Anastomosis

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Anastomosis

An anastomosis (plural anastomoses, from gr. ??ast?µ?s??, communicating opening) is a network of streams that both branch out and reconnect, such as blood vessels or leaf veins. The term is used in medicine

Medicine

Medicine is the art and science of healing. It encompasses a range of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness....
, biology

Biology

Biology is a branch of the natural sciences concerned with the study of living organisms and their interaction with each other and their environment ....
, mycology

Mycology

Geology

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Encyclopedia

Medicine

Medicine is the art and science of healing. It encompasses a range of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness....
, biology

Biology

Biology is a branch of the natural sciences concerned with the study of living organisms and their interaction with each other and their environment ....
, mycology

Mycology

Geology

Medicine

Anastomosis is the connection of two structures. It refers to connections between blood vessel

Blood vessel

The blood vessels are the part of the circulatory system that transport blood throughout the body. There are three major types of blood vessels: the artery, which carry the blood away from the heart, the capillary, which enable the actual exchange of water and chemicals between the blood and the tissues; and the veins, which carry blood from...
s or between other tubular structures such as loops of intestine

Intestine

In anatomy, the intestine is the segment of the Gastrointestinal tract extending from the stomach to the anus and, in humans and other mammals, consists of two segments, the small intestine and the large intestine....
. In circulatory anastomosis

Circulatory anastomosis

Anastomosis occur normally in the body in the circulatory system, serving as backup routes for blood to flow if one link is blocked or otherwise compromised....
, many arteries naturally anastomose with each other, for example the inferior epigastric artery

Inferior epigastric artery

In human anatomy, inferior epigastric artery refers to the artery that arises from the external iliac artery and anastomoses with the superior epigastric artery....
and superior epigastric artery

Superior epigastric artery

In human anatomy, superior epigastric artery refers to a blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood and arises from the internal thoracic artery ....
.The circulatory anastomosis is further divided into arterial and venous anastomosis. Arterial anastomosis includes actual arterial anastomosis(eg. palmar arch, plantar arch) and potential arterial anastomosis(eg. coronary arteries and cortical branch of cerebral arteries). An example of surgical anastomosis

Surgical anastomosis

In surgical jargon, to create an anastomosis is to join together two hollow organs , usually to restore continuity after resection, or to bypass an unresectable disease process....
occurs when a segment of intestine is resected and the two remaining ends are sewn or stapled together (anastomosed), for example Roux-en-Y anastomosis

Roux-en-Y anastomosis

In general surgery, a Roux-en-Y anastomosis, less formally and precisely Roux-en-Y, is a surgery created anastomosis. Typically, it is between small bowel and small bowel that is distal from the cut end....
. The procedure is referred to as intestinal anastomosis.

Pathological

Pathology

Pathology is the study and diagnosis of disease through examination of Organ , tissue , bodily fluids and whole bodies . The term also encompasses the related science study of disease processes, called General pathology....
anastomosis results from trauma or disease and may involve vein

Vein

In the circulatory system, veins are blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart. Most veins carry deoxygenated blood from the tissues back to the heart; exceptions are the pulmonary vein and umbilical veins, both of which carry oxygenated blood....
s, arteries

Artery

Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. All arteries, with the exception of the pulmonary and umbilical arteries, carry oxygenated blood....
, or intestines. These are usually referred to as fistula

Fistula

In medicine, a fistula is an abnormal connection or passageway between two epithelium-lined organs or vessels that normally do not connect....
s. In the cases of veins or arteries, traumatic fistulas usually occur between artery and vein. Traumatic intestinal fistulas usually occur between two loops of intestine (enetero-enteric fistula) or intestine and skin

Skin

The skin is the outer covering of the body, also known as the epidermis. It is the largest organ of the integumentary system made up of multiple layers of epithelial biological tissue, and guards the underlying muscles, bones, ligaments and organ s....
(enterocutaneous fistula). Portacaval anastomosis

Portacaval anastomosis

A portacaval anastomosis is a specific type of anastomosis that occurs between the veins of portal circulation and those of systemic circulation....
, by contrast, is an anastomosis between a vein of the portal circulation and a vein of the systemic circulation

