Amphibia in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae

In the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, Carl Linnaeus described the Amphibia

Amphibian

Amphibians , are a class of vertebrate animals including animals such as toads, frogs, caecilians, and salamanders. They are characterized as non-amniote ectothermic tetrapods...

as:

Animals that are distinguished by a body cold and generally naked; stern and expressive countenance; harsh voice; mostly lurid color; filthy odor; a few are furnished with a horrid poison; all have cartilaginous bones, slow circulation, exquisite sight and hearing, large pulmonary vessels, lobate liver, oblong thick stomach, and cystic, hepatic, and pancreatic ducts: they are deficient in diaphragm, do not transpire (sweat), can live a long time without food, are tenatious of life, and have the power of reproducing parts which have been destroyed or lost; some undergo a metamorphosis; some cast (shed) their skin; some appear to live promiscuously on land or in the water, and some are torpid during the winter.

Linnaean Characteristics

Heart: 1 auricle, 1 ventricle. Cold, dark red blood
Lungs: breaths uncertainly
Jaw: incumbent
Penis: (frequently) double
Eggs: (usually) membranaceous
Organs of Sense: tongue, nostrils, eyes, ears
Covering: a naked skin
Supports: various, in some none. Creeps in Warm Places & Hisses

Linnaeus often regarded reptiles within the amphibian class because living in Sweden, he often noticed that the local reptiles (examples include the common adder and grass snake

Grass Snake

The grass snake , sometimes called the ringed snake or water snake is a European non-venomous snake. It is often found near water and feeds almost exclusively on amphibians.-Etymology:...

) would hunt and be active in the water.

In the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, Linnaeus included several species of fishes (that do not belong the superclass Osteichthyes

Osteichthyes

Osteichthyes , also called bony fish, are a taxonomic group of fish that have bony, as opposed to cartilaginous, skeletons. The vast majority of fish are osteichthyes, which is an extremely diverse and abundant group consisting of over 29,000 species...

) into the amphibian class. It was not until later on that he would merge them into the Fish class and give them their own new order "Chondropterygious", defining them as species with cartilaginous gills.

Linnaeus divided the amphibians based upon the limb structures and the way they breathed.

Reptiles

Testudo (turtle

Turtle

Turtles are reptiles of the order Testudines , characterised by a special bony or cartilaginous shell developed from their ribs that acts as a shield...

s & tortoise

Tortoise

Tortoises are a family of land-dwelling reptiles of the order of turtles . Like their marine cousins, the sea turtles, tortoises are shielded from predators by a shell. The top part of the shell is the carapace, the underside is the plastron, and the two are connected by the bridge. The tortoise...

Testudo mydas – Green sea turtle
Green Sea Turtle
The Green sea turtle or green turtle is a large sea turtle of the family Cheloniidae. It is the only species in the genus Chelonia. Its range extends throughout tropical and subtropical seas around the world, with two distinct populations in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans...
Testudo caretta – Loggerhead sea turtle
Loggerhead sea turtle
The loggerhead sea turtle , or loggerhead, is an oceanic turtle distributed throughout the world. It is a marine reptile, belonging to the family Cheloniidae. The average loggerhead measures around long when fully grown, although larger specimens of up to have been discovered...
Testudo orbicularis & Testudo lutaria – European pond turtle
Testudo scabra – Spot-legged turtle
Spot-legged turtle
The Spot-legged turtle is a species of turtle belonging to the Rhinoclemmys genus of the family Geoemydidae.- References :Bibliography...
Testudo graeca & Testudo pusilla – Spur-thighed tortoise
Testudo carolina & Testudo carinata – Eastern box turtle
Terrapene carolina
The common box turtle is a species of box turtle with six existing subspecies. It is found throughout the eastern United States and Mexico. The box turtle has a distinctive hinged lowered shell that allows it to completely enclose itself...
Testudo geometrica – Geometric tortoise
Geometric Tortoise
The geometric tortoise is an endangered species of tortoise and one of three members of the genus, Psammobates. It is found in a very small section in the South-Western Cape of South Africa.-Identification:...
Testudo serpentina – Common snapping turtle

Draco (gliding lizards)

Draco volans – Draco volans, Flying Dragon

Lacerta (terrestrial lizards

Lizard

Lizards are a widespread group of squamate reptiles, with nearly 3800 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica as well as most oceanic island chains...

, salamander

Salamander

Salamander is a common name of approximately 500 species of amphibians. They are typically characterized by a superficially lizard-like appearance, with their slender bodies, short noses, and long tails. All known fossils and extinct species fall under the order Caudata, while sometimes the extant...

s, & crocodilians)

