American wire gauge
Encyclopedia
American wire gauge also known as the Brown & Sharpe
wire gauge, is a standardized
wire gauge
system used since 1857 predominantly in the United States and Canada for the diameters of round, solid, nonferrous, electrically
conducting wire. The cross-sectional area of each gauge is an important factor for determining its current-carrying capacity
.
The steel industry does not use AWG and prefers a number of other wire gauges. These include W&M Wire Gauge, US Steel Wire Gauge, and Music Wire Gauge.
Increasing gauge numbers give decreasing wire diameters, which is similar to many other non-metric
gauging systems. This gauge system originated in the number of drawing operations
used to produce a given gauge of wire. Very fine wire (for example, 30 gauge) required more passes through the drawing dies
than did 0 gauge wire. Manufacturers of wire formerly had proprietary wire gauge systems; the development of standardized wire gauges rationalized selection of wire for a particular purpose.
The AWG tables are for a single, solid, round conductor. The AWG of a stranded wire is determined by the total cross-sectional area of the conductor, which determines its current-carrying capacity and electrical resistance
. Because there are also small gaps between the strands, a stranded wire will always have a slightly larger overall diameter than a solid wire with the same AWG.
AWG is also commonly used to specify body piercing
jewelry sizes, especially smaller sizes.
or equivalently
The gauge can be calculated from the diameter using
and the cross-section area is
,
The ASTM B 258-02 standard defines the ratio between successive sizes to be the 39th root of 92, or approximately 1.1229322. ASTM B 258-02 also dictates that wire diameters should be tabulated with no more than 4 significant figures, with a resolution of no more than 0.0001 inches (0.1 mils) for wires larger than No. 44 AWG, and 0.00001 inches (0.01 mils) for wires No. 45 AWG and smaller.
Sizes with multiple zeros are successively larger than No. 0 and can be denoted using "number of zeros/0", for example 4/0 for 0000. For an m/0 AWG wire, use n = −(m−1) = 1−m in the above formulas. For instance, for No. 0000 or 4/0, use n = −3.
Additionally, a decrease of ten gauge numbers, for example from No. 10 to 1/0, multiplies the area and weight by approximately 10 and reduces the resistance by a factor of approximately 10.
) based on plastic insulation. The diameter information in the table applies to solid wires. Stranded wires are calculated by calculating the equivalent cross sectional
copper area
. Fusing Current (melting wire) is estimated based on 25°C ambient temperature. The table below assumes DC
, or AC
frequencies equal to or less than 60 Hz, and does not take skin effect
into account. Turns of wire is an upper limit for wire with no insulation.
In the North American electrical industry, conductors larger than 4/0 AWG are generally identified by the area in thousands of circular mil
s (kcmil), where 1 kcmil = 0.5067 mm². The next wire size larger than 4/0 has a cross section of 250 kcmil. A circular mil is the area of a wire one mil
in diameter. One million circular mils is the area of a circle with 1000 mil = 1 inch diameter. An older abbreviation for one thousand circular mils is MCM.
The industry also bundles common wire
for use in electrical distribution in homes and businesses, identifying a bundle's wire size followed by the number of wires in the bundle, e.g.:
Brown & Sharpe
Brown & Sharpe is a division of Hexagon Metrology, Inc., a multinational corporation focused mainly on metrological tools and technology. During the 19th and 20th centuries, Brown & Sharpe was one of the most well-known and influential firms in the machine tool industry...
wire gauge, is a standardized
Standardization
Standardization is the process of developing and implementing technical standards.The goals of standardization can be to help with independence of single suppliers , compatibility, interoperability, safety, repeatability, or quality....
wire gauge
Wire gauge
Wire gauge is a measurement of how large a wire is, either in diameter or cross sectional area. This determines the amount of electric current a wire can safely carry, as well as its electrical resistance and weight per unit of length...
system used since 1857 predominantly in the United States and Canada for the diameters of round, solid, nonferrous, electrically
Electricity
Electricity is a general term encompassing a variety of phenomena resulting from the presence and flow of electric charge. These include many easily recognizable phenomena, such as lightning, static electricity, and the flow of electrical current in an electrical wire...
conducting wire. The cross-sectional area of each gauge is an important factor for determining its current-carrying capacity
Ampacity
Ampacity is the maximum amount of electrical current a conductor or device can carry before sustaining immediate or progressive deterioration.Also described as current rating or current-carrying capacity, ampacity is the RMS electric current which a device can continuously carry while remaining...
