thumb
Anatolian Beyliks or
Turkmen Beyliks (
TurkishTurkish is spoken as a first language by over 63 million people worldwide, making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. Its speakers are located predominantly in Turkey and Cyprus, with smaller groups in Iraq, Greece, Bulgaria, the Republic of Macedonia, Kosovo, Albania and other...
:
Anadolu Beylikleri,
Ottoman TurkishOttoman Turkish may refer to:* Ottoman Turkish language* Ottoman Turks* Ottoman Empire...
:
Tevâif-i mülûk) were small
TurkishTurkey , known officially as the Republic of Turkey
, is a Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in Western Asia and Thrace in the Balkan region of southeastern Europe...
emirateAn emirate is a political territory that is ruled by a dynastic Muslim Monarch styled emir.-Etymology:Etymologically emirate or amirate is the quality, dignity, office or territorial competence of any emir .-As monarchies:The United Arab Emirates is a federal state that comprises seven federal...
s or
Muslim:A Muslim , , is an adherent of the religion of Islam. The feminine form is Muslimah . Literally, the word means "one who submits ". Muslim is the participle of the same verb of which Islam is the infinitive. Muslims believe that there is only one God, translated in Arabic as Allah...
principalities governed by
BeyBey is a Turkish title for "chieftain," traditionally applied to the leaders of small tribal groups. In historical accounts, many Turkish, other Turkic and Persian leaders are titled Bey, Beg, Bek, Bay, Baig or Beigh...
s, which were founded across
AnatoliaAnatolia is a geographic region of Western Asia, comprising most of the modern Republic of Turkey. The region is bounded by the Black Sea to the north, the Caucasus to the northeast, the Iranian plateau to the southeast, the Mediterranean Sea to the south and the Aegean Sea to the west...
at the end of the 11th century in a first period, and more extensively during the decline of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm during the second half of the 13th century.
The word "
BeylikBeylik is a Turkish word, meaning:*The territory under the jurisdiction of a Bey*Beuluk, a member of the Ottoman Sultan's janissary bodyguard*Anatolian Turkish Beyliks*Bəylik, places in Azerbaijan...
" denotes the territory under the jurisdiction of a Bey, roughly translated "Lord". Aside from its Anatolian context, the term is also used with reference to the 16th century
OttomanThe Ottoman Empire or Ottoman State , also known by its contemporaries as the Turkish Empire or Turkey , was an empire that lasted from 1299 to November 1, 1922 The Ottoman Empire or Ottoman State (Ottoman Turkish: دَوْلَتِ عَلِیَّهِ عُثْمَانِیَّه Dawlet-il ʿAliyyat-il ʿOs̠māniyye, Modern Turkish:...
governmental institutions in the largely autonomous regencies along the coastline of present-day
TunisiaTunisia , officially the Tunisian Republic , is a country located in North Africa. It is bordered by Algeria to the west and Libya to the southeast. Tunisia is located southwest of the island of Sicily and south of Sardinia. Its size is almost 165,000 km² with an estimated population of just...
and
AlgeriaAlgeria , officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country located in North Africa. It is the largest country on the Mediterranean sea, the second largest on the African continent and the eleventh-largest country in the world in terms of land area.It is bordered by Tunisia in...
.
History
Following the 1071 Seljuk victory over the Byzantine Empire at the
Battle of ManzikertThe Battle of Manzikert, or Malazgirt, was fought between the Byzantine Empire and Seljuq forces led by Alp Arslan on August 26, 1071 near Manzikert . It resulted in one of the most decisive defeats of the Byzantine Empire and the capture of the Emperor Romanos IV Diogenes...
and the subsequent conquest of
AnatoliaAnatolia is a geographic region of Western Asia, comprising most of the modern Republic of Turkey. The region is bounded by the Black Sea to the north, the Caucasus to the northeast, the Iranian plateau to the southeast, the Mediterranean Sea to the south and the Aegean Sea to the west...
,
OghuzThe Oghuz were a group of Turkic peoples. In the ninth century the Oghuz Turks from the Aral steppes drove the Pecheneg Turks of the Emba region and the River Ural toward the west...
clans began settling in present-day
TurkeyTurkey , known officially as the Republic of Turkey
, is a Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in Western Asia and Thrace in the Balkan region of southeastern Europe...
. The Seljuk Sultanate's central power established in
KonyaKonya is a city in the Central Anatolia Region of Turkey. It is the capital of the Konya Province, and had a city population of 980,973 in 2008 while the provincial population was 1,959,082 in the same year.-Etymology:Konya, also spelled in some historic English texts as Konia or Koniah, was known...
employed these clans especially in border areas, in order to ensure safety against the Byzantines, under Beys called
uç beyi or
uj begi (
uç is a Turkish term for a border territory; cf.
marchesMark and march refer to a border region similar to a frontier, such as the Welsh Marches, the borderland between England and Wales.In contrast to a buffer zone, a march could be dominated by a single given country, and rather than being demilitarized, it could be strongly fortified for defence...
) (Thus
uç beyi is similar to
margraveA Margrave was a medieval hereditary nobleman with military responsibilities in a border province of a kingdom. Border provinces usually had more exposure to military incursions from the outside, compared to interior provinces, and thus a margrave usually had larger and more active military forces...
in Europe). These clans, led by beys, would receive military and financial aid from the Seljuks in return for their services, and acted as if owing full allegiance to their sovereignty.
