Andrew III the Venetian (c. 1265 – 14 January 1301,
BudaBuda is the western part of the Hungarian capital Budapest on the west bank of the Danube. The name Buda takes its name from the name of Bleda the Hun ruler, whose name is also Buda in Hungarian. Roman name for Buda was Aquincum Buda comprises about one-third of Budapest's complete territory and...
,
HungaryHungary , in English officially the Republic of Hungary , is a landlocked country in the Carpathian Basin of Central Europe, bordered by Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, and Slovenia. Its capital is Budapest. Hungary is a member of OECD, NATO, EU, V4 and is a Schengen state...
),
King of HungaryThe King of Hungary was the head of state of the Kingdom of Hungary from 1000 to 1918.After 1688, the principle of hereditary monarchy was enacted, and the son was typically crowned after his father's death.-Beginnings:...
(1290-1301).
He was born in
VeniceVenice is a city in northern Italy, the capital of the region Veneto, a population of 271,367 . Together with Padua, the city is included in the Padua-Venice Metropolitan Area . The city historically was an independent nation...
, the grandson of
Andrew II of HungaryAndrew II the Jerosolimitan , King of Hungary. He was the younger son of King Béla III of Hungary, who invested him with the government of the Principality of Halych...
(reigned 1205-35), being the only son of Andrew II's youngest and posthumous son (possibly illegitimate), Stephen, Duke of Slavonia who was born of the old king's third marriage with
Beatrice d'EsteBeatrice d'Este was Queen consort of Hungary as the third wife of King Andrew II of Hungary.Beatrice was the only child of Marquis Aldobrandino I of Este but her mother's name and origin is unknown...
. His mother was
Tomasina MorosiniTomasina Morosini Queen Mother of Hungary, mother of Andrew III the Venetian King of Hungary.-Life:She was the daughter of Michele Sbarra Morosini Patrician of Venice. In 1263 she married Stephen the Posthumous Prince of Hungary in Venice, who lived in exile in Venice...
, descendant of a Venetian patrician family. After the death of his father (1272), he was educated with his Venetian relatives.
In 1278, Ivan Kőszegi, an aristocrat who held several strongholds in the Western part of the
kingdom of HungaryThe Kingdom of Hungary , emerged in 1000, when the Principality of Hungary, founded in 896, was recognized as a Kingdom. The form of government was changed from Monarchy to Republic briefly in 1918 and again in 1946, ending the Kingdom and creating the Republic of Hungary...
, invited him.
Andrew III the Venetian (c. 1265 – 14 January 1301,
BudaBuda is the western part of the Hungarian capital Budapest on the west bank of the Danube. The name Buda takes its name from the name of Bleda the Hun ruler, whose name is also Buda in Hungarian. Roman name for Buda was Aquincum Buda comprises about one-third of Budapest's complete territory and...
,
HungaryHungary , in English officially the Republic of Hungary , is a landlocked country in the Carpathian Basin of Central Europe, bordered by Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, and Slovenia. Its capital is Budapest. Hungary is a member of OECD, NATO, EU, V4 and is a Schengen state...
),
King of HungaryThe King of Hungary was the head of state of the Kingdom of Hungary from 1000 to 1918.After 1688, the principle of hereditary monarchy was enacted, and the son was typically crowned after his father's death.-Beginnings:...
(1290-1301).
Early years
He was born in
VeniceVenice is a city in northern Italy, the capital of the region Veneto, a population of 271,367 . Together with Padua, the city is included in the Padua-Venice Metropolitan Area . The city historically was an independent nation...
, the grandson of
Andrew II of HungaryAndrew II the Jerosolimitan , King of Hungary. He was the younger son of King Béla III of Hungary, who invested him with the government of the Principality of Halych...
(reigned 1205-35), being the only son of Andrew II's youngest and posthumous son (possibly illegitimate), Stephen, Duke of Slavonia who was born of the old king's third marriage with
Beatrice d'EsteBeatrice d'Este was Queen consort of Hungary as the third wife of King Andrew II of Hungary.Beatrice was the only child of Marquis Aldobrandino I of Este but her mother's name and origin is unknown...