.
The steel industry does not use AWG and prefers a number of other wire gauges. These include W&M Wire Gauge, US Steel Wire Gauge, and Music Wire Gauge.
Increasing gauge numbers give decreasing wire diameters, which is similar to many other non-metric
Si
Si, si, or SI may refer to :- Measurement, mathematics and science :* International System of Units , the modern international standard version of the metric system...
gauging systems. This gauge system originated in the number of drawing operations
Wire drawing
Wire drawing is a metalworking process used to reduce the cross-section of a wire by pulling the wire through a single, or series of, drawing die. There are many applications for wire drawing, including electrical wiring, cables, tension-loaded structural components, springs, paper clips, spokes...
used to produce a given gauge of wire. Very fine wire (for example, 30 gauge) required more passes through the drawing dies
Draw plate
A draw plate is type of die consisting of a hardened steel plate with one or more holes through which wire is drawn to make it thinner. A typical plate will have twenty to thirty holes so a wide range of diameters can be drawn....
than did 0 gauge wire. Manufacturers of wire formerly had proprietary wire gauge systems; the development of standardized wire gauges rationalized selection of wire for a particular purpose.
The AWG tables are for a single, solid, round conductor. The AWG of a stranded wire is determined by the total cross-sectional area of the conductor, which determines its current-carrying capacity and electrical resistance
Electrical resistance
The electrical resistance of an electrical element is the opposition to the passage of an electric current through that element; the inverse quantity is electrical conductance, the ease at which an electric current passes. Electrical resistance shares some conceptual parallels with the mechanical...
. Because there are also small gaps between the strands, a stranded wire will always have a slightly larger overall diameter than a solid wire with the same AWG.
AWG is also commonly used to specify body piercing
Body piercing
Body piercing, a form of body modification, is the practice of puncturing or cutting a part of the human body, creating an opening in which jewelry may be worn. The word piercing can refer to the act or practice of body piercing, or to an opening in the body created by this act or practice...
jewelry sizes, especially smaller sizes.
Formula
By definition, No. 36 AWG is 0.0050 inches in diameter, and No. 0000 is 0.4600 inches in diameter. The ratio of these diameters is 92, and there are 40 gauge sizes from No. 36 to No. 0000, or 39 steps. Using this common ratio, wire gauge sizes vary geometrically according to the following formula: The diameter of a No. n AWG wire isor equivalently
The gauge can be calculated from the diameter using
and the cross-section area is
,The ASTM B 258-02 standard defines the ratio between successive sizes to be the 39th root of 92, or approximately 1.1229322. ASTM B 258-02 also dictates that wire diameters should be tabulated with no more than 4 significant figures, with a resolution of no more than 0.0001 inches (0.1 mils) for wires larger than No. 44 AWG, and 0.00001 inches (0.01 mils) for wires No. 45 AWG and smaller.
Sizes with multiple zeros are successively larger than No. 0 and can be denoted using "number of zeros/0", for example 4/0 for 0000. For an m/0 AWG wire, use n = −(m−1) = 1−m in the above formulas. For instance, for No. 0000 or 4/0, use n = −3.
Rules of thumb
The sixth power of this ratio is very close to 2, which leads to the following rules of thumb:- When the diameter of a wire is doubled, the AWG will decrease by 6. (e.g., No. 2 AWG is about twice the diameter of No. 8 AWG.)
- When the cross-sectionalCross section (geometry)In geometry, a cross-section is the intersection of a figure in 2-dimensional space with a line, or of a body in 3-dimensional space with a plane, etc...
area of a wire is doubled, the AWG will decrease by 3. (e.g., Two No. 14 AWG wires have about the same cross-sectional area as a single No. 11 AWG wire.)
Additionally, a decrease of ten gauge numbers, for example from No. 10 to 1/0, multiplies the area and weight by approximately 10 and reduces the resistance by a factor of approximately 10.