Lacerta crocodilus – Caiman crocodilus, Spectacled Caiman
Spectacled Caiman
The spectacled caiman , also known as the white caiman or common caiman, is a crocodilian reptile found in much of Central and South America. It lives in a range of lowland wetland and riverine habitat types and can tolerate salt water as well as fresh; due in part to this adaptability it is the...
Lacerta caudiverbera – [fictitious]
Lacerta superciliosa – Uranoscodon superciliosa
Lacerta scutata – Lyriocephalus scutatus
Lacerta monitor – [rejected]
Lacerta principalis – Carolina Anole
Carolina anole
The Carolina anole is an arboreal lizard found primarily in the southeastern United States and some Caribbean islands. Other common names include the green anole, American anole and red-throated anole...
Lacerta bicarinata – Neusticurus bicarinatus
Lacerta palustris, Lacerta vulgaris, & Lacerta aquatica – Lissotriton vulgaris, Smooth Newt
Smooth Newt
The Smooth Newt, also known as the Common Newt, Lissotriton vulgaris is the most common newt species of the Lissotriton genus of amphibians. L...
Lacerta cordylus – Cordylus cordylus
Cordylus cordylus
Cordylus cordylus , is a medium-sized lizard that is indigenous to the southern Cape of South Africa.The Cape Girdled Lizard has a golden-brown body with spiny, keeled, body scales - especially on its tail....
Lacerta stellio – Laudakia stellio
Laudakia stellio
A stellion , also known as a hardim or star lizard, is a species of agamid lizard found in Greece, Southwest Asia, and Northeast Africa. Like many agamas, stellions can change color to express their moods. They bask on stone walls, rocks and buildings, and also on trees...
Lacerta mauritanica – Tarentola mauritanica, European Common Gecko
Lacerta azurea – Uracentron azureum
Lacerta turcica – Hemidactylus turcicus, Mediterranean house gecko
Lacerta ameiva – Ameiva ameiva, Giant Ameiva
Lacerta agilis – Lacerta agilis, Sand Lizard
Sand Lizard
The sand lizard is a lacertid lizard distributed across most of Europe and eastwards to Mongolia. It does not occur in the Iberian peninsula or European Turkey. Its distribution is often patchy....
Lacerta algira – Psammodromus algirus, Large Psammodromus
Large Psammodromus
The Large Psammodromus is a species of lizard in the Lacertidae family.It is found in Algeria, France, Italy, Morocco, Portugal, Spain, and Tunisia....
Lacerta seps – Tetradactylus seps
Lacerta angulata – Alopoglossus angulatus
Lacerta chamaeleon – Chamaeleo chamaeleon
Chamaeleo chamaeleon
The Common Chameleon is the only species of Chamaleonidae of Europe.-Subspecies:Four sub-species are identified:*Chamaeleo chamaeleon chamaeleon*Chamaeleo chamaeleon musae*Chamaeleo chamaeleon orientalis*Chamaeleo chamaeleon rectricrista...

, Common Chameleon
Lacerta salamandra – Fire Salamander
Fire Salamander
The fire salamander is probably the best-known salamander species in Europe. It is black with yellow spots or stripes to a varying degree; some specimens can be nearly completely black while on others the yellow is dominant. Shades of red and orange may sometimes appear, either replacing or mixing...
Lacerta gecko – Gekko gecko, Tokay gecko
Tokay gecko
The Tokay Gecko is a nocturnal arboreal gecko, ranging from northeast India and Bangladesh, throughout Southeast Asia, Philippines to Indonesia and western New Guinea. Its native habitat is rainforest trees and cliffs, and it also frequently adapts to rural human habitations, roaming walls and...
Lacerta scincus – Scincus scincus
Scincus scincus
The Sandfish is a species of skink that burrows into the sand and swims through it. It is native to North africa and southwestern asia, but is also kept as a pet elsewhere.-Description:...

, Sandfish
Lacerta hispida – Agama hispida
Lacerta orbicularis – Phrynosoma orbiculare, Mexican Plateau Horned Lizard
Mexican Plateau Horned Lizard
The Chihuahua Desert horned lizard is a species of heavily spined horned lizard. It is also known as the Mexican plateau horned lizard....
Lacerta basiliscus – Basiliscus basiliscus, Common basilisk
Common Basilisk
The Common Basilisk is a lizard found in Central and South American rainforests near rivers and streams.The basilisk is part of the corytophanid family...
Lacerta iguana – Iguana iguana, Green Iguana
Green Iguana
The Green Iguana or Common Iguana is a large, arboreal herbivorous species of lizard of the genus Iguana native to Central and South America...
Lacerta calotes – Calotes calotes
Calotes calotes
The Common Green Forest Lizard is an agamid lizard found in the forests of the Western Ghats and the Shevaroy Hills in India, and Sri Lanka.-Description:...

, Common Green Forest Lizard
Lacerta agama – Agama agama
Agama agama
The Common Agama, Red-headed Rock Agama, or Rainbow Agama is a species of lizard from the Agamidae family, found in most of Subsaharan Africa....

, Rock Agama
Lacerta umbra – Plica umbra
Lacerta plica – Plica plica
Lacerta marmorata – Polychrus marmorata
Lacerta bullaris – Jamaican Giant Anole
Jamaican giant anole
The Jamaican giant anole , also known as the Jamaican crested anole is a species of anole found in Jamaica and surrounding islands. It has also been introduced into Florida....

?
Lacerta strumosa – [nomen oblitum] for Anolis lineatus Daudin, 1802
Lacerta teguixin – Tupinambis teguixin, Gold tegu
Gold tegu
The gold tegu, also known as common tegu, black tegu and Colombian tegu, is a species of tegu. Its old scientific name was Tupinambis nigropunctatus but it has since renamed to Tupinambis teguixin....
Lacerta aurata
Lacerta punctata – Lygosoma punctatum
Lacerta lemniscata – Cnemidophorus lemniscatus, Rainbow Whiptail
Rainbow Whiptail
The Rainbow Whiptail is a species of lizard found in South America. It has also been introduced in Florida and has established populations there....
Lacerta fasciata – Plestiodon fasciatus, Five-lined Skink
Lacerta lineata – Gymnophthalmus lineatus
Lacerta chalcides – Chalcides chalcides
Chalcides chalcides
The Italian Three-Toed Skink or just Three-Toed Skink is a species of skink found from southern France, Italy , to northern Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia...

, Three-toed Skink
Lacerta anguina – Chamaesaura anguina, Cape Grass Lizard
Cape Grass Lizard
The Cape Grass Lizard, also known as the Cape Snake Lizard or the Highland Grass Lizard, is a species of lizard in the genus Chamaesaura. It widely found in southern Africa, inhabiting grasslands. In one of the countries it lives in, Swaziland, it is listed as a Near Threatened species.The Cape...

