The
Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1913 was a short-lived agreement signed in July 1913 between the
OttomanThe Ottoman Empire or Ottoman State , also known by its contemporaries as the Turkish Empire or Turkey , was an empire that lasted from 1299 to November 1, 1922 The Ottoman Empire or Ottoman State (Ottoman Turkish: دَوْلَتِ عَلِیَّهِ عُثْمَانِیَّه Dawlet-il ʿAliyyat-il ʿOs̠māniyye, Modern Turkish:...
sultan
Mehmed VMehmed V Reshad was the 35th Ottoman Sultan. He was the son of Sultan Abdülmecid I...
and the
BritishThe British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom, that had originated with the overseas colonies and trading posts established by England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. At its height it was...
over several issues. However it was the issue over the status of
KuwaitThe State of Kuwait is a sovereign Arab emirate bordered by Saudi Arabia to the south and Iraq to the north and west. The greatest distance from north to south is 200 km and from east to west 170 km . The name is a diminutive of an Arabic word meaning "fortress built near water." It has a...
that came to be the only long-lived result, as its outcome was formal independence for Kuwait.
According to the agreement,
SheikhSheikh, also rendered as Sheik, Shaykh, Shaikh, Cheikh, Šeih, Šejh and other variants , is a word or honorific term in the Arabic language that literally means "elder". It is commonly used to designate an elder of a tribe, a revered wise man, or an Islamic scholar...
Mubarak al-SabahSheikh Mubarak bin Sabah Al-Sabah, KCSI, KCIE "the Great" was the ruler of Kuwait from May 18, 1896 to his death on November 28, 1915. Mubarak ascended the throne upon assassinating his brother, Muhammad bin Sabah. Mubarak was the seventh ruler of the Al-Sabah dynasty...
, who was a
qaimmaqam (provincial sub-governor) under the Ottomans, was recognised as ruler of the autonomous
cazaThe Kavango-Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area or KAZA TFCA is a conservation park that will be created by the African countries of Zambia, Angola, Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe. It should be operational by 2010. At 280,000 square km, it will be the largest national park in the world...
of the
city of KuwaitKuwait City , is the capital and largest city of Kuwait. It has an estimated population of 63,600 within city limits and 2.38 million in the metropolitan area...
and the hinterlands.
The
Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1913 was a short-lived agreement signed in July 1913 between the
OttomanThe Ottoman Empire or Ottoman State , also known by its contemporaries as the Turkish Empire or Turkey , was an empire that lasted from 1299 to November 1, 1922 The Ottoman Empire or Ottoman State (Ottoman Turkish: دَوْلَتِ عَلِیَّهِ عُثْمَانِیَّه Dawlet-il ʿAliyyat-il ʿOs̠māniyye, Modern Turkish:...
sultan
Mehmed VMehmed V Reshad was the 35th Ottoman Sultan. He was the son of Sultan Abdülmecid I...
and the
BritishThe British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom, that had originated with the overseas colonies and trading posts established by England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. At its height it was...
over several issues. However it was the issue over the status of
KuwaitThe State of Kuwait is a sovereign Arab emirate bordered by Saudi Arabia to the south and Iraq to the north and west. The greatest distance from north to south is 200 km and from east to west 170 km . The name is a diminutive of an Arabic word meaning "fortress built near water." It has a...
that came to be the only long-lived result, as its outcome was formal independence for Kuwait.
According to the agreement,
SheikhSheikh, also rendered as Sheik, Shaykh, Shaikh, Cheikh, Šeih, Šejh and other variants , is a word or honorific term in the Arabic language that literally means "elder". It is commonly used to designate an elder of a tribe, a revered wise man, or an Islamic scholar...
Mubarak al-SabahSheikh Mubarak bin Sabah Al-Sabah, KCSI, KCIE "the Great" was the ruler of Kuwait from May 18, 1896 to his death on November 28, 1915. Mubarak ascended the throne upon assassinating his brother, Muhammad bin Sabah. Mubarak was the seventh ruler of the Al-Sabah dynasty...
, who was a
qaimmaqam (provincial sub-governor) under the Ottomans, was recognised as ruler of the autonomous
cazaThe Kavango-Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area or KAZA TFCA is a conservation park that will be created by the African countries of Zambia, Angola, Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe. It should be operational by 2010. At 280,000 square km, it will be the largest national park in the world...
of the
city of KuwaitKuwait City , is the capital and largest city of Kuwait. It has an estimated population of 63,600 within city limits and 2.38 million in the metropolitan area...
and the hinterlands. These lands were mainly uninhabited desert, and all areas inside a radius of 40 miles (103 km) came under the sheikh. This included the islands of Warba, Bubiyan, Mashian,
FailakaFailaka Island is an island that belongs to Kuwait in the Persian Gulf. The island is 20 km off the coast of Kuwait City in the Persian Gulf. It is thought the name "Failaka" is derived from the ancient Greek for outpost, "fylakio".-History:...
,
AuhahAuhah Island is a small island belonging to Kuwait. It is 800 meters long by 540 meters wide, which corresponds to an area of about 34 ha, and is located 16 kilometers south-east of Failaka Island, and 41 kilometers from Salmiya on the mainland. Apart from a light-house and a small heliport, the...
and
KubbarKubbar is a sandy island of Kuwait in the Persian Gulf, covered with shrub. It is located roughly 30 kilometers off the southern coast of Kuwait and 29 kilometres off the coast of Failaka. The island is nearly circular, with a diameter of 370 to 380 meters, corresponding to an area of about 11 ha....
.
Furthermore, Mubarak was authorized to collect tributes from tribes inside an area beyond this, within a radius of 140 miles (362 km). But when
World War IWorld War I , also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Wars, was a global military conflict which involved most of the world's great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances: the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance...
broke out in June 1914, and the Ottomans and the British became enemies of war, the convention was declared null and void. The result was that Britain declared Kuwait an independent sheikhdom under British protection.
External links
- http://lexicorient.com/e.o/angl_tr_ottoman.htm
- http://www.kuwait-info.org/borders.html