Table of AWG wire sizes
The table below shows various data including both the resistance of the various wire gauges and the allowable current (ampacityAmpacity
Ampacity is the maximum amount of electrical current a conductor or device can carry before sustaining immediate or progressive deterioration.Also described as current rating or current-carrying capacity, ampacity is the RMS electric current which a device can continuously carry while remaining...
) based on plastic insulation. The diameter information in the table applies to solid wires. Stranded wires are calculated by calculating the equivalent cross sectional
Cross section (geometry)
In geometry, a cross-section is the intersection of a figure in 2-dimensional space with a line, or of a body in 3-dimensional space with a plane, etc...
copper area
Area
Area is a quantity that expresses the extent of a two-dimensional surface or shape in the plane. Area can be understood as the amount of material with a given thickness that would be necessary to fashion a model of the shape, or the amount of paint necessary to cover the surface with a single coat...
. Fusing Current (melting wire) is estimated based on 25°C ambient temperature. The table below assumes DC
Direct current
Direct current is the unidirectional flow of electric charge. Direct current is produced by such sources as batteries, thermocouples, solar cells, and commutator-type electric machines of the dynamo type. Direct current may flow in a conductor such as a wire, but can also flow through...
, or AC
Alternating current
In alternating current the movement of electric charge periodically reverses direction. In direct current , the flow of electric charge is only in one direction....
frequencies equal to or less than 60 Hz, and does not take skin effect
Skin effect
Skin effect is the tendency of an alternating electric current to distribute itself within a conductor with the current density being largest near the surface of the conductor, decreasing at greater depths. In other words, the electric current flows mainly at the "skin" of the conductor, at an...
into account. Turns of wire is an upper limit for wire with no insulation.
| AWG | |Turns of wire | Copper Copper Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu and atomic number 29. It is a ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. Pure copper is soft and malleable; an exposed surface has a reddish-orange tarnish... resistance Electrical resistance The electrical resistance of an electrical element is the opposition to the passage of an electric current through that element; the inverse quantity is electrical conductance, the ease at which an electric current passes. Electrical resistance shares some conceptual parallels with the mechanical... | |NEC copper wire ampacity Ampacity Ampacity is the maximum amount of electrical current a conductor or device can carry before sustaining immediate or progressive deterioration.Also described as current rating or current-carrying