Rana (frog

Frog

Frogs are amphibians in the order Anura , formerly referred to as Salientia . Most frogs are characterized by a short body, webbed digits , protruding eyes and the absence of a tail...

s & toad

Toad

A toad is any of a number of species of amphibians in the order Anura characterized by dry, leathery skin , short legs, and snoat-like parotoid glands...

Rana pipa – Pipa pipa, Suriname Toad
Rana bufo, Rana rubeta, & Rana ventricosa – Bufo bufo, Common Toad
Common Toad
The common toad or European toad is an amphibian widespread throughout Europe, with the exception of Iceland, Ireland and some Mediterranean islands...
Rana gibbosa – Breviceps gibbosus, Cape Rain Frog
Cape Rain Frog
The Cape Rain Frog or Giant Rain Frog is a species of frog in the Microhylidae family.-Habitat and Distribution:...
Rana variegata – Bombina variegata, yellow-bellied toad
Yellow-bellied toad
The Yellow-Bellied Toad belongs to the order of Anura, the archaeobatrachial family of Bombinatoridae, and to the genus of fire-bellied toads.- Anatomy :...
Rana marina – Bufo marinus, cane toad
Cane Toad
The Cane Toad , also known as the Giant Neotropical Toad or Marine Toad, is a large, terrestrial true toad which is native to Central and South America, but has been introduced to various islands throughout Oceania and the Caribbean...
Rana typhonia – [nomen oblitum] for Hoplobatrachus tigerinus
Hoplobatrachus tigerinus
Hoplobatrachus tigerinus, the Indus Valley Bullfrog or Indian Bullfrog, is a large species of frog found in India, Pakistan and Nepal.- Description :...

(Daudin, 1802), Indian bullfrog
Rana ocellata – Leptodactylus ocellatus
Leptodactylus ocellatus
Leptodactylus latrans is a species of frog in the Leptodactylidae family. Its local name is Sapo-Rana Llanero or Rana Criolla ; In Brazil it is known as Rã Manteiga ; the latter term is also used for congeners elsewhere.It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana,...
Rana cornuta – Ceratophrys cornuta, Surinam horned frog
Surinam horned frog
The Surinam horned frog , also known as Amazonian horned frog, is a bulky frog measuring up to 20 cm found in the northern part of South America. It has an exceptionally wide mouth, and has horn-like projections above its eyes. Females lay up to 1,000 eggs at a time, and wrap them around...
Rana marginata – [nomen dubium]
Rana paradoxa – Pseudis paradoxa
Pseudis paradoxa
Pseudis paradoxa, known as the paradoxical frog or shrinking frog, is a species of hylid frog from South America. Its name refers to the very large—up to long—tadpole , which in turn becomes an ordinary-sized frog, only about a quarter of its former length.Pseudis paradoxa is green...

, paradoxical frog
Rana temporaria – Rana temporaria, Common Frog
Common Frog
The Common Frog, Rana temporaria also known as the European Common Frog or European Common Brown Frog is found throughout much of Europe as far north as well north of the Arctic Circle in Scandinavia and as far east as the Urals, except for most of Iberia, southern Italy, and the southern Balkans...

, and Rana arvalis, Moor Frog
Moor Frog
The Moor Frog is a slim, reddish-brown, semi-aquatic amphibian native to Europe and Asia. It is a member of the family Ranidae, or "true frogs".-Taxonomy:...
Rana esculenta – Rana esculenta, Edible Frog
Edible Frog
The Edible Frog is a name for a common European frog, also known as the common water frog or green frog . It is used for food, particularly in France for the delicacy frog legs...
Rana arborea & Rana hyla – Hyla arborea, European tree frog
European tree frog
The European tree frog is the common name of Hyla arborea. The original name of this frog was Rana arborea. Some of the other common names include:*Rainette verte *Laubfrosch *Ranita de San Antonio...
Rana boans – Hypsiboas boans
Hypsiboas boans
Hypsiboas boans is a species of frog in the Hylidae family.It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Panama, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela....

Serpentes

Crotalus (rattlesnake

Rattlesnake

Rattlesnakes are a group of venomous snakes of the genera Crotalus and Sistrurus of the subfamily Crotalinae . There are 32 known species of rattlesnake, with between 65-70 subspecies, all native to the Americas, ranging from southern Alberta and southern British Columbia in Canada to Central...

Crotalus horridus – Crotalus horridus
Crotalus horridus
Crotalus horridus, the timber rattlesnake, is a species of venomous pitviper found in the eastern United States. This is the only rattlesnake species in most of the populous northeastern United States. No subspecies are currently recognized....
Crotalus dryinas & Cortalus durissus – Crotalus durissus
Crotalus durissus
Crotalus durissus is a venomous pitviper species found in South America. The most widely distributed member of its genus, this species poses a serious medical problem in many parts of its range...

Boa (boas

Boa (genus)

Boa is a genus of non-venomous boas found in Mexico, Central and South America, Madagascar and on Reunion Island. Four species are currently recognized.The largest member of this group, B...

)

Boa scytale – Anilius scytale
Boa murina – Eunectes murinus, anaconda
Boa canina & Boa hypnale – Corallus caninus, emerald tree boa
Boa constrictor & Boa orophias – Boa constrictor
Boa constrictor
The Boa constrictor is a large, heavy-bodied species of snake. It is a member of the family Boidae found in North, Central, and South America, as well as some islands in the Caribbean. A staple of private collections and public displays, its color pattern is highly variable yet distinctive...
Boa cenchria – Epicrates cenchria
Boa enydris & Boa hortulana – Corallus hortulanus

Coluber (racers

Coluber

Coluber is a genus of thin bodied, fast moving, colubrid snakes commonly known as racers. They are widespread around the world and vary greatly in habitat and behaviour. In the past, Coluber was a catch-all genus which included almost all snake species known at the time...

