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Ancient Macedonian was the language of the ancient Macedonians
Ancient Macedonians

The Macedonians were an ancient tribe which inhabited the alluvial plain around the rivers Haliacmon and lower Vardar, north of Mount Olympus in Greece....
. It was spoken in Macedon
Macedon

Macedon or Macedonia was the name of a monarchy centred in the northernmost part of ancient Greece. The homeland of the ancient Macedonians, it was bordered by the kingdom of Epirus to the west and the region of Thrace to the east....
ia during the 1st millennium BC. From the 4th century BC, it was gradually replaced by the Koine Greek
Koine Greek

Koine Greek is the popular form of Greek which emerged in post-Classical antiquity . Other names are Alexandrian, Hellenistic, Common, or New Testament Greek....
 dialect of the Hellenistic period
Hellenistic period

The Hellenistic period describes the era which followed the conquests of Alexander the Great. During this time, Greek cultural influence and power was at its zenith in Europe and Asia....
. It was an Indo-European
Indo-European languages

The Indo-European languages are a Language family of several hundred related languages and dialects, including most major languages of Europe, the Iranian plateau , Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent ....
 language which was apparently related to Greek
Greek language

Greek is an Indo-European languages native to the southern Balkan peninsula, the language of the Greek people. It forms an independent branch within Indo-European....
, although its exact relationship is unclear: it may have been a dialect of Greek, possibly a rather divergent one, or a sibling language to Greek, perhaps with some affinity to the neighbouring Thracian
Thracian language

The Thracian language was the Indo-European language spoken in ancient times by the Thracians in South-Eastern Europe....
 and Phrygian
Phrygian language

The Phrygian language was the Indo-European language of the Phrygians, a people from Thrace who later migrated to Asia Minor.Inscriptions...
.






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Ancient Macedonian was the language of the ancient Macedonians
Ancient Macedonians

The Macedonians were an ancient tribe which inhabited the alluvial plain around the rivers Haliacmon and lower Vardar, north of Mount Olympus in Greece....
. It was spoken in Macedon
Macedon

Macedon or Macedonia was the name of a monarchy centred in the northernmost part of ancient Greece. The homeland of the ancient Macedonians, it was bordered by the kingdom of Epirus to the west and the region of Thrace to the east....
ia during the 1st millennium BC. From the 4th century BC, it was gradually replaced by the Koine Greek
Koine Greek

Koine Greek is the popular form of Greek which emerged in post-Classical antiquity . Other names are Alexandrian, Hellenistic, Common, or New Testament Greek....
 dialect of the Hellenistic period
Hellenistic period

The Hellenistic period describes the era which followed the conquests of Alexander the Great. During this time, Greek cultural influence and power was at its zenith in Europe and Asia....
. It was an Indo-European
Indo-European languages

The Indo-European languages are a Language family of several hundred related languages and dialects, including most major languages of Europe, the Iranian plateau , Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent ....
 language which was apparently related to Greek
Greek language

Greek is an Indo-European languages native to the southern Balkan peninsula, the language of the Greek people. It forms an independent branch within Indo-European....
, although its exact relationship is unclear: it may have been a dialect of Greek, possibly a rather divergent one, or a sibling language to Greek, perhaps with some affinity to the neighbouring Thracian
Thracian language

The Thracian language was the Indo-European language spoken in ancient times by the Thracians in South-Eastern Europe....
 and Phrygian
Phrygian language

The Phrygian language was the Indo-European language of the Phrygians, a people from Thrace who later migrated to Asia Minor.Inscriptions...
. Some linguists have proposed the term Hellenic to refer to a hypothetical subfamily uniting Macedonian and Greek proper.

Knowledge of the language is very limited because there are no surviving texts that are indisputably written in the language, though a body of words has been assembled from ancient sources, mainly from coin inscriptions, and from the 5th century lexicon of Hesychius of Alexandria
Hesychius of Alexandria

Hesychius of Alexandria , a grammarian who flourished probably in the 5th century CE, compiled the richest lexicon of unusual and obscure Greek words that has survived ....
, amounting to about 150 words and 200 proper names. Most of them are similar to standard Greek, while some have been interpreted as pointing to a separate lineage from Indo-European.

Properties


From the few words that survive, only a little can be said about the language. A notable sound-law is that the Proto-Indo-European
Proto-Indo-European language

The Proto-Indo-European language is the unattested, linguistic reconstruction common ancestor of the Indo-European languages, spoken by the Proto-Indo-Europeans....
 voiced aspirates
Aspiration (phonetics)

In phonetics, aspiration is the strong burst of Earth's atmosphere that accompanies either the release or, in the case of preaspiration, the closure of some obstruents....
 (/b?, d?, g?/) appear as voiced stops /b, d, g/, (written ), in contrast to all known Greek dialects, which have unvoiced them to /p?, t?, k?/ with few exceptions.

  • Macedonian dán?s ('death
    Death

    Death is the permanent termination of the biological functions that define a life organism. It refers to both a particular event and to the condition that results thereby....
    ', from PIE
    Proto-Indo-European language

    The Proto-Indo-European language is the unattested, linguistic reconstruction common ancestor of the Indo-European languages, spoken by the Proto-Indo-Europeans....
     *dhenh2- 'to leave'), compare Attic
    Attic Greek

    Attic Greek is the prestige dialect of Ancient Greek that was spoken in Attica, which includes Athens. Of the ancient dialects, it is the most similar to later Greek, and is the standard form of the language studied in courses of "Ancient Greek"....
      thános
    Thanos

    Thanos is a fictional character that appears in comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character's name is a derivation of Thanatos, the personification of death and mortality in Greek mythology....
  • Macedonian abroûtes or abroûwes as opposed to Attic ophrûs for 'eyebrows'
  • Macedonian Bereníke
    Berenice

    Berenice or Berenike is the Ancient Macedonian language form for Attic Greek Fe?e???? , meaning "bearer of victory", from f??? "to bear" + ???? "victory"....
     versus Attic Phereníke, 'bearing victory'
  • Macedonian adraia ('bright weather'), compare Attic aithría, from PIE *h2aidh-
  • Macedonian báskioi ('fasces'), Attic pháskolos 'leather sack' , from PIE *bhasko
  • According to Herodotus 7.73 (ca. 440 BC), the Macedonians claimed that the Phryges
    Phrygia

    In antiquity, Phrygia was a kingdom in the west central part of Anatolia, in what is now modern-day Turkey. The Phrygians initially lived in the Southern Balkans; according to Herodotus, under the name of Bryges, changing it to Phruges after their final migration to Anatolia, via the Hellespont....
     were called Brygoi before they migrated from Thrace
    Thrace

    Thrace is a historical and geographic area in southeast Europe. Today the name Thrace designates a region spread over southern Bulgaria , northeastern Greece , and European Turkey ....
     to Anatolia
    Anatolia

    Anatolia or Asia Minor is a region of Western Asia, comprising most of the modern Republic of Turkey. It is a geographic region bounded by the Black Sea to the north, the Caucasus to the northeast, the Aegean Sea to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and the Iranian plateau to the east and southeast....
     (around 1200 BC).
  • According to Plutarch
    Plutarch

    Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus , c. AD 46 ? 120 ? commonly known in English as Plutarch ? was a Ancient Rome historian , biographer, essayist, and Middle Platonism....
    , Moralia
    Moralia

    The Moralia of the first-century Greek priest Plutarch of Delphi is an eclectic collection of 78 essays and transcribed speeches. They give an insight into Roman and Greek life, but often are also fascinating timeless observations in their own right....
     Macedonians use 'b' instead of 'ph', while Delphi
    Delphi

    Delphi is an archaeology site and a modern town in Greece on the south-western spur of Mount Parnassus in the valley of Phocis. Delphi was the site of the Pythia, the most important oracle in the classical Greek world, when it was a major site for the worship of the god Apollo after he slew the Python , a deity who lived there and protecte...
    ans use 'b' in the place of 'p'.
  • Macedonian mágeiros ('butcher') was a loan from Doric into Attic
    Attic Greek

    Attic Greek is the prestige dialect of Ancient Greek that was spoken in Attica, which includes Athens. Of the ancient dialects, it is the most similar to later Greek, and is the standard form of the language studied in courses of "Ancient Greek"....
    . Vittore Pisani has suggested an ultimately Macedonian origin for the word, which could then be cognate to mákhaira
    Makhaira

    Makhaira is a term used by modern scholars to describe a type of ancient bladed weapon, generally a large knife with a slight backwards curve....
     ('knife', *magh-, 'to fight')


If gotán ('pig') is related to *gwou ('cattle'), this would indicate that the labiovelars were either intact, or merged with the velars, unlike the usual Greek treatment (Attic boûs). Such deviations, however, are not unknown in Greek dialects; compare Doric (Spartan) glep- for common Greek blep-, as well as Doric gláchon and Ionic
Ionic Greek

Ionic Greek was a sub-dialect of the Attic-Ionic dialectal group of Ancient Greek .Ionic dialect appears to have spread originally from the Greek mainland across the Aegean at the time of the Dorian invasions, around the 11th Century B.C....
  glechon for common Greek blechon
Pennyroyal

The herb Pennyroyal , is a member of the mentha genus; an essential oil extracted from it is used in aromatherapy. Crushed Pennyroyal leaves and foliage exhibit a very strong spearmint fragrance....
.

A number of examples suggest that voiced velar
Velar consonant

Velars are consonants articulated with the back part of the tongue against the soft palate, the back part of the roof of the mouth, known also as the Soft palate)....
 stops were devoiced, especially word-initially: kánadoi, 'jaws' (*genu-); kómbous, 'molars' (*gombh-); within words: arkón (Attic argós); the Macedonian toponym Akesamenai, from the Pieria
Pieria

Pieria is one of the prefectures of Greece. It is located in the southern part of Macedonia , in the peripheries of Greece of Central Macedonia....
n name Akesamenos (if Akesa- is cognate to Greek agassomai, agamai, "to astonish"; cf. the Thracian name Agassamenos).

In Aristophanes
Aristophanes

Aristophanes , son of Philippus, of the deme Cydathenaus, was a prolific and much acclaimed comedy playwright of ancient Athens. Eleven of his forty plays have come down to us virtually complete....
' The Birds
The Birds (play)

The Birds is a Greek comedy written by the Ancient Greek playwright Aristophanes in 414 BC, and performed that year for the Dionysia....
, the form keblepyris ('red-cap bird') is , showing a Macedonian-style voiced stop in place of a standard Greek unvoiced aspirate: keb(a)le versus kephale ('head').

A number of the Macedonian words, particularly in Hesychius' lexicon, are disputed (i.e., some do not consider them actual Macedonian words) and some may have been corrupted in the transmission. Thus abroutes, may be read as abrouwes , with tau replacing a digamma
Digamma

Digamma is an Archaic Greece letter of the Greek alphabet, used primarily as a Greek numeral.The letter had the phonetic value of a voiced labial-velar approximant ....
. If so, this word would perhaps be encompassable within a Greek dialect; however, others (e.g. A. Meillet
Antoine Meillet

Antoine Meillet , was one of the most important French linguists of the early 20th century. Meillet began his studies at the University of Paris, where he was influenced by Michel Br?al, Ferdinand de Saussure, and the members of the Ann?e Sociologique....
) see the dental as authentic and think that this specific word would perhaps belong to an Indo-European language different from Greek.