capacity, ampacity is the RMS electric current which a device can continuously carry while remaining... with 60/75/90 °C insulation (A) | | Approximate stranded metric equivalents | |Fusing Current (copper) |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (inch) | (mm) | (per in) | (per cm) | (kcmil Circular mil A circular mil is a unit of area, equal to the area of a circle with a diameter of one mil . It is a convenient unit for referring to the area of a wire with a circular cross section, because the area in circular mils can be calculated without reference to pi .The area in circular mils, A, of a... ) | (mm2) | (Ω/km) (mΩ/m) | (Ω/kFT) (mΩ/ft) | Preece (~10s) | Onderdonk (1s) |
Onderdonk (32ms) |
|||
| 0000 (4/0) | 0.4600 | 11.684 | 2.17 | 0.856 | 212 | 107 | 0.1608 | 0.04901 | 195 / 230 / 260 | 31 kA | 173 kA | ||
| 000 (3/0) | 0.4096 | 10.404 | 2.44 | 0.961 | 168 | 85.0 | 0.2028 | 0.06180 | 165 / 200 / 225 | 24.5 kA | 137 kA | ||
| 00 (2/0) | 0.3648 | 9.266 | 2.74 | 1.08 | 133 | 67.4 | 0.2557 | 0.07793 | 145 / 175 / 195 | 19.5 kA | 109 kA | ||
| 0 (1/0) | 0.3249 | 8.252 | 3.08 | 1.21 | 106 | 53.5 | 0.3224 | 0.09827 | 125 / 150 / 170 | 1.9 kA | 15.5 kA | 87 kA | |
| 1 | 0.2893 | 7.348 | 3.46 | 1.36 | 83.7 | 42.4 | 0.4066 | 0.1239 | 110 / 130 / 150 | 1.6 kA | 12 kA | 68 kA | |
| 2 | 0.2576 | 6.544 | 3.88 | 1.53 | 66.4 | 33.6 | 0.5127 | 0.1563 | 95 / 115 / 130 | 1.3 kA | 9.7 kA | 54 kA | |
| 3 | 0.2294 | 5.827 | 4.36 | 1.72 | 52.6 | 26.7 | 0.6465 | 0.1970 | 85 / 100 / 110 | 196/0.4 | 1.1 kA | 7.7 kA | 43 kA |
| 4 | 0.2043 | 5.189 | 4.89 | 1.93 | 41.7 | 21.2 | 0.8152 | 0.2485 | 70 / 85 / 95 | 946 A | 6.1 kA | 34 kA | |
| 5 | 0.1819 | 4.621 | 5.50 | 2.16 | 33.1 | 16.8 | 1.028 | 0.3133 | 126/0.4 | 795 A | 4.8 kA | 27 kA | |
| 6 | 0.1620 | 4.115 | 6.17 | 2.43 | 26.3 | 13.3 | 1.296 | 0.3951 | 55 / 65 / 75 | 668 A | 3.8 kA | 21 kA | |
| 7 | 0.1443 | 3.665 | 6.93 | 2.73 | 20.8 | 10.5 | 1.634 | 0.4982 | 80/0.4 | 561 A | 3 kA | 17 kA | |
| 8 | 0.1285 | 3.264 | 7.78 | 3.06 | 16.5 | 8.37 | 2.061 | 0.6282 | 40 / 50 / 55 | 472 A | 2.4 kA | 13.5 kA | |
| 9 | 0.1144 | 2.906 | 8.74 | 3.44 | 13.1 | 6.63 | 2.599 | 0.7921 | 84/0.3 | 396 A | 1.9 kA | 10.7 kA | |
| 10 | 0.1019 | 2.588 | 9.81 | 3.86 | 10.4 | 5.26 | 3.277 | 0.9989 | 30 / 35 / 40 | 333 A | 1.5 kA | 8.5 kA | |
| 11 | 0.0907 | 2.305 | 11.0 | 4.34 | 8.23 | 4.17 | 4.132 | 1.260 | 56/0.3 | 280 A | 1.2 kA | 6.7 kA | |
| 12 | 0.0808 | 2.053 | 12.4 | 4.87 | 6.53 | 3.31 | 5.211 | 1.588 | 25 / 25 / 30 | 235A | 955 A | 5.3 kA | |
| 13 | 0.0720 | 1.828 | 13.9 | 5.47 | 5.18 | 2.62 | 6.571 | 2.003 | 50/0.25 | 198 A | 758 A | 4.2 kA | |
| 14 | 0.0641 | 1.628 | 15.6 | 6.14 | 4.11 | 2.08 | 8.286 | 2.525 | 20 / 20 / 25 | 166 A | 601 A | 3.3 kA | |
| 15 | 0.0571 | 1.450 | 17.5 | 6.90 | 3.26 | 1.65 | 10.45 | 3.184 | 30/0.25 | 140 A | 477 A | 2.7 kA | |
| 16 | 0.0508 | 1.291 | 19.7 | 7.75 | 2.58 | 1.31 | 13.17 | 4.016 | — / — / 18 | 117 A | 377 A | 2.1 kA | |
| 17 | 0.0453 | 1.150 | 22.1 | 8.70 | 2.05 | 1.04 | 16.61 | 5.064 | 32/0.2 | 99 A | 300 A | 1.7 kA | |