, vipers

Viperidae

The Viperidae are a family of venomous snakes found all over the world, except in Antarctica, Australia, Ireland, Madagascar, Hawaii, various other isolated islands, and above the Arctic Circle. All have relatively long, hinged fangs that permit deep penetration and injection of venom. Four...

& cobra

Cobra

Cobra is a venomous snake belonging to the family Elapidae. However, not all snakes commonly referred to as cobras are of the same genus, or even of the same family. The name is short for cobra capo or capa Snake, which is Portuguese for "snake with hood", or "hood-snake"...

Coluber vipera – Cerastes vipera
Cerastes vipera
Cerastes vipera is a venomous viper species found in the deserts of North Africa and the Sinai Peninsula. No subspecies are currently recognized.-Description:...
Coluber atropos – Bitis atropos
Bitis atropos
Bitis atropos is a venomous viper species found only in mountainous regions in southern Africa. A small species. No subspecies are currently recognized.-Description:...
Coluber leberis – [suppressed]
Coluber lutrix – Duberria lutrix
Duberria lutrix
Duberria lutrix, or the common slug-eater, is a small, ovoviviparous, molluscivorous, non-venomous snake .-Range:The species contains a number of subspecies, including D...
Coluber calamarius – Oligodon calamarius
Coluber constrictor – Coluber constrictor
Coluber constrictor
Coluber constrictor is a species of nonvenomous, colubrid snakes commonly referred to as the eastern racers. They are primarily found throughout the United States, east of the Rocky Mountains, but they range north into Canada, and south into Mexico, Guatemala and Belize...
Coluber ammodytes – Vipera ammodytes
Vipera ammodytes
Vipera ammodytes is a venomous viper species found in southern Europe through to the Balkans and parts of the Middle East. It is reputed to be the most dangerous of the European vipers due to its large size, long fangs and high venom toxicity...
Coluber cerastes – Cerastes cerastes
Cerastes cerastes
Cerastes cerastes is a venomous viper species native to the deserts of Northern Africa and parts of the Middle East. They often are easily recognized by the presence of a pair of supraocular horns, although hornless individuals do occur. No subspecies are currently recognized.-Description:The...
Coluber plicatilis – Pseudoeryx plicatilis
Coluber domicella – Liophis poecilogyris
Coluber alidras – perhaps Helicops angulatus
Helicops angulatus
Helicops angulatus, the brown-banded water snake, is an aquatic snake.-Description:The brown-banded water snake grows to a maximum length of 78 cm ....
Coluber buccatus – Homalopsis buccata
Homalopsis buccata
Puff-faced Water Snake or Masked Water Snake is a species of snake found in Asia.-Description:Inter nasals smaller than prefrontals; frontal often broken up into small shields, a little broader or sometimes narrower than the supraocular; parietals short; loreal present, sometimes divided; one or...
Coluber angulatus – Helicops angulatus
Helicops angulatus
Helicops angulatus, the brown-banded water snake, is an aquatic snake.-Description:The brown-banded water snake grows to a maximum length of 78 cm ....
Coluber berus & Coluber chersea – Vipera berus
Vipera berus
Vipera berus, the common European adder or common European viper, is a venomous viper species that is extremely widespread and can be found throughout most of Western Europe and all the way to Far East Asia. Known by a host of common names including Common adder and Common viper, adders have been...
Coluber caeruleus – [nomen dubium]
Coluber albus – Brachyorrhus albus
Coluber aspis – Vipera aspis
Vipera aspis
Vipera aspis is a venomous viper species found in southwestern Europe. Bites from this species can be more severe than from the European adder, V. berus; not only can they be very painful, but about 4% of all untreated bites are fatal...
Coluber typhlus – Liophis typhlus
Coluber lebetinus – Macrovipera lebetina
Macrovipera lebetina
Macrovipera lebetina is a venomous viper species found in North Africa, much of the Middle East, and as far east as Kashmir. Five subspecies are currently recognized, including the nominate race described here.-Description:...
Coluber melanocephalus – Tantilla melanocephala
Tantilla melanocephala
Tantilla melanocephala, the Black-headed Snake is a small snake found in South America and Trinidad and Tobago.-References:...
Coluber cobella – Liophis cobella
Coluber reginae – Leimadophis reginae
Coluber severus – Xenodon severus
Coluber aurora – Lamprophis aurora
Lamprophis aurora
The Aurora House Snake, Lamprophis aurora, is a species of snake in the Colubridae family.-Distribution:Found in South Africa, the southern Cape Province, from the Cape Peninsula, east and north to Natal, Lesotho, Orange Free State, Transvaal and Swaziland...
Coluber sipedon – Nerodia sipedon, northern water snake
Northern Water Snake
The Northern water snake is a large, nonvenomous, well-known snake in the Colubridae family that is native to North America.-Behavior:...
Coluber maurus – Natrix maura
Natrix maura
Natrix maura is a natricine water snake of the genus Natrix. Its common name is viperine water snake or viperine snake. Despite its common names, it is not a member of the Subfamily Viperinae...
Coluber stolatus – Amphiesma stolatum
Amphiesma stolatum
The buff striped keelback is a species of nonvenomous colubrid snake found across Asia. It is a typically nonaggressive snake that feeds on frogs and toads. It belongs to the subfamily Natricinae, and is closely related to water snakes and grass snakes. It pretty much resembles an Asian version of...