. His mother was
Tomasina MorosiniTomasina Morosini Queen Mother of Hungary, mother of Andrew III the Venetian King of Hungary.-Life:She was the daughter of Michele Sbarra Morosini Patrician of Venice. In 1263 she married Stephen the Posthumous Prince of Hungary in Venice, who lived in exile in Venice...
, descendant of a Venetian patrician family. After the death of his father (1272), he was educated with his Venetian relatives.
In 1278, Ivan Kőszegi, an aristocrat who held several strongholds in the Western part of the
kingdom of HungaryThe Kingdom of Hungary , emerged in 1000, when the Principality of Hungary, founded in 896, was recognized as a Kingdom. The form of government was changed from Monarchy to Republic briefly in 1918 and again in 1946, ending the Kingdom and creating the Republic of Hungary...
, invited him. Having arrived to the kingdom, Andrew claimed the government of the duchy of
SlavoniaSlavonia is a geographical and historical region in eastern Croatia...
, but king
Ladislaus IV of HungaryLadislas IV the Cuman , also known as László IV, King of Hungary .-Early years:...
refused him. After this failure, Andrew returned to
VeniceVenice is a city in northern Italy, the capital of the region Veneto, a population of 271,367 . Together with Padua, the city is included in the Padua-Venice Metropolitan Area . The city historically was an independent nation...
.
In the beginning of 1290 Ivan Kőszegi and Archbishop Lodomer of Esztergom, who had excommunicated king
Ladislaus IV of HungaryLadislas IV the Cuman , also known as László IV, King of Hungary .-Early years:...
, invited Andrew to Hungary and offered him the crown. Andrew accepted the offer, but he was arrested by a Hungarian noble, Arnold
de genere Hahót who handed him over to Duke Albert I of Austria.
King of Hungary
On 10 July 1290 king
Ladislaus IV of HungaryLadislas IV the Cuman , also known as László IV, King of Hungary .-Early years:...
was assassinated by his own Cuman followers; thus the main branch of the
Árpád dynastyThe Árpáds or Arpads was the ruling dynasty of the federation of the Magyar tribes and of the Kingdom of Hungary...
became extinct. Andrew, having been informed on the king's death, escaped from
ViennaVienna is the capital of the Republic of Austria and also one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's primary city, with a population of about 1.7 million , and is by far the largest city in Austria, as well as its cultural, economic, and political centre. It is the 10th largest city by...
and went to
EsztergomEsztergom , also known by alternative names, is a city in northern Hungary, about 50 km north-west of the capital Budapest. It lies in Komárom-Esztergom county, on the right bank of the river Danube, which forms the border with Slovakia there....
, where Archbishop Lodomer crowned him with the Holy Crown on 23 July 1290. After his coronation an assembly of the 'prelates, barons and nobles' of the kingdom of Hungary in
ÓbudaÓbuda was a historical city in Hungary. United with Buda and Pest in 1873 it now forms part of District III of Budapest. The name means Old Buda in Hungarian...
authorized the new king to re-examine his predecessor's donations. Andrew was hastily married to a Polish princess, Fennena of Kujavia.
The legitimacy of Andrew's rule was soon questioned, since his father had been declared bastard by his brothers; therefore the new king had to face several pretenders during his reign. On 31 August 1290 King
Rudolph I of GermanyRudolph I, also known as Rudolph of Habsburg – ) was King of the Romans from 1273 until his death...
, who considered that
HungaryHungary , in English officially the Republic of Hungary , is a landlocked country in the Carpathian Basin of Central Europe, bordered by Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, and Slovenia. Its capital is Budapest. Hungary is a member of OECD, NATO, EU, V4 and is a Schengen state...
belonged to the
Holy Roman EmpireThe Holy Roman Empire was a union of territories in Central Europe during the Middle Ages and the Early Modern period under a Holy Roman Emperor. The first emperor of the Holy Roman Empire was Otto I, crowned in 962. The last was Francis II, who abdicated and dissolved the Empire in 1806 during...