| 18 | 0.0403 | 1.024 | 24.8 | 9.77 | 1.62 | 0.823 | 20.95 | 6.385 | — / — / 14 | 24/0.2 | 83 A | 237A | 1.3 kA |
| 19 | 0.0359 | 0.912 | 27.9 | 11.0 | 1.29 | 0.653 | 26.42 | 8.051 | 70 A | 189 A | 1 kA | ||
| 20 | 0.0320 | 0.812 | 31.3 | 12.3 | 1.02 | 0.518 | 33.31 | 10.15 | 16/0.2 | 58.5 A | 149 A | 834 A | |
| 21 | 0.0285 | 0.723 | 35.1 | 13.8 | 0.810 | 0.410 | 42.00 | 12.80 | 13/0.2 | 49 A | 119 A | 662 A | |
| 22 | 0.0253 | 0.644 | 39.5 | 15.5 | 0.642 | 0.326 | 52.96 | 16.14 | 7/0.25 | 41 A | 94 A | 525 A | |
| 23 | 0.0226 | 0.573 | 44.3 | 17.4 | 0.509 | 0.258 | 66.79 | 20.36 | 35 A | 74 A | 416 A | ||
| 24 | 0.0201 | 0.511 | 49.7 | 19.6 | 0.404 | 0.205 | 84.22 | 25.67 | 1/0.5, 7/0.2, 30/0.1 | 29 A | 59 A | 330 A | |
| 25 | 0.0179 | 0.455 | 55.9 | 22.0 | 0.320 | 0.162 | 106.2 | 32.37 | 24 A | 47 A | 262 A | ||
| 26 | 0.0159 | 0.405 | 62.7 | 24.7 | 0.254 | 0.129 | 133.9 | 40.81 | 7/0.15 | 20 A | 37 A | 208 A | |
| 27 | 0.0142 | 0.361 | 70.4 | 27.7 | 0.202 | 0.102 | 168.9 | 51.47 | |||||
| 28 | 0.0126 | 0.321 | 79.1 | 31.1 | 0.160 | 0.0810 | 212.9 | 64.90 | |||||
| 29 | 0.0113 | 0.286 | 88.8 | 35.0 | 0.127 | 0.0642 | 268.5 | 81.84 | |||||
| 30 | 0.0100 | 0.255 | 99.7 | 39.3 | 0.101 | 0.0509 | 338.6 | 103.2 | 1/0.25, 7/0.1 | ||||
| 31 | 0.00893 | 0.227 | 112 | 44.1 | 0.0797 | 0.0404 | 426.9 | 130.1 | |||||
| 32 | 0.00795 | 0.202 | 126 | 49.5 | 0.0632 | 0.0320 | 538.3 | 164.1 | 1/0.2, 7/0.08 | ||||
| 33 | 0.00708 | 0.180 | 141 | 55.6 | 0.0501 | 0.0254 | 678.8 | 206.9 | |||||
| 34 | 0.00630 | 0.160 | 159 | 62.4 | 0.0398 | 0.0201 | 856.0 | 260.9 | |||||
| 35 | 0.00561 | 0.143 | 178 | 70.1 | 0.0315 | 0.0160 | 1079 | 329.0 | |||||
| 36 | 0.00500 | 0.127 | 200 | 78.7 | 0.0250 | 0.0127 | 1361 | 414.8 | |||||
| 37 | 0.00445 | 0.113 | 225 | 88.4 | 0.0198 | 0.0100 | 1716 | 523.1 | |||||
| 38 | 0.00397 | 0.101 | 252 | 99.3 | 0.0157 | 0.00797 | 2164 | 659.6 | |||||
| 39 | 0.00353 | 0.0897 | 283 | 111 | 0.0125 | 0.00632 | 2729 | 831.8 | |||||
| 40 | 0.00314 | 0.0799 | 318 | 125 | 0.00989 | 0.00501 | 3441 | 1049 | |||||
In the North American electrical industry, conductors larger than 4/0 AWG are generally identified by the area in thousands of circular mil
Circular mil
A circular mil is a unit of area, equal to the area of a circle with a diameter of one mil . It is a convenient unit for referring to the area of a wire with a circular cross section, because the area in circular mils can be calculated without reference to pi .The area in circular mils, A, of a...
s (kcmil), where 1 kcmil = 0.5067 mm². The next wire size larger than 4/0 has a cross section of 250 kcmil. A circular mil is the area of a wire one mil
Thou (unit of length)
A thou also known as a mil or point, is the verbalized abbreviation for "thousandth of an inch." It is a unit of length equal to 0.001 inch....
in diameter. One million circular mils is the area of a circle with 1000 mil = 1 inch diameter. An older abbreviation for one thousand circular mils is MCM.