, buff-striped keelback
Coluber vittatus – Xenochrophis vittatus
Xenochrophis vittatus
Striped Keelback Xenochrophis vittatus is a species of snake found mainly in Indonesia ; and Singapore .Terra typica: “America” .-Ecology:...

, striped keelback
Coluber miliaris – Liophis miliaris
Liophis miliaris
Liophis miliaris is a species of snake originally described by Carl Linnaeus in 1758, one of more than fifty species of the genus Liophis. The genus name was indicated to mean "common snake". In 1964 Gans gave it the name "common water snake". Liophis miliaris is endemic to Brazil, Paraguay,...
Coluber rhombeatus – Psamnophylax rhombeatus
Coluber cyaneus – [nomen dubium]
Coluber natrix – Natrix natrix, grass snake
Grass Snake
The grass snake , sometimes called the ringed snake or water snake is a European non-venomous snake. It is often found near water and feeds almost exclusively on amphibians.-Etymology:...
Coluber aesculapii & Coluber agilis – Erythrolamprus aesculapii
Erythrolamprus aesculapii
Erythrolamprus aesculapii, the False Coral, is a snake found in Amazonian South America and on the island of Trinidad . It feeds mainly on other snakes and is often found in the leaf litter or burrowing in the soil in rain forests. This snake is mildly venomous...
Coluber lacteus – Homoroselaps lacteus
Coluber aulicus – Lycodon aulicus
Lycodon aulicus
The Indian wolf snake is a species of nonvenomous snake found in South Asia and Southeast Asia. Early naturalists have suggested its resemblance to the venomous common krait as an instance of Batesian mimicry.-Description:...

, Indian wolf snake
Coluber monilis – [nomen dubium]
Coluber pallidus – Thamnodynastes pallidus
Coluber lineatus – Liophis lineatus
Coluber naja – Naja naja, Indian cobra
Indian Cobra
Indian Cobra or Spectacled Cobra is a species of the genus Naja found in the Indian subcontinent and a member of the "big four", the four species which inflict the most snakebites in India. This snake is revered in Indian mythology and culture, and is often seen with snake charmers...
Coluber padera – [nomen dubium]
Coluber canus – Pseudaspis cana, mole snake
Mole snake
The mole snake is a species of snake in the family Pseudaspididae. It is native to much of southern Africa, and is the only member of the genus Pseudaspis. A study showed that P. cana are caught and consumed by the honey badger, among other species...
Coluber sibilans – Psamnophis sibilans
Coluber laticaudatus – Laticauda laticauda
Coluber sirtalis – Thamnophis sirtalis, common garter snake
Common Garter Snake
The Common Garter Snake is a snake indigenous to North America. Most garter snakes have a pattern of yellow stripes on a brown or green background and their average length is about , maximum about .-Subspecies:...
Coluber atrox – Bothrops atrox
Bothrops atrox
Bothrops atrox is a venomous pitviper species found in the tropical lowlands of northern South America east of the Andes. No subspecies are currently recognized.-Description:...
Coluber sibon & Coluber nebulatus – Sibon nebulata
Sibon nebulata
The Clouded Snake is a small, slender snake which is found in Central America, northern South America and Trinidad and Tobago....

, clouded snake
Coluber fuscus & Coluber saturninus – Chironius fuscus
Coluber candidus – Bungarus candidus
Bungarus candidus
Bungarus candidus, commonly known as the Malayan krait or blue krait, is a species of krait, a venomous elapid snake.-Geographic range:It is found in southeast Asia from Indochina south to Java and Bali-Description:...
Coluber niveus – Naja haje, Egyptian cobra
Egyptian cobra
The Egyptian cobra is a species in the genus Naja found in Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. It is one of the largest Naja species in Africa.- Description :...
Coluber scaber – Dasypeltis scabra, common egg-eater
Common Egg-eater
Dasypeltis scabra, known as the common egg eater, egg-eating snake or rhombic egg eater, is a species of nonvenomous snake.-Description:...
Coluber carinatus – Chironius carinatus
Chironius carinatus
Chironius carinatus, commonly known as the machete savane, is a very large, but slender colubrid snake. Although nonvenomous, this snake is well known for its aggressive behaviour.-Geographic range:...

, machete savane
Coluber corallinus – Liophis triscalis
Coluber ovivorus – perhaps Elaphe vulpina, fox snake
Fox Snake
Fox snake is the common name given to two species of North American rat snakes. Neither is any threat to humans. Unfortunately, due to the striking resemblance to the Massasauga rattlesnake , it is killed by many people who mistake it for the Massasauga.The eastern fox snake is...
Coluber exoletus – Chironius exoletus
Coluber situla – Zamenis situla, European ratsnake
European Ratsnake
The European Ratsnake or Leopard Snake is a species of snake in the Colubridae family.-Geographic range:It is found in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Italy, the Republic of Macedonia, Malta, Serbia and Montenegro, Turkey, Ukraine, and possibly Cyprus.-Description:It is...
Coluber triscalis – Liophis triscalis
Coluber lemniscatus – Micrurus lemniscatus
Micrurus lemniscatus
The South American coral snake is a species of elapid snake, native to South America.- Subspecies :There are currently four recognized subspecies:* Micrurus lemniscatus carvalhoi Roze, 1967...
Coluber annulatus – Leptodeira annulata
Leptodeira annulata
Leptodeira annulata is a medium-sized, mildly venomous, colubrid snake.-Geographic range:It is found in northern South America, Margarita, and Trinidad and Tobago.-Description:...

