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Ancient literature
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The history of literature begins with the history of writing, in Bronze Age Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt, although the oldest literary texts that have come down to us date to a full millennium after the invention of writing, to the late 3rd millennium BC. The earliest literary authors known by name are Ptahhotep and Enheduanna, dating to ca. the 24th and 23rd centuries BC, respectively.
Texts handed down by oral tradition such as the Hindu Rigveda may predate their fixation in written form by several centuries, or, in extreme cases, even millennia.
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Encyclopedia
The history of literature begins with the history of writing, in Bronze Age Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt, although the oldest literary texts that have come down to us date to a full millennium after the invention of writing, to the late 3rd millennium BC. The earliest literary authors known by name are Ptahhotep and Enheduanna, dating to ca. the 24th and 23rd centuries BC, respectively.
Texts handed down by oral tradition such as the Hindu Rigveda may predate their fixation in written form by several centuries, or, in extreme cases, even millennia. In ancient Iran, Avesta and Gahani poems and Gathas were written around 1000 BC. Classical Antiquity is usually considered to begin with Homer, in the 8th century BC. Many older literary texts are known, but often difficult to date. This includes the texts in the Hebrew Bible, the Pentateuch being traditionally dated to the 15th century BC, while modern scholars put it to the 10th century BC at the very earliest.
An early example is the so called Egyptian Book of the Dead which was eventually written down in the Papyrus of Ani around 1240 BC, but other individuals' versions of the book probably date from about the 18th century BC.
List of ancient texts
Bronze Age
- Early Bronze Age (3rd millennium BC) approximate dates shown
- Middle Bronze Age (ca. 2000 to 1600 BC) approximate dates shown
- Late Bronze Age (ca. 1600 to 1200 BC) approximate dates shown
Iron Age
Iron Age texts predating Classical Antiquity (12th to 8th centuries BC):
Classical Antiquity
- See also Ancient Greek literature, Latin literature, Indian literature, Chinese literature
- 7th century BC
- 6th century BC
- 5th century BC:
- The odes of Pindar
- Yasht zoroasterian book.
- The Histories of Herodotus by Herodotus
- History of the Peloponnesian War by Thucydides
- The Suppliants, The Persians, Seven Against Thebes, Oresteia by Aeschylus
- Oedipus the King, Oedipus at Colonus, Antigone, Electra by Sophocles
- Alcestis, Medea, Heracleidae, Hippolytus, Andromache, Hecuba, The Suppliants, Electra, Heracles, Trojan Women, Iphigeneia in Tauris, Ion, Helen, Phoenician Women, Orestes, Bacchae, Iphigeneia at Aulis, Cyclops, Rhesus by Euripides
- The Acharnians, The Knights, The Clouds, The Wasps, Peace, The Birds, Lysistrata, Thesmophoriazusae, The Frogs, Ecclesiazousae, Plutus by Aristophanes
- The Five Classics (Classic of Poetry, Classic of History, Book of Changes, Classic of Rites, and Annals of Spring and Autumn, traditionally by Confucius)
- composed over the time spanning roughly the 5th c. BC to the 4th c. AD: Sanskrit Epics (Mahabharataand Ramayana)
- 4th century BC:
- Anabasis, Cyropaedia by Xenophon
- Nicomachean Ethics, Metaphysics by Aristotle
- Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, Theaetetus, Parmenides, Symposium, Phaedrus, Protagoras, Gorgias, Meno, Menexenus, Republic, Timaeus by Plato
- Elements by Euclid
- Book of Job (present form-- story is from at least 6th century)
- 3rd century BC:
- 2nd century BC:
- 1st century BC:
- 1st century:
- 2nd century:
- 3rd century:
Late Antiquity
See also
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