However, with the Mongol invasions from the east, the Seljuk power deteriorated and instead
IlkhanateThe Ilkhanate, also spelled Il-khanate or Il Khanate , was a Mongol khanate established in Persia in the 13th century, considered a part of the Mongol Empire...
commanders in Anatolia gained strength and authority, which encouraged the beys to declare sovereignty openly. Following the fall of the centralized power in Konya, many Beys joined forces with the
atabegAtabeg, Atabek, or Atabey is a hereditary title of nobility of Turkic origin, indicating a governor of a nation or province who was subordinate to a monarch and charged with raising the crown prince...
s (former Seljuk leaders) and other religious Muslim leaders and warriors from Persia and
Turkistan*Türkistan is the local name for Turkestan, a region of Central Asia.*Türkistan, Kazakhstan is a historic city and place of pilgrimage in southern Kazakhstan...
fleeing the Mongols, invading the Byzantine empire where they established emirates. To maintain control of their new territory, these reestablished emirs employed
Ghazi warriorsGhazi or ghazah was originally an Arabic term referring to the battles in which the Islamic prophet Muhammad personally participated. It has since evolved into a term for battle associated with the expansion of Muslim territory...
from Persia and
Turkistan*Türkistan is the local name for Turkestan, a region of Central Asia.*Türkistan, Kazakhstan is a historic city and place of pilgrimage in southern Kazakhstan...
who also fled the Mongols. The ghazis fought under the inspiration of either a
mullahMullah/Mula/Molla is a Muslim man, educated in Islamic theology and sacred law. The title, given to some Islamic clergy, is derived from the Arabic word mawla, meaning "vicar", "master" and "guardian"...
or a general, trying to assert Islamic power, their assaults of the reestablished emirs upon the Byzantine Empire reaching even further expanded the power sphere of the beyliks.
When the Byzantine empire weakened, their cities in Asia Minor could resist the assaults of the beyliks less and less, and eventually many Turks settled in western parts of
AnatoliaAnatolia is a geographic region of Western Asia, comprising most of the modern Republic of Turkey. The region is bounded by the Black Sea to the north, the Caucasus to the northeast, the Iranian plateau to the southeast, the Mediterranean Sea to the south and the Aegean Sea to the west...
. As a result, many more beyliks were founded in these newly conquered western regions who entered into power struggles with the Byzantines, the
GenoeseThe Most Serene Republic of Genoa was an independent state in Liguria on the northwestern Italian coast from 1005 to 1797, when it was invaded by armies of Revolutionary France under Napoleon. It was then succeeded by the Ligurian Republic, which existed until 1805 before being annexed by the...
, the
Knights TemplarThe Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon , commonly known as the Knights Templar or the Order of the Temple , were among the most famous of the Western Christian military orders...
as well as between each other.
By 1300, Turks had reached the
AegeanThe Aegean Sea is an elongated embayment of the Mediterranean Sea located between the southern Balkan and Anatolian peninsulas, i.e., between the mainlands of Greece and Turkey respectively. In the north, it is connected to the Marmara Sea and Black Sea by the Dardanelles and Bosporus...
coastline, held momentarily a century before. In the beginning, the most powerful states were the
KaramanoğluBeylik of Karaman or of Karamanoğlu , also called the Karamanid Dynasty or the Karamanids, was an Anatolian Turkish Beylik state centered in south-central Anatolia, around the present-day Karaman Province...
(or the Karamanid) and the
GermiyanThe Anatolian Turkish Beylik of Germiyan with its capital in Kütahya was one of the prominent frontier principalities established by Oghuz Turkish clans after the decline of Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm....
in the central area. The Beylik of Osmanoğlu Dynasty who were later to found the
Ottoman EmpireThe Ottoman Empire or Ottoman State , also known by its contemporaries as the Turkish Empire or Turkey , was an empire that lasted from 1299 to November 1, 1922 The Ottoman Empire or Ottoman State (Ottoman Turkish: دَوْلَتِ عَلِیَّهِ عُثْمَانِیَّه Dawlet-il ʿAliyyat-il ʿOs̠māniyye, Modern Turkish:...
was situated to the northwest, around
SöğütSöğüt is a town and district of Bilecik Province in the Marmara region of Turkey. Söğüt has an area of and borders Bilecik to the west, Gölpazarı to the north, İnhisar to the northeast, Eskişehir to the southeast, and Bozüyük to the southwest. The 2000 census put the population at 21,012 citizens,...
, and was a small and at that stage, insignificant power. Along the Aegean coast, from north to south, stretched
KaresiThe Anatolian Turkish Beylik of Karesi, with its capital in Balıkesir, was one of the frontier principalities established by Oghuz Turkish clans after the decline of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm....
,
SaruhanThe Anatolian Turkish Beylik of Saruhan with its capital in Manisa was one of the frontier principalities established by Oghuz Turkish clans after the decline of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm. It was founded by the tribal chief Saruhan about 1300...
,
AydınoğluThe Anatolian Turkish Beylik of Aydınoğlu with its capital first in Birgi, and later in Ayasluğ , was one of the frontier principalities established in the 14th century by Oghuz Turks after the decline of Sultanate of Rum...
, Menteşe and
TekeThe Anatolian Turkish Beylik of Teke with its capital at Antalya was one of the frontier principalities established by Oghuz Turkish clans after the decline of Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm...
principalities. The
CandaroğluCandaroğlu Beylik is an Anatolian Turkish Beylik that ruled principally in the regions corresponding to present-day Kastamonu and Sinop provinces of Turkey, also covering parts of Zonguldak, Bartın, Karabük, Samsun, Bolu, Ankara and Çankırı provinces, between 1292 - 1461, in the Black Sea...