, machete savane
Coluber dipsas – [nomen dubium]
Coluber pelias – Chrysopelea pelias, banded flying snake
Banded Flying Snake
The Twin-barred Tree Snake , Chrysopelea pelias, is a species of snake found in Asia. It is also called the Banded Flying Snake. It can glide, as with all species of its genus Chrysopelea, by stretching the body into a flattened strip using its ribs...
Coluber tyria – [nomen dubium]
Coluber jugularis – Coluber jugularis
Coluber petola – Oxyrhopus petola
Oxyrhopus petola
Oxyrhopus petola, the False Coral is a snake found in northern South America and Trinidad and Tobago. The species is rear-fanged and its saliva is extremely toxic to Anolis lizards. They feed on lizards, frogs, small rodents, birds and probably other snakes.-References:-External links:*...
Coluber molurus – Python molurus
Coluber ahaetulla – Leptophis ahaetulla
Leptophis ahaetulla
Leptophis ahaetulla, the Lora or Parrot Snake is a medium-sized slender snake of the colubrid family. It is found in northern South America and Trinidad and Tobago...
Coluber petolarius – Oxyrhopus petola
Oxyrhopus petola
Oxyrhopus petola, the False Coral is a snake found in northern South America and Trinidad and Tobago. The species is rear-fanged and its saliva is extremely toxic to Anolis lizards. They feed on lizards, frogs, small rodents, birds and probably other snakes.-References:-External links:*...
Coluber haje – Naja haje, Egyptian cobra
Egyptian cobra
The Egyptian cobra is a species in the genus Naja found in Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. It is one of the largest Naja species in Africa.- Description :...
Coluber filiformis – [nomen dubium]
Coluber pullatus – Spilotes pullatus
Spilotes pullatus
Spilotes pullatus, also known as the Tigre, is a large snake found in southern Central America, northern South America and Trinidad and Tobago. It is a non-venomous colubrid that tends to inhabit forested areas. It is arboreal in habit and feeds on a wide variety of prey, including small mammals,...

, tigre
Coluber hippocrepis – Hemorrhois hippocrepis, horseshoe whip snake
Horseshoe Whip Snake
The horseshoe whip snake is a species of snake in the Colubridae family.-Geographic range:It is found in Algeria, Italy, Morocco, Portugal, Spain, Gibraltar and Tunisia.-Description:...
Coluber minervae – Liophis lineatus
Coluber cinereus – perhaps Liophis cobella
Coluber viridissimus – Philodryas viridissimus
Coluber mucosus – Ptyas mucosus
Ptyas mucosus
Dhaman or Oriental Ratsnake Ptyas mucosus is a common species of colubrid snake found in parts of South and Southeast Asia. Growing to nearly two metres, they are large snakes and their colour varies from pale browns in dry regions to nearly black in moist forest areas...
Coluber cenchoa – Imantodes cenchoa
Imantodes cenchoa
The Mapepire Corde Violon or Blunthead Tree Snake is a slender snake found in northern South America and Trinidad and Tobago. It feeds on geckos, anolis lizards, frogs, reptile eggs, and frog eggs.-References:...
Coluber mycterizans – Ahaetulla mycterizans
Coluber caerulescens – [nomen dubium]
Coluber arges – [mythical]

Anguis (slowworms

Anguis

Anguis, or the slow worm, is a small genus of lizard in the family Anguidae. It has two described species.Although they are lizards, slow worms have lost their limbs completely and are often mistaken as snakes. Slow-worms typically grow to between , with the females slightly larger than the males...

& worm snakes

Typhlops

Typhlops is a genus of blind snakes found in Europe, Africa, Asia and Central and South America. Currently, 120 species are recognized.-Geographic range:...

)

Anguis bipes – Scelotes bipes
Anguis meleagris – Acontias meleagris
Acontias meleagris
Acontias meleagris, the Cape Legless Skink, is a species of skink found in the southern Cape of South Africa. It has no limbs, like most members of the subfamily Acontinae....
Anguis colubrina – Gongylophis colubrinus
Gongylophis colubrinus
Gongylophis colubrinus, the Kenyan sand boa, is a boa species found in northern Africa. No subspecies are currently recognized.-Description:...

, Egyptian sand boa
Anguis jaculus & Anguis cerastes – Eryx jaculus
Eryx jaculus
Eryx jaculus, known commonly as the Javelin sand boa, is a species of snake in the Boidae family. It is the type species of the genus Eryx.-Geographic range:...

, javelin sand boa
Anguis maculata – Cylindrophis maculatus
Cylindrophis maculatus
Cylindrophis maculatus, or the Ceylonese cylinder snake, is a species of snake in the Cylindrophiidae family.-Description:Cylindrophis maculatus has two series of large reddish brown spots along the back, which are enclosed by a black network. The belly is white, variegated with black.Dorsal scales...

, Ceylonese cylinder snake
Anguis reticulata – Typhlops reticulatus
Typhlops reticulatus
Typhlops reticulatus is a species of snake in the Typhlopidae family....

, reticulate worm snake
Anguis lumbricalis – Typhlops lumbricalis
Typhlops lumbricalis
Typhlops lumbricalis is a species of snake in the Typhlopidae family....

, earthworm worm snake
Anguis laticauda – [nomen dubium]
Anguis scytale – Anilius scytale
Anguis eryx – part of Anguis fragilis
Anguis fragilis
Anguis fragilis, or slow worm, slow-worm or slowworm, is a limbless reptile native to Eurasia. It is also sometimes referred to as the blindworm or blind worm, though the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds considers this to be incorrect.Slow worms are semi-fossorial lizards spending much...