Classification


Due to the fragmentary attestation various interpretations have been given. The discussion is closely related to the reconstruction of the Proto-Greek language
Proto-Greek language

The Proto-Greek language is the assumed last common ancestor of all known varieties of Greek language, including Mycenaean Greek language, the ancient Greek ancient Greek dialects , and ultimately Koine Greek, Medieval Greek and modern Greek....
. The suggested historical interpretations of Macedonian include:

  • a Greek dialect, part of the North-Western (Locrian
    Locris

    Locris was a region of ancient Greece, the homeland of the Locrians, made up of two districts. Opuntian Locris or Eastern Locris was on the mainland coast stretching from Thermopylae to Larymna, opposite Euboea, while Ozolian Locris or Western Locris was on the northern coast of the Corinthian Gulf between Naupactus and Crisa, going inland...
    , Aetolian, Phocidian
    Phocis

    Phocis is an ancient district and a modern Prefectures of Greece of Greece, located in Central Greece, stretching from the western mountainsides of Mount Parnassus on the east to the mountain range of Vardousia on the west, upon the Gulf of Corinth....
    , Epirote
    Epirus (region)

    Epirus is a region in south-eastern Europe, currently divided between the Peripheries of Greece Epirus in Greece and the prefectures of Gjirokast?r, Vlor?, Kor??, and Berat in southern Albania....
    ) variants of Doric Greek
    Doric Greek

    Doric or Dorian was a ancient Greek dialects of ancient Greek Greek language. Its variants were spoken in the southern and eastern Peloponnese, Crete, Rhodes, some islands in the southern Aegean Sea, some cities on the coasts of Asia Minor, Southern Italy, Sicily, Epirus and Macedon....
     , suggested by N.G.L. Hammond
    Nicholas Hammond (historian)

    Nicholas Geoffrey Lempri?re Hammond Order of the British Empire, Distinguished Service Order was a British historian ? teaching at Cambridge and Bristol ? who specialized in ancient Greece and Macedonia in particular....
     (1989) and O. Masson (1996).
  • a northern Greek dialect, related to Aeolic Greek
    Aeolic Greek

    Aeolic or Aeolian Greek is a Linguistics term used to describe a set of rather Archaic period in Greece Greek language sub-dialects, spoken mainly in Boeotia , in Lesbos Island and in other Greek colonies....
     and Thessalian, suggested among others by A.Fick (1874) and O.Hoffmann (1906).
  • a Greek dialect with a non-Indo-European substratal influence, suggested by M. Sakellariou (1983).
  • a NW Doric Greek dialect with a Phrygian influence on a par with the Anatolian substratum on Pamphylian Greek
    Pamphylian Greek

    Pamphylian is a little-attested and isolated dialect of Ancient Greek which was spoken in Pamphylia, on the southern coast of Asia Minor. Its origins and relation to other Greek dialects are uncertain....
     (C.Brixhe, A.Panayotou 1994).
  • an Indo-European language which is a close cousin to Greek
    Greek language

    Greek is an Indo-European languages native to the southern Balkan peninsula, the language of the Greek people. It forms an independent branch within Indo-European....
     and also related to Thracian
    Thracian language

    The Thracian language was the Indo-European language spoken in ancient times by the Thracians in South-Eastern Europe....
     and Phrygian
    Phrygian language

    The Phrygian language was the Indo-European language of the Phrygians, a people from Thrace who later migrated to Asia Minor.Inscriptions...
     languages, suggested by A. Meillet
    Antoine Meillet

    Antoine Meillet , was one of the most important French linguists of the early 20th century. Meillet began his studies at the University of Paris, where he was influenced by Michel Br?al, Ferdinand de Saussure, and the members of the Ann?e Sociologique....
     (1913) and I. I. Russu (1938), or part of a Sprachbund
    Sprachbund

    A Sprachbund , from the German language word for ?language union?, also known as a linguistic area, convergence area, diffusion area or language crossroads, is a group of languages that have become similar in some way because of geographical proximity and language contact....
     encompassing Thracian, Illyrian and Greek (Kretschmer
    Paul Kretschmer

    Paul Kretschmer was a German Linguistics who studied the earliest history and interrelations of the Indo-European languages and showed how they were influenced by non-Indo-European languages, such as Etruscan language....
     1896, E. Schwyzer
    Eduard Schwyzer

    Eduard Schwyzer was a Swiss Classical Antiquity philologist and Indo-European studies linguist, specializing in Ancient Greek and Ancient Greek dialects....
     1959).
  • an "Illyrian" dialect mixed with Greek, suggested by K. O. Müller (1825) and by G. Bonfante
    Giuliano Bonfante

    Giuliano Bonfante was an Italy linguistics scholar and expert on the language of the Etruscans and other Italic peoples. He was professor of linguistics at the University of Turin....
     (1987).


Greek dialect

Those who favour a purely Greek nature of Macedonian as a northern Greek dialect are numerous and include early scholars like H. Ahrens
Franz Heinrich Ludolf Ahrens

Franz Heinrich Ludolf Ahrens was a Germany philologist.He was born at Helmstedt. After studying at the University of G?ttingen under Otfried M?ller and Georg Ludolf Dissen, and holding several educational appointments, in 1849 he succeeded Georg Friedrich Grotefend, director of the Lyceum at Hanover, a post which he filled with great su...
, O. Hoffmann or A. Fick. A recent proponent of this school was Professor Olivier Masson, who in his article on the ancient Macedonian language in the third edition of the Oxford Classical Dictionary
Oxford Classical Dictionary

The Oxford Classical Dictionary is the standard one-volume encyclopedia in English language of topics relating to Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome....
 tentatively suggested that Macedonian was related to North-Western Greek dialects: As to Macedonian = Greek , Claude Brixhe suggests that it may have been a later development: The letters may already have designated not voiced
Voice (phonetics)

Voice or voicing is a term used in phonetics and phonology to characterize speech sound, with sounds described as either voiceless or voiced....
 stops
Stop consonant

A stop, plosive, or occlusive is a consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the vocal tract. The terms plosive and stop are usually used interchangeably, but they are not perfect synonyms....
, i.e. [], but voiced
Voice (phonetics)

Voice or voicing is a term used in phonetics and phonology to characterize speech sound, with sounds described as either voiceless or voiced....
 fricatives, i.e. [], due to a voicing of the voiceless fricatives [] (= Classical Attic []). Brian Joseph sums up that "[t]he slender evidence is open to different interpretations, so that no definitive answer is really possible", but cautions that "most likely, Ancient Macedonian was not simply an Ancient Greek dialect on a par with Attic or Aeolic". In this sense, some authors also call it a "deviant Greek dialect."

Indo-European close to Greek

Some linguists (e.g. A. Meillet) consider Macedonian an Indo-European language in its own right, close to Greek but perhaps not of unambiguously Greek stock, and treat it as other poorly attested languages as Thracian and/or Phrygian of some geographical proximity. Those who look towards "Thraco-Phrygian" (as I. I. Russu, 1938) do so sometimes, at the cost of unwarranted segmentations such as that of ????a?d??? into ??e- and ?a?d-. The name is attested as early as the Mycenaean Greek period (c. 1600 -1100 BC) next to the feminine a-re-ka-sa-da-ra (Classical Greek ??e???d?a). Schwyzer
Eduard Schwyzer

Eduard Schwyzer was a Swiss Classical Antiquity philologist and Indo-European studies linguist, specializing in Ancient Greek and Ancient Greek dialects....
 and others hypothesize that linguistically Macedonian was between Illyrian and Thracian, a kind of intermediary language linking the two, in the sense of a dialect continuum
Dialect continuum

A dialect continuum is a range of dialects spoken across a large geographical area, differing only slightly between areas that are geographically close, and gradually decreasing in mutual intelligibility as the distances become greater....
 or Sprachbund
Sprachbund

A Sprachbund , from the German language word for ?language union?, also known as a linguistic area, convergence area, diffusion area or language crossroads, is a group of languages that have become similar in some way because of geographical proximity and language contact....
, since a genetic Thraco-Illyrian unity is highly uncertain and cannot be proven on grounds of the surviving evidence. In 1999, A. Garrett has surmised that Macedonian may at an early stage have been part of a dialect continuum which spanned the ancestor dialects of all south-western Indo-European languages (including Greek), but that it then remained peripheral to later areal processes of convergence which produced Greek proper. He argues that under this perspective sound-change isoglosses such as the deaspiration of voiced stops may be of limited diagnostic value, while ultimately the question of whether Macedonian belongs or does not belong to a genetic union with Greek is moot.

Vladimir I. Georgiev
Vladimir I. Georgiev

Vladimir Ivanov Georgiev was a prominent Bulgarian linguist, philologist, and educational administrator. He has made multiple contributions to the field of Thracology, which include a linguistic interpretation of an inscription discovered at the village of Kyolmen in the Shoumen district of northwestern Bulgaria....
 places Greek and Macedonian on a common branch of an IE family tree; this branch he groups together with Phrygian and Armenian to form a grouping termed "Central" Indo-European. Similarly, Eric P. Hamp
Eric P. Hamp

Eric Pratt Hamp is an United States linguist. Born November 16 1920, he received his PhD from Harvard University in 1950s and since then he taught at the University of Chicago where he is Robert Maynard Hutchins Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus, Departments of Linguistics, Slavic Languages and Literatures, Psychology and the Committe...
  assumes a common branch of Greek plus Macedonian, with the next larger unit formed together with Armenian and termed "Pontic South Indo-European".

Hellenic language
Some linguists have proposed the term Hellenic (used elsewhere as an adjective synonymous
Synonym

Synonyms are different words with identical or very similar meanings. Words that are synonyms are said to be synonymous, and the state of being a synonym is called synonymy....
 with Greek) to refer to the hypothetical linguistic sub-family within Indo-European that comprises Macedonian and Greek proper. Such a group is suggested as a possibility by Brian Joseph and has been adopted in the classification scheme of the world's languages used by the LINGUIST List
Linguist List

The LINGUIST List is a major online resource for the academic field of linguistics. It was founded by Anthony Aristar in early 1990 at the University of Western Australia....
.

Macedonian in Classical sources


Among the references that have been discussed as possibly bearing some witness to the linguistic situation in Macedonia, there is a sentence from a fragmentary dialogue, apparently between an Athenian and a Macedonian, in an extant fragment of the 5th century BC comedy 'Macedonians' by the Athenian poet Strattis
Strattis

Strattis, was an Athenian comic poet of the Old Comedy, whose plays were probably written and produced between 412 BC and 390 BC BCE. According to the Suda Lexicon, which quotes Athenaeus's second book of Deipnosophistae, his works included:...
 (fr. 28), where a stranger is portrayed as speaking in a rural Greek dialect. His language contains expressions such as for "you Athenians", being also attested in Homer
Homer

Homer is traditionally held to be the author of the ancient Greek language epic poems the Iliad and the Odyssey, as well as of the Homeric Hymns....
, Sappho
Sappho

Sappho...
 (Lesbian) and Theocritus
Theocritus

Theocritus , the creator of ancient Greek bucolic poetry, flourished in the 3rd century BC....
 (Doric
Doric Greek

Doric or Dorian was a ancient Greek dialects of ancient Greek Greek language. Its variants were spoken in the southern and eastern Peloponnese, Crete, Rhodes, some islands in the southern Aegean Sea, some cities on the coasts of Asia Minor, Southern Italy, Sicily, Epirus and Macedon....
), while appears only in "funny country bumpkin" contexts of Attic comedy.

Another text that has been quoted as evidence is a passage from Livy
Livy

Titus Livius , known as Livy in English language, was a Ancient Rome historian who wrote a monumental history of Rome, Ab Urbe Condita, from its founding through the reign of Augustus in Livy's own time....
 (lived 59 BC-14 AD) in his Ab urbe condita
Ab Urbe condita (book)

Ab Urbe condita , written by Titus Livius , is a monumental history of Rome, from its legendary founding in c.753 BC . It is often referred to as History of Rome....
 (31.29). Describing political negotiations between Macedonians and Aetolia
Aetolia

Aetolia is a mountainous region of Greece on the north coast of the Gulf of Corinth, forming the eastern part of the modern prefectures of Greece of Aetolia-Acarnania....
ns in the late 3rd century BC, Livy has a Macedonian ambassador argue that Aetolians and Macedonians were "men of the same language". This has been interpreted as referring to their common North-West Greek speech (as opposed to Attic Koiné).

Quintus Curtius Rufus
Quintus Curtius Rufus

Quintus Curtius Rufus was a Ancient Rome historian. It is generally thought that he has written his works during the reign of the Emperor Claudius or Vespasian....
, Philotas
Philotas

Philotas was the eldest son of Parmenion, Alexander the Great most experienced and talented general. When Alexander became king of Macedonia with Parmenion's support , Parmenion and his relations were rewarded with offices and commissions....
's trial.

Over time, "Macedonian" (µa?ed??????), when referring to language (and related expressions such as µa?ed????e??; to speak in the Macedonian fashion) acquired the meaning of Koine Greek
Koine Greek

Koine Greek is the popular form of Greek which emerged in post-Classical antiquity . Other names are Alexandrian, Hellenistic, Common, or New Testament Greek....
.

Adoption of the Attic dialect

As southern Greek influence increased, Macedonians increasingly began to adopt the Attic dialect in its emergent koine
Koine Greek

Koine Greek is the popular form of Greek which emerged in post-Classical antiquity . Other names are Alexandrian, Hellenistic, Common, or New Testament Greek....
 form. It is estimated that ancient Macedonian became supplanted in official discourse by the 4th century BC.

