31 August 1907 in St. Petersburg by Count Alexander Izvolsky, Foreign Minister of the Russian Empire
Russian Empire

File:Russian Emperor Flag.jpgFile:Romanov Flag.svgThe Russian Empire was a state that existed from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917....
, and Sir Arthur Nicolson
Arthur Nicolson

Arthur Nicolson may refer to:*Arthur Nicolson, 1st Baron Carnock , diplomat*Sir Arthur Nicolson, 8th Baronet *Sir Arthur Nicolson, 9th Baronet ...
, Britain
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name and the state form of the United Kingdom from 1 January 1801 until 12 April 1927....
's ambassador in Russia.

The convention capped off several decades of the Great Game
The Great Game

File:Persia 1814.jpgThe Great Game was a term used for the strategic rivalry and conflict between the British Empire and the Russian Empire for supremacy in Central Asia....
 between the two powers. It defined their respective spheres of influence
Sphere of influence

A sphere of influence is an area or region over which an organization or state exercises cultural, economic, military or political domination....
 in Persia
Iran

Iran , officially the Islamic Republic of Iran and formerly known internationally as Persian Empire until 1935, is a country in Central Eurasia, located on the northeastern shore of the Persian Gulf and the southern shore of the Caspian Sea....
, Afghanistan
Afghanistan

Afghanistan , officially the Islamic republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country that is located approximately in the center of Asia....
, and Tibet
Tibet

Tibet is a Tibetan Plateau in Asia, north of the Himalayas, and the home to the indigenous Tibetan people and its related ethnic groups. With an average elevation of 4,900 metres , it is the highest region on Earth and has in recent decades increasingly been referred to as the "Roof of the World"....
. Its primary aim was to resolve the long-running disputes over the powers' respective imperial peripheries, though it also served their broader diplomatic objectives by helping to provide a counterweight to German influence. The Anglo-Russian Entente along with the Entente Cordiale
Entente Cordiale

The Entente cordiale is a series of agreements signed on 8 April 1904 between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and French Third Republic....
 (1904) and the Franco-Russian Alliance
Franco-Russian Alliance

The Franco-Russian Alliance was a military alliance between the French Third Republic and the Russian Empire that ran from 1892 to 1917. The alliance ended the diplomatic isolation of France and undermined the supremacy of the German Empire in Europe....
 (1892) formed the so-called Triple Entente
Triple Entente

File:Map Europe alliances 1914-en.svgThe Triple Entente was the name given to the loose alignment of the British Empire, French Third Republic, and Russian Empire after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente in 1907....
 between the UK
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name and the state form of the United Kingdom from 1 January 1801 until 12 April 1927....
, France
French Third Republic

The French Third Republic was the political regime of France between the Second French Empire and the Vichy France. It was a republican parliamentary democracy that was created on 4 September 1870 following the collapse of the Empire of Napoleon III of France in the Franco-Prussian War....
 and Russia
Russian Empire

File:Russian Emperor Flag.jpgFile:Romanov Flag.svgThe Russian Empire was a state that existed from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917....
.

The convention had three sections, dealing with Persia, Afghanistan and Tibet.
  • Persia was divided into three zones: a British zone in the south, a Russian zone in the north, and a narrow neutral zone serving as buffer in between. (The Convention was very careful not to call any of these zones a sphere of influence
    Sphere of influence

    A sphere of influence is an area or region over which an organization or state exercises cultural, economic, military or political domination....
    , for fear it would look like the Great Powers were partitioning Persia.)
  • As regards Afghanistan, Russia recognized the country as a semi-protectorate of Great Britain and "abandoned its earlier efforts to establish direct relations with the emir".
  • Following the British expedition to Tibet
    British expedition to Tibet

    The British expedition to Tibet in 1903 and 1904 was an invasion of Tibet by British Indian Army, seeking to prevent the Russian Empire from interfering in Tibetan affairs and thus gaining a foothold in one of the buffer states surrounding British India, under reasoning similar to that which had led British forces into Afghanistan European in...
    , both powers agreed to maintain territorial integrity of this buffer state
    Buffer state

    A buffer state is a country lying between two rival or potentially hostile Great Power, which by its sheer existence is thought to prevent conflict between them....
     and "to deal with Lhasa
    Lhasa

    Lhasa, sometimes spelled Lasa, is the administrative capital of the Tibet Autonomous Region in the People's Republic of China. Lhasa is located at the foot of Mount Gephel....
     only through China, the suzerain power".


The accord concerning Persia, which had 5 articles, was signed without the participation or knowledge of the Persian government, and was thus eventually met with a bitter response from Iran's parliament. Iran was officially informed of the Accord later, on 16 September 1907. Similarly, the Emir of Afghanistan refused to acknowledge the agreement concerning Afghanistan. And the Tibetans never acknowledged China's suzerainty rights over their country.

See also

  • Entente Cordiale
    Entente Cordiale

    The Entente cordiale is a series of agreements signed on 8 April 1904 between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and French Third Republic....