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Amoeba
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Amoeba (sometimes amœba or ameba, plural amoebae) is a term used either to describe protists that move by crawling via pseudopods, or to refer to a genus that includes species that move by this mechanism.
he past, it was believed that organisms moving via pseudopods were closely related. However, it is now understood that many different unrelated organisms have evolved to shed their external structure and "taken up the amoeboid way of life"..
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Amoeba (sometimes amœba or ameba, plural amoebae) is a term used either to describe protists that move by crawling via pseudopods, or to refer to a genus that includes species that move by this mechanism.
Terminology
In the past, it was believed that organisms moving via pseudopods were closely related. However, it is now understood that many different unrelated organisms have evolved to shed their external structure and "taken up the amoeboid way of life".. Because of this, classifying all these organisms together because of their method of locomotion would be similar to classifying all flying and gliding animals in a single group. Still, because the means of locomotion is one of the easiest traits to identify upon microscopy, the broader sense of the term has endured.
There are many closely related terms that can be the source of confusion:
- "Amoeba" is a genus that includes species such as Amoeba proteus
- Amoebidae is a family that includes the Amoeba genus, among others.
- Amoebozoa is a kingdom that includes the Amoebidae family, among others.
- Amoeboids are organisms that move by crawling. Many (but not all) Amoeboids are Amoebozoa.
History
The amoeba was first discovered by August Johann Rösel von Rosenhof in 1757. Early naturalists referred to Amoeba as the Proteus animalcule after the Greek god Proteus who could change his shape. The name "amibe" was given to it by Bory de Saint-Vincent, from the Greek amoibè (aµ??ß?), meaning change.
Anatomy
The cell's organelles and cytoplasm are enclosed by a cell membrane, obtaining its food through phagocytosis. Amoebae have a single large tubular pseudopod at the anterior end, and several secondary ones branching to the sides. The most famous species, Amoeba proteus, is 700-800 µm in length but the species Amoeba dubia is as large as a millimeter, and visible to the naked eye. Its most recognizable features include one or more nuclei and a simple contractile vacuole to maintain osmotic equilibrium. Food enveloped by the amoeba is stored and digested in vacuoles. Amoebae, like other single-celled eukaryotic organisms, reproduce asexually via mitosis and cytokinesis, not to be confused with binary fission, which is how prokaryotes (bacteria) reproduce. In cases where the amoeba are forcibly divided, the portion that retains the nucleus will survive and form a new cell and cytoplasm, while the other portion dies. Amoebas also have no definite shape.
Genome
The amoeba is remarkable for its very large genome. The species Amoeba protea has 290 billion base pairs in its genome, and there are 670 billion base pairs in the genome of Amoeba dubia. The human genome is small by contrast, with its count of 2.9 billion base pairs.
Reaction to stimuli
Hypertonic and hypotonic solutions
Like most cells, amoebae are adversely affected by excessive osmotic pressure caused by extremely saline or dilute water. Amoebae will prevent the influx of salt in saline water, resulting in a net loss of water as the cell becomes isotonic with the environment, causing the cell to shrink. Placed into fresh water, amoebae will also attempt to match the concentration of the surrounding water, causing the cell to swell and sometimes burst.
Amoebic cysts
In environments which are potentially lethal to the cell, an amoeba may become dormant by forming itself into a ball and secreting a protective membrane to become a microbial cyst. The cell remains in this state until it encounters more favourable conditions. While in cyst form the amoeba will not replicate and may die if unable to emerge for a lengthy period of time.
Marine amoeba
Marine amoeba lack contractile vacuoles and their enzymes and organelles are not damaged by the salt water found in seas, oceans, salt swamps, salty rivers and ponds. Most are microscopic, but some can grow as large as grapes.
Food scarcity
Research published in the journal PLoS Biology in November 2008 shows several unusual types of behavior by amoebas in times of food scarcity. Amoebas can seek out other amoebas which are genetically similar. They can then clump together to form multi-cellular organisms in which some amoebas will become spores which can be moved to other locations to find more food, or they can become stalks which provide some height for the spores to then spread out. Most would rather be a spore than a stalk.
Pathogenic interactions with other organisms
Some species of amoeba can infect other organisms pathogenically (causing disease):
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