James L. O'Neil's (University of Sydney) pointed out : Beside Pella curse tablet three other, very brief, 4th century inscriptions are also indubitably Doric. These show that a Doric dialect was spoken in Macedon, as we would expect from the West Greek forms of Greek names found in Macedon. And yet later Macedonian inscriptions are in Koine avoiding both Doric forms and the Macedonian voicing of consonants. The native Macedonian dialect had become unsuitable for written documents (Pella curse tablet#Dating and significance)

Greek Epigraphy

The below list includes only those regions and elements that may be related or have been written by Macedonians before 350 BC.Early evidence from coastal cities dates back to 600-550 BC in Central Macedonia (Sane
Sane (Chalcidice)

Sane was an ancient Greek city in Pallene, Chalcidice headland of Chalcidice.It was founded by Andrians in 7th century BC in modern villages Nea Roda and Sani....
,Therme) ~ 550 BC East Macedonia (Neapolis
Kavala

Kavala , is the second largest city in northern Greece, the principal seaport of eastern Macedonia and the capital of Kavala prefecture. It is situated on the Bay of Kavala, across from the island of Thasos....
) and 5th c.BC West side(Pydna
Pydna

Pydna , also Pidna was a Greek city in ancient Macedon, the most important in Pieria. Modern Pydna is a rural municipality and coastal town in the northeastern part of the Prefecture of Pieria....
).There is also a Carian inscription found in Therme 6th c. BC.

  • Elimeia
    Elimeia

    Elimeia is a municipality in Kozani Prefecture, Greece. The population is 6,429 . The seat of the municipality is in Krokos. Elimeia is expected to join the municipality of Kozani until the end of September 2006....
      Doric the temples of Athena
    Athena

    In Greek mythology, Athena is the shrewd companion of Hero and the goddess of Hero endeavour. She is the virgin patron of Athens, which built the Parthenon to worship her....
     in     Megara
    Megara (disambiguation)

    Megara is an ancient Greek city in the region of Megaris in west Attica.Megara may also refer to other Greek cities:*Megara Hyblaea in Sicily colony of Megara Nisaea....
  • Aiane Apakos hapax with letter qoppa
    Qoppa

    Qoppa or Koppa is a letter that was used in early forms of the Greek alphabet, which lacked such a sound; it was instead used for before back vowels ....
  • Aiane Kleiona hapax
  • Pella
    Pella

    Pella was the Capital of the Ancient Greece Monarchy of Macedon. A common folk etymology is traditionally given for the name Pella, ascribing it to a form akin to the Doric Greek Apella, originally meaning a ceremonial location where decisions were made....
          Pythagores of Aristokrates , Aristobole
  • Aiane Arka poseria (Arka = lazy, slow - Att. Arga, poseria = cups - Att. Poteria)
  • Aigai
    Vergina

    Vergina is a small town in northern Greece, located in the prefecture of Imathia Prefecture, Central Macedonia. The town became internationally famous in 1977, when the Greek archaeologist Manolis Andronikos unearthed what he claimed was the burial site of the kings of Macedon, including the tomb of Philip II of Macedon, father of Alexander...
          Peperias hapax
  • Eordea
    Eordea

    Eordea is a Provinces of Greece in northern Greece. It is part of Western Macedonia and more specifically is located in the prefecture of Kozani Prefecture....
          of Machatas
    Machatas

    Machatas was a common Doric Greek name. .*Machatas Macedon son of Derdas and father of Philip and Harpalus *Machatas Aetolian ambassador ...
     (never attested as Magatas)
  • Aiane ..I am -alios of Dolio-.. Doric emi Attic emi but Attic tês instead of Doric tâs
  • Aiane wools of Arkaps (Arkapos) hapax
  • Aiane Attya hapax
  • Aiane Themis
    Themis

    Themis is an Greek mythology. She is described as "of good counsel", and was the embodiment of divine order, law, and custom. Themis means "law of nature" rather than human ordinance, literally "that which is put in place", from the verb t?????, t?themi, to put....
     (gen. Themidos)
  • Aigai
    Vergina

    Vergina is a small town in northern Greece, located in the prefecture of Imathia Prefecture, Central Macedonia. The town became internationally famous in 1977, when the Greek archaeologist Manolis Andronikos unearthed what he claimed was the burial site of the kings of Macedon, including the tomb of Philip II of Macedon, father of Alexander...
      Argive Doric     I am the prize from Argive Hera
    Hera

    In the Twelve Olympians of classical Greek Mythology, Hera or Here was the wife and older sister of Zeus. Her chief function was as goddess of women and marriage....
     (Royal tomb)
  • Aigai
    Vergina

    Vergina is a small town in northern Greece, located in the prefecture of Imathia Prefecture, Central Macedonia. The town became internationally famous in 1977, when the Greek archaeologist Manolis Andronikos unearthed what he claimed was the burial site of the kings of Macedon, including the tomb of Philip II of Macedon, father of Alexander...
          He loves _ _ina
  • Pella
    Pella

    Pella was the Capital of the Ancient Greece Monarchy of Macedon. A common folk etymology is traditionally given for the name Pella, ascribing it to a form akin to the Doric Greek Apella, originally meaning a ceremonial location where decisions were made....
          Xanthos
    Xanthus

    Xanthus may refer to:In Greek mythology:*Xanthus is a son of Phaenops who was killed by Diomedes.*Xanthus is the name of one of Achilles' horses; see Balius and Xanthus....
     son of Demetrios
    Demetrius

    Demetrius, Demetrios, Dimitrios, or Dimitri is the name of several notable people from classical antiquity and other eras.The Latin form of this name, Demetrius, is the spelling normally used in English speaking countries when most historical figures of this name are referred to....
     and Amadika (attested also as Ammadika and Ammadikos only in Macedon)
  • Pella
    Pella

    Pella was the Capital of the Ancient Greece Monarchy of Macedon. A common folk etymology is traditionally given for the name Pella, ascribing it to a form akin to the Doric Greek Apella, originally meaning a ceremonial location where decisions were made....
          Zôbia (epitaph
    Epitaph

    An epitaph is a short text honoring a deceased person, strictly speaking that inscribed on their tombstone or plaque, but also used figuratively....
    ) (oldest evidence of this rare name)
  • Pella
    Pella

    Pella was the Capital of the Ancient Greece Monarchy of Macedon. A common folk etymology is traditionally given for the name Pella, ascribing it to a form akin to the Doric Greek Apella, originally meaning a ceremonial location where decisions were made....
          Eugeneia
    Eugenia (name)

    Eugenia is a feminine first name related to the masculine name Eugene that comes from the Greek language eugenes "well-born," from eu- "well" + -genes "born." Variants include Eug?nie and Yevgeniya ....
     daughter of Xenon
    Xenon (disambiguation)

    Xenon is a chemical element.Xenon may also refer to:* Xenon , a Seleucid general* Xenon * Xenon * Xenon , the Xbox 360 CPU* Xenon , an alien race in the X Computer Game Series...
     (epitaph
    Epitaph

    An epitaph is a short text honoring a deceased person, strictly speaking that inscribed on their tombstone or plaque, but also used figuratively....
    )
  • Pella
    Pella

    Pella was the Capital of the Ancient Greece Monarchy of Macedon. A common folk etymology is traditionally given for the name Pella, ascribing it to a form akin to the Doric Greek Apella, originally meaning a ceremonial location where decisions were made....
          Xenariste of Boula_ _ _ (epitaph)
  • Aigai
    Vergina

    Vergina is a small town in northern Greece, located in the prefecture of Imathia Prefecture, Central Macedonia. The town became internationally famous in 1977, when the Greek archaeologist Manolis Andronikos unearthed what he claimed was the burial site of the kings of Macedon, including the tomb of Philip II of Macedon, father of Alexander...
          here Kallim- ..of well-pillared temples (eustyloi naoi) .. of esteemed father...art.. Callimachus (sculptor)
    Callimachus (sculptor)

    Callimachus was an architecture and sculpture working in the second half of the 5th century BC in the manner established by Polyclitus . He was credited with work in both Athens and Corinth and was probably from one of the two cities....
     ?
  • Pella
    Pella

    Pella was the Capital of the Ancient Greece Monarchy of Macedon. A common folk etymology is traditionally given for the name Pella, ascribing it to a form akin to the Doric Greek Apella, originally meaning a ceremonial location where decisions were made....
          I lie here dead, my homeland is Corinth
    Corinth

    Corinth, or Korinth Corinth is now the capital of the Prefectures of Greece of Corinthia. The city is surrounded by the coastal townlets of Lechaio, Isthmia, Kechries, and the inland townlets of Examilia and the archaeological site....
     , servant of Enodia
    Enodia

    Enodia or Einodia was an appellation, epithet of Artemis, Hecate or Persephone. The most frequent locus of the name is Thessaly, where Enodia was identified with Artemis....
     , with name Timarete
  • Dion
    Dion, Greece

    Dion is a municipality and village in the Prefecture of Pieria, Macedonia , Greece, best known for its museum and archaeological site. The Ancient city of Dion was a place of some importance, due to its location at the foot of Mount Olympus....
          Aristotima , Sôsos
  • Dion
    Dion, Greece

    Dion is a municipality and village in the Prefecture of Pieria, Macedonia , Greece, best known for its museum and archaeological site. The Ancient city of Dion was a place of some importance, due to its location at the foot of Mount Olympus....
          Theotimos of Parmenon
  • Pella
    Pella

    Pella was the Capital of the Ancient Greece Monarchy of Macedon. A common folk etymology is traditionally given for the name Pella, ascribing it to a form akin to the Doric Greek Apella, originally meaning a ceremonial location where decisions were made....
          Dexios from Herakleion
    Herakleion, Pieria

    Herakleion was an ancient city of south coastal Pieria between Phila and Leibethra.During Peloponnesian war it passed into Athenian control in the years 430/29,425/4 and 421 BC.After Athenian alliance with Perdiccas II of Macedon in ~ 417-413 BC it became again city of Macedon....
  • Beroea
    Veria

    Veria is a city built at the foot of Vermion Mountains in Greece. It is a commercial center of Macedonia , the capital of the Prefectures of Greece of Imathia Prefecture, the province of Imathia and the seat of a bishop of the Church of Greece....
          Andreas
    Andreas

    Andreas is a common male name in Cyprus, Denmark, Austria, Germany, Greece, Flanders, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and The Netherlands. The name derives from the Greek noun ???? ? with genitive ??d??? ?, which means "man" ....
     of Andron
    Andron

    Andron , or Andronitis, is part of a Greek house that is reserved for men, as distinguished from the gynaeceum , the women's quarters....
     from Osbe
    Osbe

    Osbe was an ancient town in North Chalcidice,probably between Mygdonia,Mounts Cholomon,Cissus and Bottike. It was later incorporated in Thessalonica, ....
  • Pella Katadesmos- Dagina hapax
  • Aigai
    Vergina

    Vergina is a small town in northern Greece, located in the prefecture of Imathia Prefecture, Central Macedonia. The town became internationally famous in 1977, when the Greek archaeologist Manolis Andronikos unearthed what he claimed was the burial site of the kings of Macedon, including the tomb of Philip II of Macedon, father of Alexander...
      ca. 350 BC (Epitaphs)(Berennô hapaxHarpalus
    Harpalus

    Harpalus son of Machatas was an aristocrat of Macedon and boyhood friend of Alexander the Great in the 4th century BC. Being lame in a leg, and therefore exempt from military service, Harpalus did not follow Alexander in his advance within the Persian Empire but received nonetheless a post in Asia Minor....
     Peukolaos
    Peukolaos

    Peucolaus Soter Dikaios was an Indo-Greek king who ruled in the area of Gandhara c. 90 BCE. His reign was probably short and insignificant, since he left only a few coins, but the relations of the latter Indo-Greek kings remain largely obscure....
     Sillis ,firstly attested in Macedon)
  • Lete
    Lete

    Lete was an ancient city in Mygdonia, Macedon and Roman Catholic titular see in Macedonia...
     ca. 340 BC Orphic Derveni papyrus
    Derveni papyrus

    The Derveni papyrus is an ancient Greek papyrus scroll that was found in 1962. It is a philosophical treatise that is an allegorical commentary on an Orphic poem, a theogony concerning the birth of the gods, produced in the circle of the philosopher Anaxagoras in the second half of the 5th century BC, making it "the most important new piece...