(also called
İsfendiyaroğlu) controlled the
Black Seaur a loser!The Black Sea is an inland sea bounded by Europe, Anatolia and the Caucasus and is ultimately connected to the Atlantic Ocean via the Mediterranean and Aegean Seas and various straits. The Bosporus strait connects it to the Sea of Marmara, and the strait of the Dardanelles connects it to...
region round
KastamonuKastamonu is the capital district of the Kastamonu Province, Turkey. According to the 2000 census, population of the district is 102,059 of which 64,606 live in the urban center of Kastamonu. The district covers an area of , and the town lies at an elevation of...
and
SinopSinop is a city with a population of 47,000 on İnce Burun , by its Cape Sinop which is situated on the most northern edge of the Turkish side of Black Sea coast, in the ancient region of Paphlagonia, in modern-day northern Turkey, historically known as Sinope...
.
Under its eponymous founder,
Osman IOsman I, Osman Gazi or Othman I El-Gazi Ottoman: عثمان بن أرطغرل, or Osman Bey or I.Osman or Osman Sayed II) was the leader of the Ottoman Turks, and the founder of the dynasty that established and ruled the Ottoman Empire...
, the Beylik of Osmanoğlu expanded at Byzantine expense south and west of the
Sea of MarmaraThe Sea of Marmara , also known as the Sea of Marmora or the Marmara Sea, and in the context of classical antiquity as Propontis , is the inland sea that connects the Black Sea to the Aegean Sea, thus separating Turkey's Asian and European parts. The Bosporus strait connects it to the Black Sea and...
in the first decades of the 14th century. With their annexation of the neighboring Beylik of Karesi and their advance into Roumelia as of 1354, they soon became strong enough to emerge as the main rivals of Karamanoğlu, who at that time were thought to be the strongest. Towards the end of the 14th century, the Ottomans advanced further into Anatolia by acquiring towns, either by buying them off or through marriage alliances. Meanwhile the Karamanoğlu assaulted the Ottomans many times with the help of other beyliks,
MamlukA mamluk was a soldier who converted to Islam and served the Muslim Arab caliphs from the 9th to the 16th centuries. They were of mixed ancestry but mainly Kipchak Turks...
s,
Ak KoyunluThe Ak Koyunlu or Aq Qoyunlu, also called the White Sheep Turkomans , was an Oghuz Turkic tribal federation, that ruled parts of present-day Eastern Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan, northern Iraq, and western Iran from 1378 to 1508.-History:According to Byzantine chronicles, the Ak Koyunlu were...
("White Sheep") Turkmens, Byzantines,
PonticsPontus or Pontos is a historical Greek designation for a region on the southern coast of the Black Sea, located in modern-day northeastern Turkey. The name was applied to the coastal region in antiquity by the Greeks who colonized the area, and derived from the Greek name of the Black Sea: Pontos...
and Hungarians, failing and losing power every time. By the close of the century, the early Ottoman leaders had conquered large parts of land from Karamanoğlu and other less prominent beyliks. These had a short respite when their territories were restored to them after the Ottoman defeat suffered against Tamerlane in 1402 in the
Battle of AnkaraThe Battle of Ankara or Battle of Angora, fought on July 20, 1402, took place at the field of Çubuk between the forces of the Ottoman sultan Bayezid I and the Turko-Mongol forces of Timur, ruler of the Timurid Empire.-Background:...
.
But the Ottoman state quickly collected itself under
Mehmed I Mehmed I Çelebi was a Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1413 to 1421.- His nickname :He is nicknamed as;...
and his son
Murad II Murad II Kodja was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1421 to 1451 ....
re-incorporated most of these beyliks into Ottoman territory in a space of around 25 years. The final blow for the
KaramanoğluBeylik of Karaman or of Karamanoğlu , also called the Karamanid Dynasty or the Karamanids, was an Anatolian Turkish Beylik state centered in south-central Anatolia, around the present-day Karaman Province...
was struck by
Mehmed IIMehmet II , was Sultan of the Ottoman Empire for a short time from 1444 to September 1446,...
who conquered their lands and re-assured a homogeneous rule in Anatolia. The further steps towards a single rule by the Ottomans were taken by
Selim ISelim I , also known as "the Excellent," "the Brave" or the best translation "the Stern", Yavuz in Turkish, the long name is Yavuz Sultan Selim; October 10 1465/1466/1470 September 22, 1520) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1512 to 1520...
who conquered
RamazanoğluThe Anatolian Turkish Beylik of Ramazanoğlu, with its capital in Adana and controlling Çukurova, was one of the frontier principalities established by Oghuz Turkish clans after the decline of Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm...
and
DulkadirThe Anatolian Turkish Beylik of Dulkadir or Dulkadiroğlu, with its capital in Kahramanmaraş, formerly Maraş, was one of the frontier principalities established by Oghuz Turkish clans after the decline of Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm....
territories in 1515 during his campaign against the
MamlukA mamluk was a soldier who converted to Islam and served the Muslim Arab caliphs from the 9th to the 16th centuries. They were of mixed ancestry but mainly Kipchak Turks...
s, and his son Süleyman the Magnificent who more or less completely united the present territories of Turkey (and much more) in his 1534 campaign.