, slow worm
Anguis fragilis – Anguis fragilis
Anguis fragilis
Anguis fragilis, or slow worm, slow-worm or slowworm, is a limbless reptile native to Eurasia. It is also sometimes referred to as the blindworm or blind worm, though the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds considers this to be incorrect.Slow worms are semi-fossorial lizards spending much...

, slow worm

Amphisbaena (worm lizards

Amphisbaenia

The Amphisbaenia are a usually legless suborder of squamates closely related to lizards and snakes. As many species possess a pink body coloration and scales arranged in rings, they have a superficial resemblance to earthworms. They are very poorly understood, due to their burrowing lifestyle...

)

Amphisbaena fuliginosa – Amphisbaena fuliginosa, spotted worm lizard
Amphisbaena alba – Amphisbaena alba
Amphisbaena alba
Amphisbaena alba, also known as the red worm lizard or less commonly as the white or white-bellied worm lizard, is a species of amphisbaenian in the genus Amphisbaena....

, red worm lizard

Caecilia (caecilian

Caecilian

The caecilians are an order of amphibians that superficially resemble earthworms or snakes. They mostly live hidden in the ground, making them the least familiar order of amphibians. All extant caecilians and their closest fossil relatives are grouped as the clade Apoda. They are mostly...

Caecilia tentaculata – Caecilia tentaculata
Caecilia glutinosa – Ichthyophis glutinosus
Ichthyophis glutinosus
Ichthyophis glutinosus or Ceylon Caecilian is a species of amphibian in the Ichthyophiidae family.It is endemic to Sri Lanka....

, Ceylon caecilian

Nantes

Petromyzon (lamprey

Lamprey

Lampreys are a family of jawless fish, whose adults are characterized by a toothed, funnel-like sucking mouth. Translated from an admixture of Latin and Greek, lamprey means stone lickers...

Petromyzon marinus – Sea Lamprey
Sea lamprey
The sea lamprey is a parasitic lamprey found on the Atlantic coasts of Europe and North America, in the western Mediterranean Sea, and in the Great Lakes. It is brown, gray, or black on its back and white or gray on the underside and can grow up to 90 cm long. Sea lampreys prey on a wide...
Petromyzon fluviatilis & Petromyzon branchialis – European river lamprey
European river lamprey
River Lamprey redirects here. See Lamprey River for the river in New HampshireThe European river lamprey, also known as the river lamprey or lampern, is a jawless lamprey, scientific name Lampetra fluviatilis...

Raja (rays)

Raja torpedo – Common torpedo
Common torpedo
The common torpedo, ocellate torpedo, or eyed electric ray is a species of electric ray in the family Torpedinidae, found in the Mediterranean Sea and the eastern Atlantic Ocean from the Bay of Biscay to Angola. It is a benthic fish typically encountered over soft substrates in fairly shallow,...
Raja batis – Common skate
Common skate
The common skate or blue skate is the largest skate in the world. Historically, it was one of the most abundant skates in the Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea. Despite its name, today it appears to be absent from much of this range. Where previously abundant, fisheries directly targeted...
Raja oxyrinchus – Long-nosed burton skate
Raja miraletus – Brown ray
Raja fullonica – Shagreen ray
Shagreen ray
The shagreen ray or fuller's ray, Leucoraja fullonica, is a species of skate in the family Rajidae. This ray is found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean, from Murmansk, Russia through Norway, southern Iceland, the Faroe Islands, the Celtic Sea, the northern North Sea and Skagerrak, to northern Morocco,...
Raja aquila – Common eagle ray
Raja altavela – Spiny butterfly ray
Spiny butterfly ray
The spiny butterfly ray or giant butterfly ray, Gymnura altavela, is a species of butterfly ray, family Gymnuridae, native to the shallow coastal waters of the Atlantic Ocean. A large ray that can measure over 2 meters across, it may be distinguished from the sympatric smooth butterfly ray The...
Raja pastinaca – Common stingray
Common stingray
The common stingray is a species of stingray in the family Dasyatidae, found in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean and Black Seas. It typically inhabits sandy or muddy habitats in coastal waters shallower than , often burying itself in sediment...
Raja clavata – Thornback ray
Thornback ray
The thornback ray or thornback skate is a species of fish in the Rajidae family. It is found in coastal waters of Europe and the Atlantic coast of Africa, possibly as far south as Namibia and even South Africa. Its natural habitats are open seas and shallow seas...
Raja rhinobatos – Common guitarfish
Guitarfish
The guitarfish are a family, Rhinobatidae, of rays. The guitarfish are known for an elongated body with a flattened head and trunk and small ray like wings. The combined range of the various species is tropical, subtropical and temperate waters worldwide. They often travel in large...

Squalus (shark

Shark

Sharks are a type of fish with a full cartilaginous skeleton and a highly streamlined body. The earliest known sharks date from more than 420 million years ago....