Macedonian words in epigraphy


  • Macedonian onomasticon : the earliest massive epigraphical documents are, the second Athenian alliance decree with Perdiccas II
    Perdiccas II of Macedon

    Perdiccas II was King of Macedonia from about 454 BC to about 413 BC.He was the son of Alexander I of Macedon....
     (~417-413 BC), the decree of Kalindoia
    Kalindoia

    Kalindoia was an ancient city in northern Bottike . Kalindoia is recorded in the Epidaurian list of Theorodokoi of 360/59 BC. The name of Theodorokos was Pausanias, possibly the pretender to the Macedonian throne in 368 and 360 BC....
    ,~335-300 BC) and seven curse tablets of the 4th c.BC bearing mostly names.


  • Macedonian sound-law : it is restricted to names and one epithet of Artemis.
    • Berenika
      Berenice

      Berenice or Berenike is the Ancient Macedonian language form for Attic Greek Fe?e???? , meaning "bearer of victory", from f??? "to bear" + ???? "victory"....
       priestess of Demetra
      Demeter

      File:Demeter in horse chariot w daughter kore 83d40m wikiC Tempio Y di Selinunte sec VIa.JPGDemeter , in Greek mythology, is the Goddess of cereal and fertility, the pure....
       ca. 350 BC is the oldest evidence.However it never turned into Pherenike in Macedon or Egypt.On the contrary Attic Pherenik- became Berenik- ; hence popular Athenian name Berenikides after 3rd c.BC.
    • Bila Brateadou (Attic Phile , Doric Phila
      Phila of Macedonia

      Phila , daughter of Antipater, the regent of Macedonia, is celebrated by the ancient sources as one of the noblest and most virtuous women of the age in which she lived....
        Prateadou or Phrateadou (Aigai
      Vergina

      Vergina is a small town in northern Greece, located in the prefecture of Imathia Prefecture, Central Macedonia. The town became internationally famous in 1977, when the Greek archaeologist Manolis Andronikos unearthed what he claimed was the burial site of the kings of Macedon, including the tomb of Philip II of Macedon, father of Alexander...
       ca. 350-300 BC.
    • Phylomaga (Attic Phylomache) (Methone,Pieria
      Methoni, Pieria

      Methoni is a municipality in Pieria, Greece; population 3,946 .The ancient Eretrian settlement of Methoni, located at the interface between the Thessaloniki plain, the hilly terrain of Pieria Range and the shoreline of Thermaikos Gulf, has gone through numerous wartime situations over the past centuries....
       ca. 350-300 BC).
    • Lamaga , Laomaga (Attic Laomache)


Glossary
  • ágema, 'vanguard, guards' ( 4 times only in Macedon ~ 200 BC ) (Attic lead,drive PIE *ag-)
  • president of guild
    Guild

    File:Windsorguildhall.jpgA guild is an association of artisan in a particular trade. The earliest guilds were formed as confraternities of workers....
     of merchants (hapax)( epithet of Hermes
    Hermes

    Hermes is the messenger of the gods in Greek mythology. An Twelve Olympians, he is also the patron of boundaries and of the travelers who cross them, of shepherds and cowherds, of thieves and road travelers, of orators and wit, of literature and poets, of athletics, of weights and measures, of invention, of general commerce, and of the cunni...
     Orph.H.28.6 .
  • Bloureitis epithet of Artemis
    Artemis

    In Greek mythology, Artemis was the daughter of Zeus and Leto, and the twin sister of Apollo. She was the Hellenic goddess of forests and hills, child birth/virginity/fertility, the hunt and was often depicted as a huntress carrying a bow and arrows.....
    . (Skydra
    Skydra

    Skydra is a town with a population 5,081, part of the synonymous municipality in the Pella Prefecture, of Macedonia in Greece. Population 15,654 ....
     106 AD, hapax).LSJ: . Artemis
    Artemis

    In Greek mythology, Artemis was the daughter of Zeus and Leto, and the twin sister of Apollo. She was the Hellenic goddess of forests and hills, child birth/virginity/fertility, the hunt and was often depicted as a huntress carrying a bow and arrows.....
     Agrotera
    Agrotera

    Agrotera was an epithet of the Greek mythology Artemis, and the most important goddess to Attica hunters.At Agrae on the Ilissos, where she was believed to have first hunted after her arrival from Delos, Artemis Agrotera had a temple, dating to the 5th century BC, with a statue carrying a bow....
     (Huntress),     Gazoreitis (from Gazoros
    Gazoros

    *Gazoros or Gazorus was a Thrace town of Edoni north east of Kerkini lake.It was conquered by Macedon in 4th c.BC.Artemis Gazoria or Gazoreitis was worshiped all over the region till Roman times....
    , north of Kerkini
    Kerkini

    Kerkini is a municipality in the Serres Prefecture, Greece, named after ancient Kerkinitis lake . Population of municipality 10,037 . The seat is in Rodopoli....
     lake),     Bloureitis (fond of mountains). phil-
    Philo (disambiguation)

    The name Philo can refer to a number of things, including:* Philo- , a prefix and suffix, and a combining form, derived from the Greek, which means "love of" ...
     + mountain.
  • Darrhôn
    Darrhon

    Darrhon or Darron was an Macedon minor god of healing, mentioned by Hesychius of Alexandria as Macedonian Daemon and attested hapax in one inscription of Pella...
     minor god of healing
  • as archedeatros; 'taster', (Attic thaliarchos) Ptolemy I Soter
    Ptolemy I Soter

    Ptolemy I Soter was a Macedonian general under Alexander the Great who became ruler of Egypt and founder of both the Ptolemaic Kingdom and the Ptolemaic Dynasty....
     first edeatros appointed by Alexander (See Athenaeus) (3 inscriptions, all related to late Ptolemies)
  • hetairoi , companion cavalry
    Companion cavalry

    The Companions were the elite cavalry of the Ancient Macedonian army from the time of king Philip II of Macedon, and have been regarded as the best cavalry in the ancient world....
     after 350 BC (Attic , comrades) PIE
    Pie

    A pie is a baked dish which is usually made of a pastry dough shell that covers or completely contains a filling of various sweetness or savoury ingredients....
     *swe-t-aro < suffixed form of *swe)
  • kotthubos non-metallic armour. (Amphipolis
    Amphipolis

    Amphipolis was an Ancient Greece Greece Polis in the region once inhabited by the Edoni people in the present-day Peripheries of Greece of Central Macedonia....
     - ca.200 BC, hapax). (Cf.Attic , fringe
    Fringe

    Fringe may refer to* Edinburgh Fringe, the largest arts festival in the world* Adelaide Fringe Festival, Australia's premier arts festival that is the second largest arts festival in the world...
    , hairnet
    Hairnet

    A hairnet, or sometimes simply a net or caul, is a small, often elasticised, fine net worn over long hair to hold it in place. It is often worn by food service workers to prevent hair from contaminating the food....
    ) (Hesych
    Hesychius of Alexandria

    Hesychius of Alexandria , a grammarian who flourished probably in the 5th century CE, compiled the richest lexicon of unusual and obscure Greek words that has survived ....
    .     kosumbe Cretan
    Doric Greek

    Doric or Dorian was a ancient Greek dialects of ancient Greek Greek language. Its variants were spoken in the southern and eastern Peloponnese, Crete, Rhodes, some islands in the southern Aegean Sea, some cities on the coasts of Asia Minor, Southern Italy, Sicily, Epirus and Macedon....
     small shield,     anadesma, bandage, , enkomboma, outward ornamental garment, Egyptian
    Ptolemaic Kingdom

    The Ptolemaic Kingdom in and around Egypt began following Alexander the Great's conquest in 332 BC and ended with the death of Cleopatra VII and the Aegyptus in 30 BC....
          perizoma girdle. About the military decree of Amphipolis, see Phalanx, last paragraph.
  • epithet of Herakles. (Mycenaean Gk. Kynagitas attested in Linear B as ki-na-ke-ta, Attic kynegos, Doric
    Doric Greek

    Doric or Dorian was a ancient Greek dialects of ancient Greek Greek language. Its variants were spoken in the southern and eastern Peloponnese, Crete, Rhodes, some islands in the southern Aegean Sea, some cities on the coasts of Asia Minor, Southern Italy, Sicily, Epirus and Macedon....
      Hunter) attested in 14 inscriptions of various places in Macedonia from 4th century BC to 2nd century AD.     Kynago epithet of Artemis, attested twice. (Protectors of Hunters). Oldest inscription in Beroea — ca. 350-300 BC (spelled in one inscription, Kounagidas)
  • or knima ( line 17 see trakylion below ).
  • Macedonian months
    Ancient Macedonian calendar

    The Ancient Macedonian calendar is a lunisolar calendar that was in use in ancient Macedon in the 1st millennium BC. It consisted of 12 synodic lunar months , which needed intercalary months to stay in step with the seasons....
     , of which     Dystros and Gorpiaios have no apparent etymology.
  • neuo pray (Thessalian
    Aeolic Greek

    Aeolic or Aeolian Greek is a Linguistics term used to describe a set of rather Archaic period in Greece Greek language sub-dialects, spoken mainly in Boeotia , in Lesbos Island and in other Greek colonies....
     nebeuo) (Attic ) (Attic nod,wink). Attested as feminine past participles in Berenika
    Berenice

    Berenice or Berenike is the Ancient Macedonian language form for Attic Greek Fe?e???? , meaning "bearer of victory", from f??? "to bear" + ???? "victory"....
    's     archineusasai women and Alexandra Argaiou, Thea
    Thea

    Thea may refer to:polytonic|...
     neusasa.
  • , an expression like "ouch" (Attic papae, Locrian , Greek demotic apapa)
  • Macedonian senators, (wiki peliganes
    Peliganes

    Peliganes , called the Macedon Senate. The term is attested in Hesychius of Alexandria, Strabo and two inscriptions , one from Dion, Greece and one from Latakia....
    )
  • pyrokausis ( 9 times in 2 inscriptions ~200 BC ) (additional draft,military recruitment per family. Each family provided one soldier.
  • sárissa
    Sarissa

    File:Makedonische phalanx.pngThe sarissa or sarisa was a 4 to 7 meter long Pike used in the ancient Greek and Hellenistic warfare. It was introduced by Philip II of Macedon and was used in the traditional Ancient Greece phalanx formation as a replacement for the earlier Dory , which was considerably shorter....
     (s???sa sarisa attested hapax with one s in the military decree of Amphipolis), a long pike used by the Macedonian phalanx (Theophrastus
    Theophrastus

    Theophrastus , a Greek native of Eressos in Lesbos Island, was the successor of Aristotle in the Peripatetic school. His interests were wide-ranging, extending from biology and physics to ethics and metaphysics....
    , Polybius
    Polybius

    Polybius was a Greek historian of the Hellenistic Period noted for his book called The Histories covering in detail the period of 220–146 BC....
    ; etymology unknown – Blumenthal reconstructs     *skwrvi-entia- to a root for 'cut', but this is speculative; perhaps (Attic to show the teeth, grin like a dog, esp. in scorn or malice), ( sweep clean, wipe out, sweeping away, broom), ( an old hollow oak
    Oak

    The term oak can be used as part of the common name of any of about 400 species of trees and shrubs in the genus Quercus , which are listed in the List of Quercus species, and some related genera, notably Lithocarpus....
    )
  • administrator,secretary,quaestor
    Quaestor

    Quaestor is a type of public official.In the Roman Republic a quaestor was an elected official who supervised the treasury and financial affairs of the state, its armies and its officers....
     (Elimeia
    Elimeia

    Elimeia is a municipality in Kozani Prefecture, Greece. The population is 6,429 . The seat of the municipality is in Krokos. Elimeia is expected to join the municipality of Kozani until the end of September 2006....
    -late 4th-mid. 3rd c. BC) PIE
    Pie

    A pie is a baked dish which is usually made of a pastry dough shell that covers or completely contains a filling of various sweetness or savoury ingredients....
     *skei- 'to cut, split' cf. Greek
    Greek language

    Greek is an Indo-European languages native to the southern Balkan peninsula, the language of the Greek people. It forms an independent branch within Indo-European....
      'to split', 'riddle', improvise Lithuanian
    Lithuanian language

    Lithuanian is the official state language of Lithuania and is recognised as one of the official languages of the European Union. There are about 2.96 million native Lithuanian speakers in Lithuania and about 170,000 abroad....
     skedzu 'make thin, separate, divide',Latin
    Latin

    Latin is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Through the Military history of the Roman Empire, Latin spread throughout the Mediterranean and a large part of Europe....
     scindere 'to split', Gothic
    Gothic language

    Gothic is an extinct language Germanic language that was spoken by the Goths. It is known primarily from Codex Argenteus, a 6th century copy of a 4th century Bible translation, and is the only East Germanic languages with a sizable corpus....
     skaidan, O.E. sceadan 'to divide, separate'.LSJ     'hat' dialectical for skiadion.
  • synoplânes co-fighters (2nd/3rd c.AD) (singular: synoplan or synoplas) (Attic synoploi,) syn- + hoplite
    Hoplite