Many of the former Anatolian beyliks became the basis for
administrative subdivisions in the Ottoman EmpireThe subdivisions of the Ottoman Empire were administrative divisions of the state organisation of the Ottoman Empire based on military administration but with civil executive functions as well. Outside this system were various types of vassal and tributary states. There were two main eras of...
.
List of the Anatolian beyliks
In the list below, a distinction should be made between the beyliks that were founded immediately after the
Battle of ManzikertThe Battle of Manzikert, or Malazgirt, was fought between the Byzantine Empire and Seljuq forces led by Alp Arslan on August 26, 1071 near Manzikert . It resulted in one of the most decisive defeats of the Byzantine Empire and the capture of the Emperor Romanos IV Diogenes...
in 1071, mostly situated towards the Eastern Anatolia, and who were vassals (or sometimes at war) to the centralized power of
Seljuk Sultanate or RumThe Sultanate of Rûm was the continuation of the Great Seljuq Empire in Anatolia, in direct lineage from 1077 to 1307, with capitals first at İznik and then at Konya. Since the court of the sultanate was highly mobile, cities like Kayseri and Sivas also functioned at times as capitals...
based in
KonyaKonya is a city in the Central Anatolia Region of Turkey. It is the capital of the Konya Province, and had a city population of 980,973 in 2008 while the provincial population was 1,959,082 in the same year.-Etymology:Konya, also spelled in some historic English texts as Konia or Koniah, was known...
, and between those beyliks that emerged as a result of the weakening of this central state under the Mongol blow with the
Battle of Köse DağThe Battle of Köse Dağ was fought between the Seljuk Turks of Rum and the Mongols on June 26 1243 at the defile of Köse Dağ, a location between Erzincan and Gümüşhane in northeast Turkey, and ended in a decisive Mongol victory.-The battle:...
in 1243 which had the indirect consequence of extending the
TurkishThe Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern, central and western Eurasia. They speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family. They share, to varying degrees, certain cultural traits and historical backgrounds...
aire in Western Anatolia toward the end of the 13th century.
Two specific cases involve entities that lasted during the reign of one man: Chaka Bey's Beylik centered in
İzmirİzmir, historically Smyrna, is Turkey's third most populous city and the country's largest port after Istanbul. It is located along the outlying waters of the Gulf of İzmir, by the Aegean Sea. It is the seat of İzmir Province, which has an area of 7350 km
2...
and parallel to the first Turkish spread in western Anatolia in late 11th century, and the Beylik of
Kadi Burhan al-DinKadi Burhan al-Din Ahmed was vizier and atabeg to the Eretnid rulers of Anatolia. In 783 AH he took over Eretnid lands and claimed the title of sultan for himself. He was also a poet who wrote primarily in Persian...
, vizier of the
EretnaEretna was an Anatolian Turkish Beylik that succeeded the Ilkhanid rulers in Anatolia and that ruled in a large region extending between Kayseri, Sivas and Amasya in Central Anatolia between 1328-1381....
who replaced the ruling dynasty and reigned as centered in Kayseri between 1381-1398. The Beylik of
AlaiyeAlaiye is the medieval Seljuk name for the modern Turkish city of Alanya . The city name is derived from the name of Sultan Alaeddin Keykubad I. It refers to the city-state in a specific period and the beylik which developed around there, at times under the Karamanoğlu dynasty...
, centered in
AlanyaAlanya , formerly Alaiye, is a seaside resort city and district of Antalya Province in the Mediterranean Region of Turkey, from the city of Antalya. On the southern coast of Turkey, the municipal district, including the city center, has close to 400,000 inhabitants...
, were vassals either to Karamanoğlu, or to other neighboring powers for the most part of their existence. Many of the other Beyliks also owed allegiance or were tributary to outside powers during parts of their existence.
Founded after the Battle of Malazgirt:
| Beylik's name |
Capital city |
Duration of rule |
| Chaka of Smyrna |
İzmirİzmir, historically Smyrna, is Turkey's third most populous city and the country's largest port after Istanbul. It is located along the outlying waters of the Gulf of İzmir, by the Aegean Sea. It is the seat of İzmir Province, which has an area of 7350 km 2...
|
1081 - 1098 |
| Ahlatshahs Ahlahshahs were the 11th-12th century rulers of an Anatolian Turkish Beylik of the first period founded after the Battle of Manzikert, and centered in Ahlat on the northwestern shore of the Lake Van in Eastern Anatolia...
(also called Sökmenli) |
Ahlat Ahlat is a historic town and a district in Turkey's Bitlis Province in Eastern Anatolia Region. The center town of Ahlat is situated on the northwestern coast of the Lake Van. She was the district in Van Province between 1929-1936....
|
1085 - 1207 |
| Artuklu |
Three branches in HasankeyfHasankeyf is a town and district located along the Tigris River in the Batman Province in southeastern Turkey. It was declared a natural conservation area by Turkey in 1981...