, invested his son, Duke Albert I of Austria, with the kingdom. This claim had no practical validity. An adventurer from
PolandPoland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe . Poland is bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north...
also claimed the kingdom, pretending to be Prince Andrew of Slavonia, the younger brother of king
Ladislaus IV of HungaryLadislas IV the Cuman , also known as László IV, King of Hungary .-Early years:...
, but his troops were defeated by Andrew's followers. In April 1291
Maria of HungaryMaria or Mary of Hungary may refer to:* Maria of Hungary , Queen Consort of Naples* Mary of Hungary, reigning queen of Hungary, 1382-1395...
, queen of
Charles II of NaplesCharles II, known as "the Lame" , was King of Naples and Sicily, titular King of Jerusalem, and Prince of Salerno.-Biography:...
, the assassinated king's sister, also announced her claim to the kingdom. She later transferred her claim to her son, Prince Charles Martell of Salerno, and after his death (1295) to her grandson Charles Robert.
In early 1291 Andrew III visited the Eastern part of his kingdom, where the assemblies of the local nobility held in
OradeaOradea is the capital city of Bihor County, in Crişana, Romania. The city proper has a population of 206,614 census; this does not include areas from the metropolitan area, outside the municipality; they bring the total urban area population to approximately 260,000...
(Nagyvárad) and
Alba IuliaAlba Iulia is a city in Alba County, Transylvania, Romania with a population of 66,747, located on the Mureş River. Between 1541—1690 it was the capital of Principality of Transylvania...
(Gyulafehérvár) accepted his rule. Afterwards he led his armies against Austria and defeated the Austrian troops. Duke Albert I of Austria, in the peace concluded on 26 August, 1291 in Hainburg, renounced his claim to Hungary. In compensation Andrew III promised to demolish several smaller fortresses, held by the Kőszegi clan, on the border of the two countries; thereupon Miklós Kőszegi rebelled against Andrew, in alliance with the Babonić (Babonics) and
FrankopanThe Frankopans are a Croatian noble family. Also called Frankapan, Frangepán in Hungarian, and Frangipani in Italian.The Frankopan family ranked next to the Zrinski family in importance by virtue of their power, wealth, fame, glory and role in Croatia's public life...
(Frangepán) families, followers of the queen of Naples. The king tried to pacify the rebellion, but he was captured by Miklós Kőszegi and had to pay ransom to regain his freedom.
In 1293 Andrew III invited his mother to
HungaryHungary , in English officially the Republic of Hungary , is a landlocked country in the Carpathian Basin of Central Europe, bordered by Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, and Slovenia. Its capital is Budapest. Hungary is a member of OECD, NATO, EU, V4 and is a Schengen state...
. She successfully negotiated with several rebellious barons (Henrik Kőszegi, Stefan Dragutin), who accepted her son's rule. During 1294 and 1295 Andrew III and his mother lead several campaigns against the followers of Charles Martell.
After the death of his first wife, on 6 February 1296 Andrew III married
Agnes of AustriaAgnes of Austria , queen of Stephen III of Hungary.Agnes was the eldest child of Duke Henry II of Austria and his second wife, Theodora Comnena....
, the daughter of Duke Albert I of Austria. Afterwards, with his father-in-law's support, he managed to defeat the revolt of Miklós Kőszegi and Máté Csák, and occupy the castles of
Kőszeg----Kőszeg is a town in Vas county, Hungary. The town is famous for its historical character.- History :The origins of the only free royal town in the historical garrison county of Vas go back to the third quarter of the 13th century...
and Pozsony. In 1298 Andrew supported with troops his father-in-law's revolt against King Adolf of Germany.
However,Andrew III never managed to strengthen his position in Hungary, because major parts of the kingdom were held by powerful barons like Miklós Kőszegi, Maté Csák, and László Kán. Moreover, the new Archbishop of Esztergom, Gergely Bicskei, appointed by Pope Benedict VIII in 1298, supported the claims of the Neapolitan pretenders. Although the assembly of the 'prelates, nobles, Saxons and Cumans', held in August, 1298 at Pest, re-confirmed Andrew's reign, the Archbishop soon began to organise the party of the Neapolitan prince, Charles Robert among the prelates. When in the next year the Archbishop openly refused to appear at the assembly held by the 'prelates and nobles', Andrew occupied the estates of the Archbishopric.