    The word hoplite derives from hoplon , meaning an item of armour or equipment, thus 'hoplite' may approximate to 'armoured man'. Hoplites were the citizen-soldiers of the Ancient Greece City-states....
    s
  • trakylion ((..the pathway between the two trakylia...rivers..mountains..))
  • (the ones under shield , hypo- + aspis
    Aspis

    An aspis is the generic term for the word shield. The aspis, which is carried by Ancient Greece infantry of various periods, is often referred to as a hoplon ....
    ) (wiki Hypaspists
    Hypaspists

    Hypaspistai, or hypaspists , were elite foot hoplite guardsmen as used by Alexander the Great's Macedonian army.They often fought on the right of the Foot Companions; the right was the position of honor in most Ancient Greece armies, due to the nature of the phalanx formation; a soldier in a phalanx would rely on the shield of the so...
    ) (6 times in Macedon)
  • epithet of Dionysus
    Dionysus

    In classical mythology, Dionysus or Dionysos , is the God of wine, the inspirer of ritual madness and ecstasy, and a major figure of Greek mythology, and one of the twelve Olympians, among whom Greek mythology treated Dionysus as a late arrival....
    , (wiki Pseudanor
    Pseudanor

    Pseudanor was a Macedon epithet,apellation to Dionysus.Other Ancient Macedonian language appellations to the God were ?????? ' wild , ???pt?? ' hidden and ??????pt?? Erikryptos totally hidden.All the above names of Dionysus are attested in four inscriptions from Beroea 248-264 AD....
    )


The Pella curse tablet

The Pella curse tablet, a text written in a distinct Doric Greek
Doric Greek

Doric or Dorian was a ancient Greek dialects of ancient Greek Greek language. Its variants were spoken in the southern and eastern Peloponnese, Crete, Rhodes, some islands in the southern Aegean Sea, some cities on the coasts of Asia Minor, Southern Italy, Sicily, Epirus and Macedon....
 idiom, found in 1986, dated to between mid to early 4th century BC, has been forwarded as an argument that the ancient Macedonian language was a dialect of North-Western Greek, part of the Doric dialects. Before the discovery it was proposed that the Macedonian dialect was an early form of Greek, spoken alongside Doric proper at that time.

Pellatab

Hesychius Glossary

The below words of unknown date, out of the single Hesychius
Hesychius of Alexandria

Hesychius of Alexandria , a grammarian who flourished probably in the 5th century CE, compiled the richest lexicon of unusual and obscure Greek words that has survived ....
 manuscript, are marked as Macedonian.For the words of Macedonian Amerias, see Glossary of Amerias
Amerias

Amerias was an ancient Macedonians lexicographer, known for his compilation of a Glossary entitled . ?nother of his works was called ????t??????, Rhizotomikos , an etymological treatise....
.Terms that occur in epigraphy are transferred above.

  • 'roses
    Roses

    Roses is a municipality in the Comarques of Catalonia of the Alt Empord? in Catalonia, Spain. It is situated on the coast at the northern end of the Gulf of Roses, and is an important fishing port and tourist centre....
     amaranta (unwithered)' (Attic
    Attic Greek

    Attic Greek is the prestige dialect of Ancient Greek that was spoken in Attica, which includes Athens. Of the ancient dialects, it is the most similar to later Greek, and is the standard form of the language studied in courses of "Ancient Greek"....
          rhoda , Aeolic
    Aeolic Greek

    Aeolic or Aeolian Greek is a Linguistics term used to describe a set of rather Archaic period in Greece Greek language sub-dialects, spoken mainly in Boeotia , in Lesbos Island and in other Greek colonies....
          broda roses).(LSJ: unfading.Amaranth
    Amaranth

    Amaranthus, collectively known as amaranth or pigweed, is a cosmopolitan genus of herbs. Approximately 60 species are presently recognized, with inflorescences and foliage ranging from purple and red to gold....
     flower. (Aeolic
    Aeolic Greek

    Aeolic or Aeolian Greek is a Linguistics term used to describe a set of rather Archaic period in Greece Greek language sub-dialects, spoken mainly in Boeotia , in Lesbos Island and in other Greek colonies....
          'youthful prime' + hagnos 'pure, chaste, unsullied) or epithet aphagna from 'purify'.If abagnon is the proper name for rhodon rose, then it is cognate to Persian
    Persian language

    name=Persian|nativename=|pronunciation=[f??r'si]|image=|caption=Farsi in Perso-Arabic script |states= Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Bahrain....
         bag , 'garden' , Gothic
    Gothic language

    Gothic is an extinct language Germanic language that was spoken by the Goths. It is known primarily from Codex Argenteus, a 6th century copy of a 4th century Bible translation, and is the only East Germanic languages with a sizable corpus....
         bagms 'tree' and Greek
    Ancient Greek

    Ancient Greek is the historical stage in the development of the Greek language spanning across the Archaic Greece , Classical Greece , and Hellenistic civilization periods of ancient Greece and the classical antiquity....
      'cabbage-seed'.Finally, a Phrygian
    Phrygian

    Phrygian can refer to:*A person from Phrygia*Phrygian cap once characteristic of the region* Phrygian language*Phrygian mode in music* Phrygian Valley, a historic location in northwestern Turkey...
     borrowing is highly possible if we think of the famous Gardens of Midas
    Midas

    In Greek mythology, Midas or King Midas is popularly remembered for his ability to turn everything he touched into gold: the Midas touch....
     , where roses grow of themselves (see Herodotus 8.138.2 , Athenaeus 15.683)
  • Text Corrupted ( ? , abarkna hunger, famine.
  • 'oregano
    Oregano

    Oregano or is a species of Origanum, native to Europe, the Mediterranean region and southern and central Asia. It is a perennial plant herb, growing to 20-80 cm tall, with opposite leaf 1-4 cm long....
    ' (Hes.     origanon) (LSJ: perfume used in incense, Attic barú 'heavy') (LSJ sweet Origanum Majorana
    Marjoram

    Marjoram is a somewhat cold-sensitive perennial plant herb or undershrub with sweet pine and citrus flavours. It is also called Sweet Marjoram or Knotted Marjoram and Majorana hortensis....
    )(Hes. for origanon     agribrox, abromon , artiphos, keblênê)
  • , abloe , alogei Text Corrupted )
  • or abroûtes or abroûwes 'eyebrows' (Hes. Attic ophrûs acc.
    Accusative case

    The accusative case of a noun is the grammatical case used to mark the direct object of a transitive verb. The same case is used in many languages for the objects of prepositions....
     pl.
    Plural

    Plural is a grammatical number, typically referring to more than one of the referent in the real world. In the English language, singular and plural are the only grammatical numbers....
    ,     nom.
    Nominative case

    The nominative case is a grammatical case for a noun, which generally marks the subject of a verb, as opposed to its object or other verb arguments....
    , PIE
    Pie

    A pie is a baked dish which is usually made of a pastry dough shell that covers or completely contains a filling of various sweetness or savoury ingredients....
     *bhru-) (Lithuanian
    Lithuanian language

    Lithuanian is the official state language of Lithuania and is recognised as one of the official languages of the European Union. There are about 2.96 million native Lithuanian speakers in Lithuania and about 170,000 abroad....
     bruvis , Persian
    Persian language

    name=Persian|nativename=|pronunciation=[f??r'si]|image=|caption=Farsi in Perso-Arabic script |states= Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Bahrain....
     abru) (Koine Greek
    Koine Greek

    Koine Greek is the popular form of Greek which emerged in post-Classical antiquity . Other names are Alexandrian, Hellenistic, Common, or New Testament Greek....
      , Modern Greek
    Modern Greek

    Modern Greek refers the varieties of Greek spoken in the modern era. The beginning of the "modern" period of the language is often symbolically assigned to the fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1453, even though that date marks no clear linguistic boundary and many characteristic modern features of the language had been present centuries earli...
     f??d?a frydia)
  • Attic 'weight, burden, load' Macedonian 'sickle
    Sickle

    A sickle is a hand-held agricultural tool with a curved blade typically used for harvesting cereal crop or cutting grass for hay. The inside of the curve is sharp, so that the user can draw or swing the blade against the base of the crop, catching it in the curve and slicing it at the same time....
    ' (Hes. Attic     ákhthos , drépanon, LSJ Attic ankalís 'bundle', or in pl. ankálai 'arms' (body parts), ánkalos 'armful, bundle', ankále 'the bent arm' or 'anything closely enfolding', as the arms of the sea, PIE *ank 'to bend') ( 'barb' Oppian
    Oppian

    Oppian or Oppianus was the name of the authors of two didactic poems in Greek hexameters, formerly identified, but now generally regarded as two different persons....
    us.C.1.155.)
  • addai poles of a chariot or car,logs (Attic rhumoi) (Aeolic ,Attic ozoi ,branches,twigs) PIE
    Pie

    A pie is a baked dish which is usually made of a pastry dough shell that covers or completely contains a filling of various sweetness or savoury ingredients....
      , branch
  • ade 'clear sky' or 'the upper air' (Hes. ouranós 'sky', LSJ and Pokorny
    Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch

    The Indogermanisches etymologisches W?rterbuch was published in 1959 by the Austrian-German comparative linguist and Celtic languages expert Julius Pokorny....
     Attic     aither 'ether, the upper, purer air', hence 'clear sky, heaven')
  • potion,cocktail ( Attic )
  • 'fine weather, open sky' (Hes. Attic aithría, PIE *aidh-)
  • Aeropes tribe (wind-faced) ( +( opos, Boeotian
    Boeotian

    Boeotian may refer to:* The people from Boeotia, a region of central ancient Greece* One of several sub-dialects of the Aeolic Greek dialect of the Greek language, spoken by the Boeotians....
     name for the bird merops)
  • akontion spine or backbone,anything ridged like the backbone:ridge of a hill or mountain (Attic ) (Attic spear,javelin) (Aeolic akontion part of troops)
  • girl ( Attic korê , Ionic kourê ,Doric/Aeolic kora ,Arcadian korwa , Laconian kyrsanis ( , epithet of Aphrodite in Cyprus,instead of Akraia , on the heights ).
  • 'boundary stones' nom. pl. (Hes. hóroi, LSJ Attic ákros 'at the end or extremity', from ake 'point, edge', PIE *ak 'summit, point' or 'sharp')
  • 'boar or boarfish' (Attic kapros) (PIE
    Pie

    A pie is a baked dish which is usually made of a pastry dough shell that covers or completely contains a filling of various sweetness or savoury ingredients....
     *ol-/*el- "red, brown" (in animal and tree names)(Homeric fawn , Attic     elaphos deer , elk)
  • (also alixa) 'White Poplar
    White Poplar

    Populus alba is a species of poplar, most closely related to the aspens . It is native from Spain and Morocco through central Europe to central Asia....
    ' (Attic     leúke , Thessalian alphinia, LSJ: globularia alypum
    Globularia

    Globularia is a genus of about 22 species of flowering plants in the family Plantaginaceae, native to central and southern Europe, Macaronesia, northwest Africa and southwest Asia....
    ) (Pokorny
    Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch

    The Indogermanisches etymologisches W?rterbuch was published in 1959 by the Austrian-German comparative linguist and Celtic languages expert Julius Pokorny....
     Attic     eláte 'fir
    Fir

    Firs are a genus of between 45-55 species of evergreen Pinophyta in the family Pinaceae. All are trees, reaching heights of 10-80 m tall and trunk diameters of 0.5-4 m when mature....
    , spruce
    Spruce

    A spruce is a tree of the genus Picea, a genus of about 35 species of coniferous evergreen trees in the Family Pinaceae, found in the northern temperate and boreal regions of the earth....
    ', PIE *ol-, *el- , P.Gmc. and Span
    Spanish language

    Spanish or Castilian is a Romance languages that originated in northern Spain, and gradually spread in the Kingdom of Castile and evolved into the principal language of government and trade....
    .     aliso 'alder
    Alder

    Alder is the common name of a genus of flowering plants belonging to the birch family . The genus comprises about 30 species of Plant sexuality trees and shrubs, few reaching large size, distributed throughout the North Temperate Zone and in the New World also along the Andes southwards to Argentina....
    ')
  • 'timber' (Hes. Attic ) (Cretan Doric
    Doric Greek