, MardinMardin is a city in southeastern Turkey. The capital of Mardin Province, it is known for its Arab-style architecture, and for its strategic location on a rocky mountain overlooking the plains of northern Syria. Mardin has a very mixed population, Kurds, Turks, Assyrian/Chaldean/Syriacs and Arabs...
and Harput |
Different durations for each branch (Totally finished in 1409) |
| Danishmend |
Sivas |
1071 - 1178 |
| Dilmaçoğlu |
Bitlis Bitlis is a town in eastern Turkey and the capital of Bitlis Province. Kurds form the majority of the population, which was 65,169 as of 2000....
|
1085 - 1398 |
| İnaloğlu |
Diyarbekir |
1095-1183 |
| Mengücek Mengücek was an Anatolian Turkish Beylik of the first period, founded after the Battle of Manzikert. The Mengücek Beylik ruled the regions of Erzincan, Kemah, Şebinkarahisar and Divriği in Eastern Anatolia in the 12th and 13th centuries.-Mengücek Gazi:Little is known about the founder Mengücek Gazi...
|
ErzincanErzincan is the capital of Erzincan Province in the eastern Anatolian region of Turkey. Nearby cities include Erzurum, Sivas, Tunceli, Bingöl, Elazığ, Malatya, Gumushane, Bayburt, and Giresun. The city is located at 39° 45' 12" North and 39° 20' 28" East, with an altitude of 1185 meters. The...
, later DivriğiDivriği is a town and a district of Sivas Province of Turkey. The town lies on gentle slope on the south bank of the Çaltısuyu river, a tributary of the Euphrates....
|
1072 - 1277 |
| Saltuklu Saltuklu dynasty were the rulers of an Anatolian Turkish Beylik of the first period founded after the Battle of Manzikert and centered in Erzurum, who ruled between 1071 to 1202. The beylik was founded by Emir Saltuk, one of the commanders of the Great Seljuk Alp Arslan...
|
Erzurum Erzurum is a city in eastern Anatolia, Turkey. The name "Erzurum" derives from "Arz-u Rûm"...
|
1072-1202 |
Founded after the Battle of Köse Dağ:
| Beylik's name |
Capital city |
Duration of rule |
| Alaiye Alaiye is the medieval Seljuk name for the modern Turkish city of Alanya . The city name is derived from the name of Sultan Alaeddin Keykubad I. It refers to the city-state in a specific period and the beylik which developed around there, at times under the Karamanoğlu dynasty...
|
AlanyaAlanya , formerly Alaiye, is a seaside resort city and district of Antalya Province in the Mediterranean Region of Turkey, from the city of Antalya. On the southern coast of Turkey, the municipal district, including the city center, has close to 400,000 inhabitants...
|
1293-1471 as vassals to KaramanoğluBeylik of Karaman or of Karamanoğlu , also called the Karamanid Dynasty or the Karamanids, was an Anatolian Turkish Beylik state centered in south-central Anatolia, around the present-day Karaman Province...
|
| Aydınoğlu The Anatolian Turkish Beylik of Aydınoğlu with its capital first in Birgi, and later in Ayasluğ , was one of the frontier principalities established in the 14th century by Oghuz Turks after the decline of Sultanate of Rum...
|
Birgi, later Ayasluğ (SelçukSelçuk is the central town of Selçuk district, İzmir Province in Turkey, northeast of Kuşadası, northeast of Ephesus. Its original name was Ayios Theologos , from which the Ottoman Turkish name Ayasluğ is derived. In 1914 it was renamed Selçuk, after the Seljuk Turks who settled in the region in...
) |
1300-1425 |
CandaroğluCandaroğlu Beylik is an Anatolian Turkish Beylik that ruled principally in the regions corresponding to present-day Kastamonu and Sinop provinces of Turkey, also covering parts of Zonguldak, Bartın, Karabük, Samsun, Bolu, Ankara and Çankırı provinces, between 1292 - 1461, in the Black Sea...
(also called İsfendiyaroğlu) |
EflaniEflani is a town and district of Karabük Province in the Black Sea region of Turkey. Eflani is located at 100 km south of the Black Sea. 46 km away from, and to the east of Karabük, it is settled on a plateau divided by small rivers among the high mountains and valleys. According to the 2000...
, later KastamonuKastamonu is the capital district of the Kastamonu Province, Turkey. According to the 2000 census, population of the district is 102,059 of which 64,606 live in the urban center of Kastamonu. The district covers an area of , and the town lies at an elevation of...
, last SinopSinop can refer to:*Sinop, Turkey, a city near the Black Sea in Turkey, and the battle that took place there.*Sinop Province, the province in Turkey of which the above city is the capital*Sinop, Mato Grosso, a city in Mato Grosso state, Brazil...
|
1291-1461 |
| Çobanoğlu Çobanoğlu was an Anatolian Turkish Beylik founded by the dynasty of the same name and controlled the region in and around the northern Central Anatolian city of Kastamonu in the 13th century, ruling as an independent entity in intervals.The founder of the dynasty was Hüsameddin Çoban, a prominent...
|
KastamonuKastamonu is the capital district of the Kastamonu Province, Turkey. According to the 2000 census, population of the district is 102,059 of which 64,606 live in the urban center of Kastamonu. The district covers an area of , and the town lies at an elevation of...