Systemic circulation

Systemic circulation is the portion of the cardiovascular system which carries oxygenated blood away from the heart, to the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart....
, which allows blood to bypass the liver in patients with portal hypertension

Portal hypertension

In medicine, portal hypertension is hypertension in the portal vein and its tributaries.It is often defined as a portal pressure gradient of 5 mm Hg or greater....
, often resulting in hemorrhoids, esophageal varices

Esophageal varices

In medicine , esophageal varices are extremely dilation sub-mucosal veins in the esophagus. They are most often a consequence of portal hypertension, such as may be seen with cirrhosis; patients with esophageal varices have a strong tendency to develop bleeding....
, or caput medusae

Caput medusae

Caput medusae is the appearance of distended and engorged paraumbilical veins which are seen radiating from the umbilicus across the abdomen to join systemic veins....
.

Biology

Evolution

In evolution

Evolution

In biology, evolution is change in the heritability trait of a population of organisms from one generation to the next. These changes are caused by a combination of three main processes: variation, reproduction, and selection....
, anastomosis is a recombination of evolutionary lineage. Conventional accounts of evolutionary lineage present themselves as the simple branching out of species into novel forms. Under anastomosis, species might recombine after initial branching out, such as in the case of recent research which shows that ancestral populations along human and chimpanzee lineages may have interbred after an initial branching event. The concept of anastomosis also applies to the theory of symbiogenesis

Symbiogenesis

Symbiogenesis is the merging of two separate organisms to form a single new organism. The idea originated with Konstantin Mereschkowsky in his 1926 book Symbiogenesis and the Origin of Species, which proposed that chloroplasts originate from cyanobacteria captured by a protozoan....
, in which new species

Species

In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biological classification and a taxonomic rank. A species is often defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring....
emerge from the formation of novel symbiotic relationships.

Mycology

In mycology

Mycology

Mycology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of fungus, including their genetics and biochemistry properties, their taxonomy, and ethnomycology as a source for tinder, medicine , food , entheogens, as well as their dangers, such as poisoning or infection....
, anastomosis is the fusion between branches of the same or different hyphae. Hence the bifurcating fungal hyphae can form true reticulating networks. By sharing materials in the form of dissolved ions, hormones, and nucleotides, the fungus maintains bidirectional communication with itself. The fungal network might begin from several origins; several spores, several points of penetration, each a spreading circumference of absorption and assimilation. Once encountering the tip of another expanding, exploring self, the tips press against each other in pheromonal recognition, fusing to form a genetic singular that can cover hectares called a genet

Genet

Genet may refer to:*Citizen Gen?t a French ambassador to the United States.*Jean Genet , a French writer.*Ray Genet , an Alaskan mountaineer, famous on Denali...
.

For fungi, anastomosis is also sex

Sex

In biology, sex is a process of combining and mixing genetics traits, often resulting in the specialization of organisms into male and female types ....
. In some fungi, two different haploid mating types - if compatible - merge. Somatically, they form a morphologically similar mycelial wave front that continues to grow and explore. The significant difference, is that in each septated unit is binucleate, containing two unfused nuclei, i.e. one from each parent that do not undergo karyogamy

Karyogamy

Karyogamy is the fusion of pronuclei of two cell s, as part of syngamy. It is one of the two major modes of reproduction in fungi. It is also the fusion of the pronuclei of two cells, as occurs in fertilization or true bacterial conjugation......
.

Geology

In geology

Geology

Geology is the science and study of the solid and liquid matter that constitute the Earth. The field of geology encompasses the study of the composition, structural geology, physical properties, dynamics, and History of the Earth of Earth materials, and the processes by which they are formed, moved, and changed....
, anastomosis refers to quartz (or other) veins displaying this property, which is often related to shearing in metamorphic regions.

There is also a type of stream or river called anastomosing, which consists of a wide strath and multiple thalwegs

Thalweg

Thalweg is a term adopted into English language usage for geography and geomorphology. It signifies the deepest continuous line along a valley or watercourse....
divided by vegetated stabilized islands within subparallel banks.