    Doric or Dorian was a ancient Greek dialects of ancient Greek Greek language. Its variants were spoken in the southern and eastern Peloponnese, Crete, Rhodes, some islands in the southern Aegean Sea, some cities on the coasts of Asia Minor, Southern Italy, Sicily, Epirus and Macedon....
      Attic alsos grove
    Grove

    People, places, and things commonly known as grove include:* Grove , a small group of trees* Sacred grove, a small group of trees used as a place of pagan worship...
     little forest. (PIE
    Pie

    A pie is a baked dish which is usually made of a pastry dough shell that covers or completely contains a filling of various sweetness or savoury ingredients....
         *os- ash tree(OE
    Old English language

    Old English is an early form of the English language that was spoken and written in parts of what are now England and south-eastern Scotland between the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century....
    .    æsc ash tree),(Greek
    Greek language

    Greek is an Indo-European languages native to the southern Balkan peninsula, the language of the Greek people. It forms an independent branch within Indo-European....
    .    ???? oxya,Albanian
    Albanian language

    Albanian is an Indo-European languages spoken by nearly 6 million people, primarily in Albania and Kosovo but also in other areas of the Balkans in which there is an Albanian population, including the west of the Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro, and southern Serbia....
         ah,beech),(Armenian
    Armenian language

    The 'Armenian language' is an Indo-European language spoken by the Armenians. It is the official language of the Armenia as well as in the region of Nagorno-Karabakh....
    .     haci ash tree)
  • , 'swordsman' (Hes. ??f?st??; Homer
    Homer

    Homer is traditionally held to be the author of the ancient Greek language epic poems the Iliad and the Odyssey, as well as of the Homeric Hymns....
          áor 'sword'; Attic aorter 'swordstrap', modern
    Modern Greek

    Modern Greek refers the varieties of Greek spoken in the modern era. The beginning of the "modern" period of the language is often symbolically assigned to the fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1453, even though that date marks no clear linguistic boundary and many characteristic modern features of the language had been present centuries earli...
     Greek
    Greek language

    Greek is an Indo-European languages native to the southern Balkan peninsula, the language of the Greek people. It forms an independent branch within Indo-European....
          aortír 'riflestrap'; hence aorta
    Aorta

    The aorta is the largest artery in the human body, originating from the left ventricle of the heart and bringing oxygenated blood to all parts of the body in the systemic circulation....
    ) (According to Suidas: Many now say the knapsack instead of . Both the object and the word [are] Macedonian.
  • ?rantides Erinyes
    Erinyes

    In Greek mythology the Erinyes or Eumenides or Furies in Roman mythology were female, chthonic deities of revenge or supernatural personifications of the anger of the dead....
     ( in dative
    Dative case

    The dative case is a grammatical case generally used to indicate the noun to whom something is given. For example, in "John gave a book to Mary"....
      )(Arae name for Erinyes, accursed , invoke,curse,pray or sprinkle,purify.
  • argella 'bathing hut'. Cimmerian or argila 'subterranean dwelling' (Ephorus
    Ephorus

    Ephorus or Ephoros , of Kyme in Aeolis, in Asia Minor, was an Ancient Greece historian. Information on his biography is limited; he was the father of Demophilus, who followed in his footsteps as a historian, and to Plutarch's claim that Ephorus declined Alexander the great's offer to join him on his Alexander the great#Period_of_conque...
     in Strb.
    Strabo

    Strabo was a Ancient Greeks history, geography and philosophy....
     5.4.5) PIE *    areg-; borrowed into Balkan Latin and gave Romanian
    Romanian language

    Romanian or Daco-Romanian ; self-designation: limba rom?na, ) is a Romance languages spoken by around 24 to 28 million people, primarily in Romania and Moldova....
         argea (pl. argele), "wooden hut", dialectal (Banat) arghela "stud farm") ; cf. Sanskrit
    Sanskrit

    Sanskrit is a historical Indo-Aryan language, one of the liturgical languages of Hinduism and Buddhism, and one of the 22 official languages of India....
         argala 'latch, bolt', Old English reced "building, house", Albanian
    Albanian language

    Albanian is an Indo-European languages spoken by nearly 6 million people, primarily in Albania and Kosovo but also in other areas of the Balkans in which there is an Albanian population, including the west of the Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro, and southern Serbia....
         argësh "harrow, crude bridge of crossbars, crude raft supported by skin bladders"
  • 'eagle
    Eagle

    Eagles are large bird of prey which are members of the bird family Accipitridae, and belong to several Genus which are not necessarily closely related to each other....
    ' (LSJ Attic     argípous 'swift- or white-footed', PIE *hrg'i-pods < PIE *arg + PIE *ped)
  • Aretos epithet or alternative of Herakles (Ares
    Ares

    In Greek mythology, Ares is the son of Zeus and Hera. Though often referred to as the Twelve Olympians God of warfare, he is more accurately the god of bloodlust, or slaughter personified: "Ares is apparently an ancient abstract noun meaning throng of battle, war."...
    -like)
  • 'leisure, idleness' (LSJ Attic argós 'lazy, idle' nom. sing.
    Grammatical number

    In linguistics, grammatical number is a grammatical category of nouns, pronouns, and adjective and verb agreement that expresses count distinctions ....
    , acc.)
  • (Attic himas strap,rope),( harpedôn cord, yarn
    Yarn

    Yarn is a long continuous length of interlocked fibers, suitable for use in the production of textiles, sewing, crocheting, knitting, weaving, embroidery and ropemaking....
    ; ??ped??a Rhodes, Lindos
    Lindos

    Lindos is a town and an Archeology site on the east coast of the Greece island of Rhodes, in the Dodecanese in southeastern Aegean Sea Sea. It is about 55km south of the town of Rhodes and its fine beaches make it a popular tourist and holiday destination....
     II 2.37).
  • 'torrent' (Hes. kheímarrhos, Attic áspilos 'without stain, spotless, pure')
  • lees of olive-oil ( LSJ: babrêkes gums, or food in the teeth, babuas mud )
  • pukliê (Macedonian), purlos (Athamanian) (unattested; maybe food, porridge , wheat)
  • dense,thick ( LSJ: )
  • rod ( Attic ) ( EM
    Etymologicum Magnum

    Etymologicum Magnum is the traditional title of a Greek lexical encyclopedia compiled at Constantinople by an unknown lexicographer around 1150 AD....
    : axle-pin ) ( LSJ: rod )
  • gola
    Hesychius of Alexandria

    Hesychius of Alexandria , a grammarian who flourished probably in the 5th century CE, compiled the richest lexicon of unusual and obscure Greek words that has survived ....
     or bowels,intestines ( Homeric
    Homeric Greek

    Homeric Greek is the form of Ancient Greek that was used by Homer in the Iliad and Odyssey. It is an archaic version of Ionic Greek, with admixtures from certain other dialects, such as Aeolic Greek....
      ) PIE: ghel-ond-, ghol-n•d- stomach; bowels
  • 'pig
    Pig

    Pigs, also called hogs or swine, are a genus of even-toed ungulates within the Family Suidae. The name pig, hog, or swine most commonly refers to the Domestic pig in everyday parlance, but technically encompasses several distinct species, including the Wild Boar....
    ' acc. sing. ( PIE *    gwou- 'cattle', ( Attic botón ' beast', in plural botá 'grazing animals' ) ( Laconian sow
    Sow

    Sow may refer to an African name, frequent in Senegal.* Abdoul Salam Sow, a football player.* Abdoulaye S?kou Sow, a former Prime Minister of Mali....
     female pig, and pl. grônades ) ( LSJ:, to imitate the sound of pigs ) ( sheep or pig )
  • kind of glass ( a Megarian cup)
  • pl. gopes macherel ( Attic koloios ) ( LSJ: a fish ) (Modern Greek
    Modern Greek

    Modern Greek refers the varieties of Greek spoken in the modern era. The beginning of the "modern" period of the language is often symbolically assigned to the fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1453, even though that date marks no clear linguistic boundary and many characteristic modern features of the language had been present centuries earli...
     gopa bogue
    Bogue

    Bogue may refer to:Places* Bogue, Dumfries and Galloway in Scotland* Bogue, Kansas, United States* Bogu?, Mauritania* Bogue, North Carolina, United States...
     fish pl. gopes)
  • daitas caterer waiter ( Attic
  • 'death
    Death

    Death is the permanent termination of the biological functions that define a life organism. It refers to both a particular event and to the condition that results thereby....
    ', (Hes. Attic     thánatos 'death', from root than-) ,PIE *dhenh2- 'to leave, danotês (disaster,pain) Sophocles
    Sophocles

    Sophocles was the second of the three classical Greece tragedy whose work has survived. His first plays were written later than those of Aeschylus and earlier than those of Euripides....
     Lacaenae fr.338
  • danon 'murderer' (Attic thanon dead ,past participle)
  • 'oak' (Hes. Attic drûs, PIE *doru-)
  • drêes or small birds ( Attic strouthoi ) (Elean , strouthos, Nicander
    Nicander

    Nicander of Colophon , Greece poet, physician and grammarian, was born at Claros, near Colophon, where his family held the hereditary priesthood of Apollo....
    .Fr.123.)( LSJ: strouthoi , strouthos)
  • spleen , (Attic ???a? chest,corslet
  • Macedonian dessert
  • Zeirênis epithet or alternative for Aphrodite
    Aphrodite

    Aphrodite is the classical Greek mythology goddess of love, sex, and beauty. According to Greek oral poet Hesiod, she was born when Uranus was castrated by his son Cronus....
     ( Siren
    Siren

    In Greek mythology, the Sirens were three dangerous bird-women, portrayed as seductresses, who lived on an island called Sirenum scopuli. In some later, rationalized traditions the literal geography of the "flowery" island of Anthemoessa, or Anthemusa, is fixed: sometimes on Cape Pelorum and at others in the Sirenusian islands near Paestum...
    -like)
  • ex-name of Macedonia,region of Emathia from mythological Emathus
    Emathus

    Emathus , Emathius or Amathus , was son of Makednos, from whom Emathia was believed to have derived its name. The daughters of Pierus, the Pierides, are sometimes called Emathides....
     (Homeric , river-sandy land , PIE *samadh. Generally the coastal Lower Macedonia in contrast to mountainous Upper Macedonia
    Upper Macedonia

    Upper Macedonia is a geographical and tribal term to describe the regions that became part of the kingdom of Macedon in the early 4th century BC....
    .For     meadow land (me-2, m-e-t- to reap) ,see Pokorny.
  • Thaulos epithet or alternative of Ares
    Ares

    In Greek mythology, Ares is the son of Zeus and Hera. Though often referred to as the Twelve Olympians God of warfare, he is more accurately the god of bloodlust, or slaughter personified: "Ares is apparently an ancient abstract noun meaning throng of battle, war."...
      (     Thaulia 'festival in Doric
    Doric Greek

    Doric or Dorian was a ancient Greek dialects of ancient Greek Greek language. Its variants were spoken in the southern and eastern Peloponnese, Crete, Rhodes, some islands in the southern Aegean Sea, some cities on the coasts of Asia Minor, Southern Italy, Sicily, Epirus and Macedon....
     Tarentum
    Taranto

    Taranto is a coastal city in Puglia, Southern Italy. It is the capital of the Province of Taranto and is an important commercial port as well as the main Italian naval base....
     ,     thaulizein 'to celebrate like Dorians' , Thessalian Zeus Thaulios, the only attested in epigraphy 10 times, Athenian Zeus Thaulôn, Athenian family Thaulônidai
  • Nymphs Muses (Homeric rushing, impetuous.
  • wish, good luck (Attic agathêi tychêi) (Doric , ,Arcadian
    Arcadocypriot

    Arcadocypriot or southern Achaeans was an ancient Greek dialects spoken in Arcadia in the central Peloponnese and Cyprus. Its resemblance to Mycenaean Greek, as we know it from the Linear B corpus, suggests that Arcadocypriot is its descendant....
      ) ( Cretan agathon ) or Thracian
    Thracian language

    The Thracian language was the Indo-European language spoken in ancient times by the Thracians in South-Eastern Europe....
      wine.
  • ílax 'the holm-oak, evergreen or scarlet oak' (Hes. Attic prînos, Latin
    Latin

    Latin is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Through the Military history of the Roman Empire, Latin spread throughout the Mediterranean and a large part of Europe....
         ilex)
  • midday ( Attic , mesêmbria) (Arcadian also in instead of Attic en)
  • having the lance up (Hes. Ibyc
    Ibycus

    Ibycus , of Rhegium in Italy, was an Ancient Greek Lyric poetry poet. He was included in the canon list of nine lyric poets by the scholars of Hellenistic Alexandria....
    ? Stes
    Stesichorus