(preceding the Candaroğlu) |
1211-1309 |
| Dulkadir The Anatolian Turkish Beylik of Dulkadir or Dulkadiroğlu, with its capital in Kahramanmaraş, formerly Maraş, was one of the frontier principalities established by Oghuz Turkish clans after the decline of Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm....
|
Maraş In ancient Latvia, Māras or Māras diena was a festival, celebrated on August 15, held in honor of Māra, the Latvian goddess. It marked the midpoint between Jāņi and Miķeļi...
|
1348-1507 |
| Eretna Eretna was an Anatolian Turkish Beylik that succeeded the Ilkhanid rulers in Anatolia and that ruled in a large region extending between Kayseri, Sivas and Amasya in Central Anatolia between 1328-1381....
|
Sivas, later KayseriKayseri , named in classical antiquity as Mazaka or Mazaca, Eusebia, Caesarea Cappadociae, and later as Kaisariyah, is a large and industrialized city in Central Anatolia, Turkey. It is the seat of Kayseri Province...
|
1335-1390 |
ErzincanErzincan is the capital of Erzincan Province in the eastern Anatolian region of Turkey. Nearby cities include Erzurum, Sivas, Tunceli, Bingöl, Elazığ, Malatya, Gumushane, Bayburt, and Giresun. The city is located at 39° 45' 12" North and 39° 20' 28" East, with an altitude of 1185 meters. The...
|
ErzincanErzincan is the capital of Erzincan Province in the eastern Anatolian region of Turkey. Nearby cities include Erzurum, Sivas, Tunceli, Bingöl, Elazığ, Malatya, Gumushane, Bayburt, and Giresun. The city is located at 39° 45' 12" North and 39° 20' 28" East, with an altitude of 1185 meters. The...
|
1352-1410 |
| Eşrefoğlu |
BeyşehirBeyşehir is a large town and district of Konya Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. The town is located on the southeastern shore of Lake Beyşehir and is marked to the west and the southwest by the steep lines and forests of the Taurus Mountains, while a fertile plain, an extension of...
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11285-1326 |
| Germiyan The Anatolian Turkish Beylik of Germiyan with its capital in Kütahya was one of the prominent frontier principalities established by Oghuz Turkish clans after the decline of Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm....
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KütahyaKütahya is a city in western Turkey with 213,000 inhabitants , lying on the Porsuk river, at 969 metres above sea level. It is the capital of Kütahya Province, inhabited by some 684,082 people...
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1300-1429 |
| Hamidoğlu Hamidoğlu or Hamid Dynasty was one of the 14th century Anatolian Turkish Beyliks that emerged as a consequence of the decline of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm and ruled in the regions around Eğirdir and Isparta in southwestern Anatolia....
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Eğirdir Eğirdir is a town and district of Isparta Province in the Mediterranean region of Turkey.-Features:It lies between Lake Eğirdir and the Mount Sivri, and contains a castle said to have been built by Croesus, king of Lydia—though additions were built by the Romans, Byzantines and Seljuks.-External...
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1300-1391 |
| Kadi Burhan al-Din Kadi Burhan al-Din Ahmed was vizier and atabeg to the Eretnid rulers of Anatolia. In 783 AH he took over Eretnid lands and claimed the title of sultan for himself. He was also a poet who wrote primarily in Persian...
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Sivas (replacing the Eretna Eretna was an Anatolian Turkish Beylik that succeeded the Ilkhanid rulers in Anatolia and that ruled in a large region extending between Kayseri, Sivas and Amasya in Central Anatolia between 1328-1381....
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1381-1398 |
KaramanoğluBeylik of Karaman or of Karamanoğlu , also called the Karamanid Dynasty or the Karamanids, was an Anatolian Turkish Beylik state centered in south-central Anatolia, around the present-day Karaman Province...
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Larende (KaramanKaraman is a town in south central Turkey, located north of the Taurus Mountains, ca south of Konya. It is the capital district of the Karaman Province. According to 2000 census, population of the district is 152,450 of which 136,834 live in the town of Karaman. The district covers an area of ,...
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13th century - 1487 |
| Karesi The Anatolian Turkish Beylik of Karesi, with its capital in Balıkesir, was one of the frontier principalities established by Oghuz Turkish clans after the decline of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm....
/KarasıKarasi is a champion steeplechase horse bred in Ireland and based in Australia. The horse is best known for winning the world's richest steeplechase race, the Nakayama Grand Jump at Nakayama Racecourse, Japan for three consecutive years...
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BalıkesirBalıkesir is the capital city of Balıkesir Province. Balıkesir is in the Marmara region of Turkey and has a population of 247.072 inhabitants. Old name is Karesi.- History :...
, later BergamaBergama refers to a city and its surrounding district in İzmir Province, in the Aegean Region of the Republic of Turkey...
and ÇanakkaleÇanakkale is a town and seaport in Turkey, in Çanakkale Province, on the southern coast of the Dardanelles at their narrowest point....
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1296-1357 |
| Beylik of Lâdik (also called İnançoğlu, dependent to Sahipataoğlu and Germiyan) |
DenizliDenizli is a growing industrial city in the eastern end of the alluvial valley formed by the river Büyük Menderes, where the plain reaches an elevation of about a hundred meters, in southwestern Turkey, in the country's Aegean Region....
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1262-1391 |
| Menteşe |
MilasMilas is an ancient city and the seat of the district of the same name in Muğla Province in southwestern Turkey. The city commands a region with an active economy, and the region is very rich in history and its remains, the whole territory of Milas district containing a remarkable twenty-seven...
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1261-1424 |
Osmanoğlu (later the Ottoman EmpireThe Ottoman Empire or Ottoman State , also known by its contemporaries as the Turkish Empire or Turkey , was an empire that lasted from 1299 to November 1, 1922 The Ottoman Empire or Ottoman State (Ottoman Turkish: دَوْلَتِ عَلِیَّهِ عُثْمَانِیَّه Dawlet-il ʿAliyyat-il ʿOs̠māniyye, Modern Turkish:...