In August 1300,
Charles RobertCharles I , reigned as King of Hungary...
landed in
SplitSplit is the largest Dalmatian city, the second-largest urban centre in Croatia, and the seat of Split-Dalmatia County...
and managed to take Zagreb with the support of his
CroatianCroats are a South Slavic ethnic group mostly living in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and nearby countries. There are around 5 million Croats living in the southern Central Europe region, along the east bank of the Adriatic Sea and an estimated 9 million throughout the world...
followers. Andrew was prevented from counter-attacking by the sudden death of his mother and later by his own mortal disease. He was buried in the Greyfriars Church in
BudaBuda is the western part of the Hungarian capital Budapest on the west bank of the Danube. The name Buda takes its name from the name of Bleda the Hun ruler, whose name is also Buda in Hungarian. Roman name for Buda was Aquincum Buda comprises about one-third of Budapest's complete territory and...
.
The death of Andrew III on 14 January 1301, at Buda, ended the male line of the Árpáds. One of his contemporaries called him "the last golden twig of the Árpáds".
Marriages and children
#1. 19 August/24 September 1290: Fenenna of KuyaviaFenenna of Kuyavia, also known as of Inowrocław , was a Polish princess member of the House of Piast in the Mazovia branch and by marriage Queen of Hungary....
(c. 1276 – c. 1295), daughter of prince Ziemomysł of Kujavia and his wife, Salome of Pommerellen
- Elizabeth (1292 – 6 May 1338, Töss, Switzerland), nun in the Dominican
The Order of Preachers , after the 15th century more commonly known as the Dominican Order or Dominicans, is a Catholic religious order founded by Saint Dominic in the early 13th century in France...
monastery in TössThe Töss is a river of the Canton of Zürich. It rises in the Zürcher Oberland, flows along the Töss Valley past Winterthur, and joins the Rhine at Tössegg near Teufen....
#2. 13 February 1296: Agnes of Austria (1281-1364)Agnes of Austria was a daughter of Albert I of Germany and his wife Elisabeth of Tirol. Her siblings included: Rudolph I of Bohemia, Frederick the Fair, Leopold I, Duke of Austria and Albert II of Austria.-Biography:...
(18 May, 1281 – 10 Juny 1364, Königsfelden), daughter of duke Albert I of Austria (later king Albert I of Germany) and his wife,
Elisabeth of TirolElisabeth of Gorizia-Tyrol Elisabeth of Gorizia-Tyrol Elisabeth of Gorizia-Tyrol (c. 1262 – 28 October 1312 was Queen of the Romans, Queen of Germany and Duchess of Austria by marriage. She is also known as Elisabeth of Tirol.-Family:...
.
Legacy
An interregnum followed Andrew's death.
Otto III, Duke of BavariaOtto III of Bavaria, , member of the Wittelsbach dynasty, was duke of Lower Bavaria from 1290 to 1312 and as Béla V also king of Hungary between 1305 and 1307.-Family:...
(
Bela V), the future Venceslas III of Bohemia and Charles Robert of Anjou (
Charles I) were proclaimed kings by different factions.
After a short interregnum the Angevin dynasty seized power and Charles Robert (grandson of
Maria of HungaryMaria of Hungary of the Árpád dynasty was Queen consort of Kingdom of Naples. She was a daughter of Stephen V of Hungary and his wife Elizabeth the Cuman.-Family:...
, sister of
Ladislaus IV of HungaryLadislas IV the Cuman , also known as László IV, King of Hungary .-Early years:...
, and son and heir to Charles Martel) became the recognized king.
Titles
King of Hungary, Dalmatia, Rama, Croatia, Serbia, Galicia, Lodomeria, Bulgaria and Cumania
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