    Stesichorus was a Ancient Greece lyric poetry from Himera in Sicily, one of the nine lyric poets esteemed by the scholars of Hellenistic Alexandria as worthy of study....
    ?) having upwards the point of a spear)
( , Crasis
Crasis

Crasis is the contraction of a vowel or diphthong at the end of a word with a vowel or diphthong at the start of the following word. It occurs, for example, in Portuguese language, Arabic language, and Greek language....
) and,together,simultaneously + up ( hortatory password)
    • Macedonian 'gate, door' (Cf. any small dry body,piece of wood (Hes. Attic 'meat roasted over coals'; Attic karabos 'stag-beetle'; 'crayfish'; 'light ship'; hence modern Greek karávi)
    • 'the worms in dry wood' (Attic 'stag-beetle, horned beetle; crayfish')
    • 'a sea creature' (Attic 'crayfish, prickly crustacean; stag-beetle')
  • Thessalo-Macedonian mimic military dance (see also Carpaea
    Carpaea

    Among the ancient Athens and Magnesians, carpaea was a kind of dance or military exercise, performed by two persons; the one acting as a laborer, the other as a robber....
    ) Homeric
    Homeric Greek

    Homeric Greek is the form of Ancient Greek that was used by Homer in the Iliad and Odyssey. It is an archaic version of Ionic Greek, with admixtures from certain other dialects, such as Aeolic Greek....
      swift (for foot) eager,ravenous.
  • kí[k]erroi 'pale ones' (Hes. Attic okhroi, PIE *k^ik^er- 'pea') (LSJ: land crocodile
    Crocodile

    A crocodile is any species belonging to the family Crocodylidae . The term can also be used more loosely to include all members of the order Crocodilia: i.e....
    )
  • kommarai or komarai crawfishes
    Crayfish

    Crayfish, crawfish, or crawdads are fresh water crustaceans resembling small lobsters, to which they are related. They breathe through feather-like gills and are found in bodies of water that do not freeze to the bottom; they are also mostly found in brooks and streams where there is fresh water running, and which have shelter ag...
     (Attic karides)(LSJ: a kind of lobster, Epicharmus.60, Sophron
    Sophron

    Sophron, of Syracuse, Italy, writer of mimes, flourished about 430 BC.He was the author of prose dialogues in the Doric Greek dialect, containing both male and female characters, some serious, others humorous in style, and depicting scenes from the daily life of the Sicilian Greeks....
    .26, Rhinthon
    Rhinthon

    Rhinthon was a Hellenistic period Greek drama.The son of a potter, he was probably a native of Syracuse, Italy and afterwards settled at Taranto....
    .18:-- also kammaris , idos Galen
    Galen

    Aelius Galenus or Claudius Galenus , better known as Galen of Pergamum , was a prominent Ancient Rome physician and philosopher of Greek origin, and probably the most accomplished medical researcher of the Roman period....
    .6.735.) ( a fish Epicharmus.47.)
  • 'molars' (Attic gomphioi, dim.
    Diminutive

    In language structure, a diminutive, or diminutive form, is a formation of a word used to convey a slight degree of the root meaning, smallness of the object or quality named, encapsulation, intimacy, or endearment....
     of     'a large, wedge-shaped bolt or nail; any bond or fastening', PIE *gombh-)
  • or kynoutos bear (Hesychius kynoupeus, knoupeus ,knôpeus)( dog-faced) ( beast esp. serpent instead of kinôpeton , blind acc. Zonar (from dark)(if kynoutos ( beast)
  • salty water with , rice-wheat or fish-sauce.(Cf. 'sauce or pickle composed of brine and garlic'). According to Albrecht von Blumenthal, -ama corresponds to Attic halmurós 'salty'; Cretan Doric
    Doric Greek

    Doric or Dorian was a ancient Greek dialects of ancient Greek Greek language. Its variants were spoken in the southern and eastern Peloponnese, Crete, Rhodes, some islands in the southern Aegean Sea, some cities on the coasts of Asia Minor, Southern Italy, Sicily, Epirus and Macedon....
      for Attic halme;     laked- is cognate to Proto-Germanic *lauka leek
    Leek

    The leek, Allium ampeloprasum var. porrum , also sometimes known as Allium porrum, is a vegetable which belongs, along with the onion and garlic, to the Alliaceae family....
     ,possibly related is     Laked-aímon, the name of the Sparta
    Sparta

    Sparta was a city-state in ancient Greece, situated on the Eurotas River in the southern part of the Peloponnese. From circa 650 BC it rose to become the dominant military power in the region and as such was recognized as the overall leader of the combined Greek forces during the Greco-Persian Wars....
    n land.
  • leíbethron 'stream' (Hes. Attic rheîthron, also libádion, 'a small stream', dim. of libás; PIE *lei, 'to flow'); typical Greek productive suffix (-thron) (Macedonian toponym , Pierian Leibethra
    Leibethra

    Libethra was a place close to Olympus where Orpheus was buried, destroyed by a flood of the river Sys. It was a place where the Libethrian Nymphs were worshipped....
     place/tomb of Orpheus
    Orpheus

    Orpheus was a legendary figure, probably from Thracian origin, venerated by the Greeks and Thracians of the Classical age as a chief among poets and musicians, and the perfector of the lyre invented by Hermes....
    )
  • kind of bird ( mattuê a meat-dessert of Macedonian or Thessalian origin) (verb mattuazo to prepare the mattue) (Athenaeus)
  • eagle or kind of eagle (Attic aetos , Pamphylian
    Pamphylian Greek

    Pamphylian is a little-attested and isolated dialect of Ancient Greek which was spoken in Pamphylia, on the southern coast of Asia Minor. Its origins and relation to other Greek dialects are uncertain....
     aibetos) (PIE
    Pie

    A pie is a baked dish which is usually made of a pastry dough shell that covers or completely contains a filling of various sweetness or savoury ingredients....
     *por- 'going, passage' + *awi- 'bird') (Greek para- 'beside' + Hes. wind) (It may exist as food in Lopado...pterygon)
  • peripeteia
    Peripeteia

    Peripeteia is a reversal of circumstances, or turning point. The term is primarily used with reference to works of literature. The English form of peripeteia is peripety....
     or Macedonian festival in month Peritios. (Hesychius text )
  • bunch of grapes (Ionic
    Ionic Greek

    Ionic Greek was a sub-dialect of the Attic-Ionic dialectal group of Ancient Greek .Ionic dialect appears to have spread originally from the Greek mainland across the Aegean at the time of the Dorian invasions, around the 11th Century B.C....
     rhagmata,rhages Koine rhôgmata,rhôges , )
  • this (neut.) (Attic )
  • tagonaga Macedonian institution,administration ( Thessalian commander + lead)


Other Sources


  • eagle (EM 28.19
    Etymologicum Magnum

    Etymologicum Magnum is the traditional title of a Greek lexical encyclopedia compiled at Constantinople by an unknown lexicographer around 1150 AD....
    ) ( goat-eater + digestion) (Cf.eagle turtle-eater)
  • lift up and strike together,applaud vehemently (Attic anakroteô) Hippolochus
    Hippolochus

    Hippolochus was a Ancient Macedonians writer, a student of Theophrastus, who addressed to his fellow-student Lynceus of Samos a description of a wedding feast in Macedon in the early 3rd century BC....
    ' letter. Athenaeus.4.129c we applauded the bridegroom
  • (wiki Argyraspides
    Argyraspides

    The Argyraspides , in English Silvershields, were a division of the Macedonian army of Alexander the Great, who were so called because they carried shields covered with silver plates....
    ) and (golden and bronze-shielded)
  • asthetairoi (wiki Asthetairoi
    Asthetairoi

    The Asthetairoi were the elite of the Macedonian Infantry. They were chosen Pezhetairoi , equipped with sarissa , argive shield, and short sword....
    ) (- of the towns,of quality)
  • asthippoi elite cavalry
  • speak, say ( Attic in poetic use only ) (Cf. phô) Eustathius
    Eustathius of Thessalonica

    Eustathius of Thessalonica was a native of Constantinople who became archbishop of Thessalonica. After being a monk in the monastery of St. Florus, he was appointed to the offices of superintendent of peti?tions , professor of rhetoric , and deacon of the church of Constantinople....
     citing Heracleides Od. pp.375-376,1654,19-20 (Poetic oracular saying , voice)
  • buktas wind (EM 179,3
    Etymologicum Magnum

    Etymologicum Magnum is the traditional title of a Greek lexical encyclopedia compiled at Constantinople by an unknown lexicographer around 1150 AD....
     by Didymus
    Didymus Chalcenterus

    Didymus Chalcenterus , ca. 63 BCE to 10 CE, was a Hellenistic Greeks scholar and grammarian who flourished in the time of Cicero and Augustus....
     s.v. Aphrodite) ,comparing blow) (Attic anemos wind) (Homeric     swelling, blustering, for wind , buktaôn anemôn Od.10.20 ) (buktês hurricane, Lycophron
    Lycophron

    Lycophron was a Greece poet and grammarian .He was born at Chalcis in Euboea, and flourished at Alexandria in the time of Ptolemy Philadelphus ....
    .738,756)
  • a Macedonian bread (Thessalian bread )(Athamanian
    Athamanes

    Athamanes is a community in the Karditsa Prefecture, Greece. Population 1,767 . The seat of the community is in Petrilo....
     bread     dramix.(Athenaeus).
  • felt
    Felt

    Felt is a non-weave cloth that is produced by matting, condensing and pressing fibers. While some types of felt are very soft, some are tough enough to form construction materials....
     hat used by Macedonians, forming part of the regalia
    Regalia

    Regalia is Latin plurale tantum for the privileges and the insignia characteristic of a Sovereignty.The word stems from the Latin substantivation of the adjective regalis, 'regal', itself from Rex, 'king'....
     of the kings.
  • wooden cup Marsyas
    Marsyas of Philippi

    Marsyas of Philippi was a Macedon Greeks historian and the son of Critophemus. He was often called Marsyas the Younger to distinguish him from Marsyas of Pella, with whom he has frequently been confounded....
    (Aeolic kissybion skyphos
    Skyphos

    In classifying the pottery of Ancient Greece, a skyphos is a two-handled deep wine-cup on a low flanged base or none. The handles may be horizontal ear-shaped thumbholds that project from the rim , or they may be loop handles at the rim or that stand away from the lower part of the body....
    ) Athenaeus XI 477a
  • klinótrokhon, according to Theophrastus
    Theophrastus

    Theophrastus , a Greek native of Eressos in Lesbos Island, was the successor of Aristotle in the Peripatetic school. His interests were wide-ranging, extending from biology and physics to ethics and metaphysics....
     a sort of maple
    Maple

    Acer is a genus of trees or shrubs commonly known as Maple. Maples are variously classified in a family of their own, the Aceraceae, or included in the family Sapindaceae....
     in Stageira
    Stageira

    Stageira was an ancient Greece city on the Chalcidice peninsula and is chiefly known for being the birthplace of Aristotle. The city lies a few kilometres north of the present-day village of Stagira, close to the city now called Olympias....
    , Pokorny
    Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch

    The Indogermanisches etymologisches W?rterbuch was published in 1959 by the Austrian-German comparative linguist and Celtic languages expert Julius Pokorny....
     Attic     gleînon), LSJ: glînos or gleînos, Cretan maple, Acer creticum', Thphr.HP3.3.1, 3.11.2.
  • number (Athenaeus when talking about Koios, the Titan
    Titan (mythology)

    In Greek mythology, the Titans ; were a race of powerful deities that ruled during the legendary golden age. Their role as Elder Gods was overthrown by a race of younger gods, the Twelve Olympians, effected a mythological paradigm shift that the Greeks borrowed from the Ancient Near East....
     of intelligence;     and the Macedonians use koios as synonymous with (LSJ: mark, perceive, hear pledge , Hes. compose s.v. ) (Laocoön
    Laocoön

    LACOOON , the son of Acoetes was a Troy priest of Poseidon, , whose rules he had defied, either by marrying and having sons, or by having committed an impiety by making love with his wife in the presence of a cult image in a sanctuary; his minor role in the Epic Cycle narrating the Trojan War was of warning the Trojans in vain against acc...
    ,     thyoskoos observer of sacrifices, akouô hear) (All from PIE
    Pie

    A pie is a baked dish which is usually made of a pastry dough shell that covers or completely contains a filling of various sweetness or savoury ingredients....
     root *keu to notice, observe, feel; to hear.
  • bastard (Attic nothos ,skotios) Marsyas
    Marsyas of Philippi