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Söğüt Söğüt is a town and district of Bilecik Province in the Marmara region of Turkey. Söğüt has an area of and borders Bilecik to the west, Gölpazarı to the north, İnhisar to the northeast, Eskişehir to the southeast, and Bozüyük to the southwest. The 2000 census put the population at 21,012 citizens,...
, later Bursa, Dimetoka, EdirneEdirne is a city in Thrace, the westernmost part of Turkey, close to the borders with Greece and Bulgaria. Edirne served as the capital city of the Ottoman Empire from 1365 to 1453, when Constantinople became the empire's new capital. At present, Edirne is the capital of the Edirne Province in...
and IstanbulIstanbul is the largest city in Turkey and fifth largest city proper in the world with a population of 12.6 million. Istanbul is also a megacity, as well as the cultural and financial centre of Turkey. The city covers 39 districts of the Istanbul province...
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1299-1922 |
| Pervâneoğlu Pervâneoğlu was an Anatolian Turkish Beylik centered in Sinop on the Black Sea coast and controlling the immediately surrounding region in the second half of the 13th century and the beginning of the 14th .The founder of the Beylik, The Pervâne Mu‘in al-Din Suleyman...
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Sinop Sinop can refer to:*Sinop, Turkey, a city near the Black Sea in Turkey, and the battle that took place there.*Sinop Province, the province in Turkey of which the above city is the capital*Sinop, Mato Grosso, a city in Mato Grosso state, Brazil...
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13th century |
| Ramazanoğlu The Anatolian Turkish Beylik of Ramazanoğlu, with its capital in Adana and controlling Çukurova, was one of the frontier principalities established by Oghuz Turkish clans after the decline of Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm...
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AdanaAdana is a city in the Mediterranean Region of Turkey and is the administrative seat of the Adana Province. The city is situated on the Seyhan River, 30 kilometres inland from the Mediterranean Sea, in south-central Anatolia, and has a population of over 1.5 million; making it the fifth most...
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1352-1608 |
| Sâhipataoğlu Sâhipataoğlu was an Anatolian Turkish Beylik centered in Afyonkarahisar and founded by one of the last viziers of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm, Fakhr al-Din Ali, also known as Sâhib Ata. The beylik was founded ca. 1275 and absorbed by the neighboring beylik of Germiyan in 1341...
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AfyonkarahisarAfyonkarahisar is a city in western Turkey, the capital of Afyon Province. Afyon is in mountainous countryside inland from the Aegean coast, south-west of Ankara along the Akar River. Elevation...
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1275-1341 |
| Saruhan The Anatolian Turkish Beylik of Saruhan with its capital in Manisa was one of the frontier principalities established by Oghuz Turkish clans after the decline of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm. It was founded by the tribal chief Saruhan about 1300...
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ManisaManisa is a large city in Turkey's Aegean Region and the administrative seat of Manisa Province...
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1300-1410 |
| Beylik of Teke The Anatolian Turkish Beylik of Teke with its capital at Antalya was one of the frontier principalities established by Oghuz Turkish clans after the decline of Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm...
(issued from the HamidoğluHamidoğlu or Hamid Dynasty was one of the 14th century Anatolian Turkish Beyliks that emerged as a consequence of the decline of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm and ruled in the regions around Eğirdir and Isparta in southwestern Anatolia....
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AntalyaAntalya is a city on the Mediterranean coast of southwestern Turkey, and the capital city of Antalya Province. Situated on coastal cliffs, Antalya is surrounded by mountains...
, later KorkuteliKorkuteli is a district of Antalya Province in the Mediterranean region of Turkey, north-west of the city of Antalya. In ancient times it was called Isionda, Isindos, Pisinda, or Sinda.-Etymology:...
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1321-1423 |
List of the non-Turkic (and non-Muslim) Anatolian states
- Three Anatolian regions remained Christian until their defeat and Ottoman conquest:
- Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia was a state formed in the Middle Ages by Armenian refugees fleeing the Seljuk invasion of Armenia...
with TarsusTarsus is a historical city in south-central Turkey, 20 km inland from Mediterrenean Sea. It is part of Adana-Mersin Metropolitan Area, fourth largest metropolitan area in Turkey with a population of 2.75 million...
and SisKozan is capital town of Kozan district in Adana Province, Turkey, 68 km north of the city of Adana, in the northern section of the Adana plain. The Kilgen stream, a tributary of the Ceyhan River , flows through Kozan crossing the plain south into the Mediterranean Sea. The Toros mountains...
(now KozanKozan is capital town of Kozan district in Adana Province, Turkey, 68 km north of the city of Adana, in the northern section of the Adana plain. The Kilgen stream, a tributary of the Ceyhan River , flows through Kozan crossing the plain south into the Mediterranean Sea. The Toros mountains...
) as patriarchal seats, until 1375,
- Empire of Trebizond
The Empire of Trebizond, founded in April 1204, was one of three Byzantine successor states of the Byzantine Empire. However, the creation of the Empire of Trebizond was not directly related to the capture of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade, rather it had broken away from the Byzantine Empire...
, initially (1204) a breakaway Byzantine territory, in Trebizond (now TrabzonTrabzon, historically known as Trapezus and Trebizond, is a city on the Black Sea coast of north-eastern Turkey and the capital of Trabzon Province. Trabzon, located on the historical Silk Road, became a melting pot of religions, languages and culture for centuries and a trade gateway to Iran in...