Squalus acanthias – Spiny dogfish
Spiny dogfish
The spiny dogfish, spurdog, mud shark, or piked dogfish, Squalus acanthias, is one of the best known of the dogfish which are members of the family Squalidae in the order Squaliformes. While these common names may apply to several species, Squalus acanthias is distinguished by having two spines ...
Squalus centrina – Angular roughshark
Angular roughshark
The angular roughshark, Oxynotus centrina, is a sleeper shark of the family Oxynotidae. It reaches a length of about 1.5 m ....
Squalus spinax – Velvet belly lantern shark
Velvet belly lantern shark
The velvet belly lantern shark is a species of dogfish shark in the family Etmopteridae. One of the most common deepwater sharks in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean, the velvet belly is found from Iceland and Norway to Gabon and South Africa at a depth of...
Squalus squatina – Angelshark
Squatina squatina
The angelshark is a species of shark in the family Squatinidae , once widespread in the coastal waters of the northeastern Atlantic Ocean. Well-adapted for camouflaging itself on the sea floor, the angelshark has a flattened form with enlarged pectoral and pelvic fins, giving it a superficial...
Squalus zygaena – Smooth hammerhead shark
Smooth hammerhead
The smooth hammerhead is a species of hammerhead shark, family Sphyrnidae, so named because of the distinctive shape of the head, which is flattened and laterally extended into a hammer shape , without an indentation in the middle of the front margin...
Squalus tiburo – Bonnethead shark
Bonnethead
The bonnethead shark or shovelhead, Sphyrna tiburo, is a member of the hammerhead shark genus Sphyrna. The Greek word sphyrna translates as hammer, referring to the shape of this shark's head - tiburo is the Taino word for shark....
Squalus galeus – School shark
School shark
The school shark, tope shark, soupfin shark or snapper shark, Galeorhinus galeus, is a hound shark of the family Triakidae, the only member of the genus Galeorhinus, found worldwide in subtropical seas at depths of up to...
Squalus canicula & Squalus catulus – Small-spotted catshark
Small-spotted catshark
The small-spotted catshark or lesser spotted dogfish, Scyliorhinus canicula, is a cat shark of the family Scyliorhinidae found on the continental shelves and uppermost slopes off Norway and the British Isles south to Senegal, including the Mediterranean between latitudes 63° N and 12° N. Its...
Squalus stellaris – Nursehound
Nursehound
The nursehound , also known as the large-spotted dogfish, greater spotted dogfish, or bull huss, is a species of catshark, family Scyliorhinidae, found in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean. It is generally found amongst rocks or algae at a depth of...
Squalus glaucus – Blue shark
Blue shark
The blue shark is a species of requiem shark, family Carcharhinidae, that inhabits deep waters in the world's temperate and tropical oceans. Preferring cooler waters, blue sharks migrate long distances, for example from New England to South America. Although generally lethargic, they can move very...
Squalus carcharias – Great white shark
Great white shark
The great white shark, scientific name Carcharodon carcharias, also known as the great white, white pointer, white shark, or white death, is a large lamniform shark found in coastal surface waters in all major oceans. It is known for its size, with the largest individuals known to have approached...
Squalus mustelus – Common smooth-hound
Common smooth-hound
The common smooth-hound, Mustelus mustelus, is a houndshark of the family Triakidae, found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean from the British Isles to South Africa, in the Mediterranean Sea, Madeira and the Canary Islands at depths of ranging from 5m to 625m . While they can grow to 200 cm, their...
Squalus pristis – Common sawfish
Common sawfish
The common sawfish, Pristis pristis, is a sawfish of the family Pristidae, found in tropical and subtropical parts of the Atlantic, Mediterranean, eastern Pacific and in northern Australia. As suggested by its name, it was once plentiful, but has now declined drastically leading to it being...

Chimaera (ratfishes)

Chimaera monstrosa – Rabbitfish
Chimaera monstrosa
Chimaera monstrosa, also known as the rabbit fish or rat fish, is a species of fish in the Chimaeridae family.-Anatomy and appearance:...
Chimaera callorynchus – Elephantfish
Callorhinchus callorynchus
The elephantfish is a species of fish in the Callorhinchidae family. It is found in Peru, Chile, Argentina, Uruguay and southern Brazil. Its natural habitat is open seas.-References:...

Lophius (anglerfish

Anglerfish

Anglerfishes are members of the teleost order Lophiiformes . They are bony fishes named for their characteristic mode of predation, wherein a fleshy growth from the fish's head acts as a lure; this is considered analogous to angling.Some anglerfishes are pelagic , while others are benthic...

es)

Lophius piscatorius – Angler
Lophius piscatorius
The angler, also sometimes called fishing-frog, frog-fish or sea-devil, Lophius piscatorius, is a monkfish in the family Lophiidae. It is found in coastal waters of the northeast Atlantic, from the Barents Sea to the Strait of Gibraltar, the Mediterranean and the Black Sea...
Lophius vespertilio – Brazilian batfish
Brazilian batfish
The Brazilian batfish, Ogcocephalus vespertilio, belongs to the family Ogcocephalidae . Its distribution includes the western Atlantic, from the Antilles to Brazil. It preys on bottom-dwelling invertebrates....
Lophius histrio – Sargassumfish
Sargassumfish
The sargassumfish, Histrio histrio , is a frogfish of the family Antennariidae, the only species in its genus. It lives among sargassum weed which floats in subtropical oceans...

Acipenser (sturgeon

Sturgeon

Sturgeon is the common name used for some 26 species of fish in the family Acipenseridae, including the genera Acipenser, Huso, Scaphirhynchus and Pseudoscaphirhynchus. The term includes over 20 species commonly referred to as sturgeon and several closely related species that have distinct common...

Acipenser sturio – European Sea Sturgeon
European sea sturgeon
The Atlantic or the European Sturgeon , also known as the baltic sturgeon or common sturgeon, is a species of sturgeon found on most coasts of Europe. It is currently a critically endangered species....
Acipenser ruthenus – Sterlet
Sterlet
The sterlet is a common Eurasian species of sturgeon, one of the smaller species of sturgeon. It is a common domestic species in the UK and Europe and an angling species all over the world...
Acipenser huso – Beluga Sturgeon
Acipenser plecostomus – Suckermouth Catfish
Hypostomus plecostomus
Hypostomus plecostomus, the suckermouth catfish or common pleco, is a tropical fish belonging to the armored catfish family , named for the armor-like longitudinal rows of scutes that cover the upper parts of the head and body...

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