    Marsyas of Philippi was a Macedon Greeks historian and the son of Critophemus. He was often called Marsyas the Younger to distinguish him from Marsyas of Pella, with whom he has frequently been confounded....
    .24J.( by Photius) (Laconian parthenios)
  • (wiki Pezhetairoi
    Pezhetairoi

    The Pezhetairoi were the backbone of the Ancient Macedonian military. They were literally "foot companions" .The Macedonian phalanxes were made up almost entirely by pezhetairoi....
    ) (Attic ,) (Aeolic )
  • Púdna,Pydna
    Pydna

    Pydna , also Pidna was a Greek city in ancient Macedon, the most important in Pieria. Modern Pydna is a rural municipality and coastal town in the northeastern part of the Prefecture of Pieria....
     toponym (Pokorny
    Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch

    The Indogermanisches etymologisches W?rterbuch was published in 1959 by the Austrian-German comparative linguist and Celtic languages expert Julius Pokorny....
     Attic     puthmen 'bottom, sole, base of a vessel'; PIE *bhudhna; Attic pýndax 'bottom of vessel') (Cretan
    Doric Greek

    Doric or Dorian was a ancient Greek dialects of ancient Greek Greek language. Its variants were spoken in the southern and eastern Peloponnese, Crete, Rhodes, some islands in the southern Aegean Sea, some cities on the coasts of Asia Minor, Southern Italy, Sicily, Epirus and Macedon....
    ,    Pytna'Hierapytna
    Ierapetra

    Ierapetra is a municipality and a town in the east of the Greece island of Crete, in the prefecture of Lasithi. The municipality has an area of 394.774 square kilometres and a population of 23,707 ....
    ,Sacred Pytna.
  • spear ( Cypriotic sigynon ) ( Illyria
    Illyria

    'Illyria' was in Classical antiquity a region in the western part of today's Balkan Peninsula, inhabited by tribes of Illyrians, an ancient people who spoke the Illyrian languages....
    n ) ( Origin : Illyrian acc. to Fest.p.453 L., citing Ennius
    Ennius

    Quintus Ennius was a writer during the period of the Roman Republic, and is often considered the father of Roman poetry. He was of Greeks descent....
    ) ( Cyprian
    Cyprus

    Cyprus , officially the Republic of Cyprus , is an island country situated in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, east of Greece, west of Lebanon, Syria, and Israel, south of Turkey and north of Egypt....
     acc. to Herodotus
    Herodotus

    Herodotus of Halicarnassus was a Greeks historian who lived in the 5th century BC and is regarded as the "Father of History" in Western culture....
     and Aristotle
    Aristotle

    Aristotle was a Greeks philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. He wrote on many subjects, including physics, metaphysics, Poetics , theater, music, logic, rhetoric, politics, government, ethics, biology and zoology....
      Il. cc., Scythian acc. to Sch.Par.A.R.4.320 (cf. 111)
  • , hammer-fish sphyraena (Strattis
    Strattis

    Strattis, was an Athenian comic poet of the Old Comedy, whose plays were probably written and produced between 412 BC and 390 BC BCE. According to the Suda Lexicon, which quotes Athenaeus's second book of Deipnosophistae, his works included:...
    ,Makedones (fr. 28) -(Attic.??st?a,) (cestra, needle-fish (modern Greek fish sf???da,sfyrida)
  • of the same year Marsyas
    Marsyas of Philippi

    Marsyas of Philippi was a Macedon Greeks historian and the son of Critophemus. He was often called Marsyas the Younger to distinguish him from Marsyas of Pella, with whom he has frequently been confounded....
     ( Attic autoetês , Poetic oietês )
  • lion (Attic/Poetic fierce, for lion,eagle instead of , bright-eyed) (Charon (mythology)
    Charon (mythology)

    In Greek mythology, Charon or Kharon was the ferryman of Hades who carried souls of the newly deceased across the river that divided the world of the living from the world of the dead....
    )


Proposed

A number of Hesychius words are listed orphan; some of them have been proposed as Macedonian

  • wild pear-tree ( Attic .
  • adalos charcoal dust (Attic aithalos , asbolos)
  • addee imp. hurry up ( Attic thee of run )
  • 'hearth' (Hes. eskhára, LSJ Attic aîthos 'fire, burning heat')
  • aidôssa ( Attic portico, corridor ,verandah, a loggia
    Loggia

    Loggia is the name given to an architectural feature, originally of Italy design, which is often a gallery or corridor generally on the ground level, or sometimes higher, on the facade of a building and open to the air on one side, where it is supported by columns or pierced openings in the wall....
     leading from aulê yard to prodomos)
  • 'fasces
    Fasces

    Fasces symbolize summary power and jurisdiction, and/or "strength through unity".The traditional ancient Rome fasces consisted of a bundle of white birch rods, tied together with a red leather ribbon into a cylinder, and often including a bronze axe amongst the rods, with the blade on the side, projecting from the bundle....
    ' (Hes. Attic desmoì phrugánon, Pokorny
    Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch

    The Indogermanisches etymologisches W?rterbuch was published in 1959 by the Austrian-German comparative linguist and Celtic languages expert Julius Pokorny....
      baskeutaí, Attic phaskídes, Attic     pháskolos 'leather sack', PIE *bhasko-)
  • sphinx
    Sphinx

    A sphinx is a zoomorphic mythological figure which is depicted as a recumbent lion with a human head. It has its origins in sculpted figures of Old Kingdom Ancient Egypt, to which the ancient Greeks applied their own name for a female monster, the "strangler", an archaic figure of Greek mythology....
     (Boeotian
    Boeotian

    Boeotian may refer to:* The people from Boeotia, a region of central ancient Greece* One of several sub-dialects of the Aeolic Greek dialect of the Greek language, spoken by the Boeotians....
     phix) , (Attic )
  • sea (Attic thalatta) (Ionic
    Ionic Greek

    Ionic Greek was a sub-dialect of the Attic-Ionic dialectal group of Ancient Greek .Ionic dialect appears to have spread originally from the Greek mainland across the Aegean at the time of the Dorian invasions, around the 11th Century B.C....
     thalassa)
  • dedalai package, bundle (Attic dethla, desmai)
  • eskorodos tenon ( Attic tormos tornos slice,lathe)
  • Eudalagines Graces ????te?
    The Three Graces

    Antonio Canova?s statue The Three Graces is a Neoclassicism sculpture, in marble, of the mythological three charites, daughters of Zeus ? identified on some engravings of the statue as, from left to right, Euphrosyne , Aglaea and Thalia - who were said to represent beauty, charm and joy....
     (Attic Euthalgines)
  • 'jaws' nom. pl. (Attic gnathoi, PIE *genu, 'jaw') (Laconian kanadoka notch (V) of an arrow )
  • shield ( Doric
    Doric Greek

    Doric or Dorian was a ancient Greek dialects of ancient Greek Greek language. Its variants were spoken in the southern and eastern Peloponnese, Crete, Rhodes, some islands in the southern Aegean Sea, some cities on the coasts of Asia Minor, Southern Italy, Sicily, Epirus and Macedon....
      laia , laipha ) ( Attic aspis
    Aspis

    An aspis is the generic term for the word shield. The aspis, which is carried by Ancient Greece infantry of various periods, is often referred to as a hoplon ....
     )
  • storm (Attic lailaps)
  • isoetes plant ( bloom)
  • potion ( Attic rhophema ) rhopheo suck,absorb suck with noise.


Contributions to the Koine

Despite the Macedonians' important role in the formation of the Koine, Macedonian itself contributed few elements to the dialect, such as military terminology (d?µ????t??, ta??a????, ?pasp?sta? etc.) and, possibly, the suffix "-issa".

Political controversy

Though no scholar connects Ancient Macedonian to the Slavic
Slavic languages

File:Slavic europe.svgThe Slavic languages , a group of closely related languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup of Indo-European languages, have speakers in most of Eastern Europe, in much of the Balkans, in parts of Central Europe, and in the northern part of Asia....
 Modern Macedonian language
Macedonian language

Macedonian is the official language of the Republic of Macedonia and is a part of the Eastern group of South Slavic languages. Macedonian is closely related to and shares a high degree of mutual intelligibility with the Bulgarian language, Serbian language, Bosnian language, and Croatian language languages....
, the classification of the language has come to have political overtones in the Macedonia naming dispute
Macedonia naming dispute

The Macedonia naming dispute between Greece and the Republic of Macedonia stems from the disagreement over the use of the name Macedonia . Greece opposes the post-1991 constitutional name of its northern neighbour, citing the lack of disambiguation between it and the adjacent Greek region of Macedonia ....
 and the Macedonian language naming dispute
Macedonian language naming dispute

The name of the Macedonian language, as used by the people and defined in the constitution of the Republic of Macedonia, is "Macedonian" . This is also the name used by international bodies, such as the United Nations and the World Health Organisation....
.

See also

  • Ancient Greek
    Ancient Greek

    Ancient Greek is the historical stage in the development of the Greek language spanning across the Archaic Greece , Classical Greece , and Hellenistic civilization periods of ancient Greece and the classical antiquity....
  • Ancient Greek dialects
  • Proto-Greek language
    Proto-Greek language

    The Proto-Greek language is the assumed last common ancestor of all known varieties of Greek language, including Mycenaean Greek language, the ancient Greek ancient Greek dialects , and ultimately Koine Greek, Medieval Greek and modern Greek....
  • Amerias
    Amerias

    Amerias was an ancient Macedonians lexicographer, known for his compilation of a Glossary entitled . ?nother of his works was called ????t??????, Rhizotomikos , an etymological treatise....
  • Alexarchus
    Alexarchus

    Alexarchus or Alexarch was an Macedon scholar and officer, son of Antipater and brother of Cassander. He lived around 350 to 290 BC. He is mentioned as the founder of a utopian town called Ouranopolis, in Chalcidice....
  • Macedon
    Macedon

    Macedon or Macedonia was the name of a monarchy centred in the northernmost part of ancient Greece. The homeland of the ancient Macedonians, it was bordered by the kingdom of Epirus to the west and the region of Thrace to the east....
  • Ancient Greece
    Ancient Greece

    The term Ancient Greece refers to the period of History of Greece lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca. 1100 BC and the Dorian invasion, to 146 BC and the Roman Republic conquest of Greece after the Battle of Corinth ....
  • Phrygian language
    Phrygian language

    The Phrygian language was the Indo-European language of the Phrygians, a people from Thrace who later migrated to Asia Minor.Inscriptions...
  • Thracian language
    Thracian language

    The Thracian language was the Indo-European language spoken in ancient times by the Thracians in South-Eastern Europe....


Further reading

  • Babiniotis, G. "Ancient Macedonian: The Place of Macedonian among the Greek Dialects", Macedonian Hellenism, edited by A.M. Tamis. Melbourne, 1990, pp. 241–250.
  • Brixhe C., Panayotou A. (1994) Le Macédonien in Bader, F. (ed.) Langues indo-européennes, Paris:CNRS éditions, 1994, pp 205–220. ISBN 227105043-X
  • Chadwick, J.
    John Chadwick

    John Chadwick was an England Linguistics and Classics scholar most famous for his role in deciphering Linear B, along with Michael Ventris....
     The Prehistory of the Greek Language. Cambridge, 1963.
  • Hammond, Nicholas G.L.
    N. G. L. Hammond

    Nicholas Geoffrey Lempri?re Hammond was a British scholar of ancient Greece of great accomplishment and an operative for the British Special Operations Executive in occupied Greece during World War II....
     "Literary Evidence for Macedonian Speech", Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, Vol. 43, No. 2. (1994), pp. 131–142.
  • Katicic, Radoslav
    Radoslav Katicic

    Radoslav Katicic is a Croatian linguistics, historian, and culturology.After graduating from the University of Zagreb in Indo-European languages comparative grammar, Katicic began extensive studies in general linguistics, ancient Balkans languages, indology and Croatian language history....
    . Ancient Languages of the Balkans. The Hague; Paris: Mouton, 1976.
  • Neroznak, V. Paleo-Balkan languages. Moscow, 1978.
  • Rhomiopoulou, Katerina. An Outline of Macedonian History and Art. Greek Ministry of Culture and Science, 1980.
  • Babiniotis G. Mediae question in Ancient Macedonian Greek reconsidered in Essays in Linguistics offered in Honor of Oswald Szemerenyi, 1991


External links

  • : ISO639-3, entry for Ancient Macedonian (XMK)