) on the south eastern Black Seaur a loser!The Black Sea is an inland sea bounded by Europe, Anatolia and the Caucasus and is ultimately connected to the Atlantic Ocean via the Mediterranean and Aegean Seas and various straits. The Bosporus strait connects it to the Sea of Marmara, and the strait of the Dardanelles connects it to...
coastline,
- Philadelphia (present-day Alaşehir
Alaşehir is a town and district of Manisa Province in the Aegean region of Turkey. It is situated in the valley of the Kuzuçay , at the foot of the Bozdağ...
) held by the Byzantines until the Ottoman conquest in 1390.
Art
In spite of their limited sources and the political climate of their era, art during the Anatolian beyliks flourished, probably building the basis for
Ottoman artThe culture of the Ottoman Empire evolved over several centuries as the ruling administration of the Turks absorbed, adapted and modified the cultures of conquered lands and their peoples...
. Although the artistic style of the Anatolian beyliks can be considered as representatives of a transition period between Seljuks and Ottomans, new trends were also acquired. Especially wandering traditional
craftsArts and crafts comprise a whole host of activities and hobbies that are related to making things with one's hands and skill. These can be sub-divided into handicrafts or "traditional crafts" and "the rest"...
artists and
architectAn architect is trained and licensed in planning and designing buildings, and participates in supervising the construction of a building. Etymologically, architect derives from the Latin architectus, itself derived from the Greek arkhitekton , i.e. chief builder...
s helped spread these new trends and localized styles to several beyliks across Anatolia, which resulted in innovative and original works particularly in architecture.
WoodWoodworking is the process of building, making or carving something using wood.-History:Along with stone, mud, and animal parts, wood was certainly one of the first materials worked by primitive human beings. Microwear analysis of the Mousterian stone tools used by the Neanderthals show that many...
and stone carving, clay tiles and other similar decorative arts of the Seljuks were still used, however with the influence of the pursuit for new spaces and its reflections in other arts as well.
Some representative examples of the Anatolian beyliks' architecture are
İlyas MosqueA mosque is a place of worship for followers of Islam. Muslims often refer to the mosque by its Arabic name, masjid, —...
at
BalatBalat is the traditional Jewish quarter in the Fatih district of Istanbul. It is located on the European side of Istanbul, in the old city on the historic peninsula, on the western bank of the Golden Horn...
(Milet) (1404),
İsabey MosqueThe İsabey Mosque , constructed in 1374-1375, is one of the oldest and most impressive works of architectural art remaining from the Anatolian beyliks. The mosque is situated between the Saint Jean Church and the remains of the Temple of Artemis on the skirts of the Ayasluğ Hills at Selçuk, İzmir,...
at
SelçukSelçuk is the central town of Selçuk district, İzmir Province in Turkey, northeast of Kuşadası, northeast of Ephesus. Its original name was Ayios Theologos , from which the Ottoman Turkish name Ayasluğ is derived. In 1914 it was renamed Selçuk, after the Seljuk Turks who settled in the region in...
(1375),
Ulucami Mosque at Birgi (1312) built by the Aydın beylik. The above mosques, although being successors of Seljuk architecture, differ greatly in the increase of decorations in the interior and exterior spaces and the different placement of the
courtyardFor alternative meanings of the word "court", see: Court .A court or courtyard is an enclosed area, often a space enclosed by a building that is open to the sky...
s and
minaretMinarets are distinctive architectural features of Islamic mosques. Minarets are generally tall spires with onion-shaped or conical crowns, usually either free standing or taller than any associated support structure.-Functions of minarets:The earliest mosques were built without minarets, the adhan...
s. Karaman beylik also left noteworthy architectural works, such as
Ulucami Mosque in
ErmenekErmenek is a town and district of Karaman Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. According to 2000 census, population of the district is 42,643 of which 15,509 live in the town of Ermenek.-Name:...
(1302),
Hatuniye Madrassa in Karaman (1382),
Akmedrese Madrassa in
NiğdeNiğde is a small rural province in the northern part of Central Anatolia, Turkey. Population is 331.677 of which 100.418 live in the city of Niğde. The population was 348,081 in 2000 and 305.861 in 1990. It covers an area of 7,312 km²...
(1409), all of which respect a new
styleArchitectural styles classify architecture in terms of form, techniques, materials, time period, region, etc. It overlaps with, and emerges from the study of the evolution and history of architecture. In architectural history, the study of Gothic architecture, for instance, would include all...
that considers and incorporates the exterior surroundings also. One of the first examples of the Anatolian beylik architecture hinting at the forming of the Ottoman architecture that aims at uniting the interior space beneath one big
domeA dome is a structural element of architecture that resembles the hollow upper half of a sphere. Dome structures made of various materials have a long architectural lineage extending into prehistory....
and forming a
monumentA monument is a type of structure either explicitly created to commemorate a person or important event or which has become important to a social group as a part of their remembrance of past events. They are frequently used to improve the appearance of a city or location. Cities that are planned...
al architectural structure is
Ulucami Mosque in
ManisaManisa Province is a province in western Turkey. Its neighboring provinces are İzmir to the west, Aydın to the south, Denizli to the south east, Uşak to the east, Kütahya to the north east, and Balıkesir to the north...
(1374) built by the Saruhan beylik. Also worth noting is the increase in constructions of madrassas that points at the beyliks' attaching greater importance to sciences.