Stranded wire AWG sizes
Stranded wires are specified with three numbers, the overall AWG size, the number of strands, and the AWG size of a strand. The number of strands and the AWG of a strand are separated by a slash. For example, a 22 AWG 7/30 stranded wire is a 22 AWG wire made from seven strands of 30 AWG wire.Nomenclature and abbreviations in electrical distribution
Alternate ways are commonly used in the electrical industry to specify wire sizes as AWG.- 4 AWG (proper)
- #4 (the number signNumber signNumber sign is a name for the symbol #, which is used for a variety of purposes including, in some countries, the designation of a number...
is used as an abbreviation for "number") - No. 4 (No. is used as an abbreviation for "number")
- No. 4 AWG
- 4 ga. (abbreviation for "gauge")
- 000 AWG (proper for large sizes)
- 3/0 (common for large sizes)
- 3/0 AWG
- #000
- #3/0
The industry also bundles common wire
Electrical wiring
Electrical wiring in general refers to insulated conductors used to carry electricity, and associated devices. This article describes general aspects of electrical wiring as used to provide power in buildings and structures, commonly referred to as building wiring. This article is intended to...
for use in electrical distribution in homes and businesses, identifying a bundle's wire size followed by the number of wires in the bundle, e.g.:
- #14/2 (also written "14-2") is a nonmetallic sheathed bundle of two solid AWG 14 wires. This sheath is usually white when used for NM-B wiring intended for electrical distribution.
- #12/2 with ground (also written "12-2 w/gnd") is a nonmetallic sheathed bundle of three solid AWG 12 wires having a bare ground in the middle of two insulated conductors in a flat-shaped NM-B yellow-colored sheath. The color is a North American industry standard for cables made since 2003 and aids identification.
- #10/3 with ground (also written "10-3 w/gnd") is a nonmetallic sheathed bundle of four solid AWG 10 wires having a bare ground and three insulated conductors twisted into a round-shaped NM-B orange-colored sheath.
Pronunciation
AWG is colloquially referred to as gauge and the zeros in large wire sizes are referred to as aught (icon). Wire sized 1 AWG is referred to as "one gauge"; similarly, smaller diameters are pronounced "x gauge", where x is the positive integer AWG number. For larger wire sizes (#0 and up), the word "gauge" is dropped and they are referred to as "one aught", "two aught," etc., depending on how many zeros are in the AWG rating. In other cases the word "gauge" is replaced by the word "number" which appears before the size, such as pronouncing "number twelve" for 12 AWG.See also
- IEC 60228IEC 60228IEC 60228 is the International Electrotechnical Commission's international standard on conductors of insulated cables.Among other things, it defines a set of standard wire cross-sectional areas:...
for international standard wire sizes - Standard wire gaugeStandard wire gaugeBritish Standard Wire Gauge is a set of wire sizes given by BS 3737:1964 , and is generally abbreviated to SWG. It is also known as: Imperial Wire Gauge or British Standard Gauge. Use of SWG sizes has fallen greatly in popularity, but is still used as a measure of thickness in guitar strings and...
former British standard - A chart comparing all known wire gauges
- Number 8 wireNumber 8 wireNumber 8 wire is a gauge of wire on the British Standard wire gauge that has entered into the cultural lexicon of New Zealand.It has not been sold under that name for three decades, since it was replaced with the equivalent 4.0 mm wire in the metric system. As such it is still widely used in...
, a term used in the New Zealand vernacular - Stubs Iron Wire GaugeStubs Iron Wire GaugeThe Stubs Iron Wire Gauge system is used to specify thickness or diameter of metal wire, strip, and tube products...
- Electric power distributionElectric power distributionFile:Electricity grid simple- North America.svg|thumb|380px|right|Simplified diagram of AC electricity distribution from generation stations to consumers...
- Electrical wiringElectrical wiringElectrical wiring in general refers to insulated conductors used to carry electricity, and associated devices. This article describes general aspects of electrical wiring as used to provide power in buildings and structures, commonly referred to as building wiring. This article is intended to...
- CableCableA cable is two or more wires running side by side and bonded, twisted or braided together to form a single assembly. In mechanics cables, otherwise known as wire ropes, are used for lifting, hauling and towing or conveying force through tension. In electrical engineering cables are used to carry...
- Power cordPower cordA power cord, line cord, or mains cable is a cable that temporarily connects an appliance to the mains electricity supply via a wall socket or extension cord. The terms are generally used for cables using a power plug to connect to a single-phase alternating current power source at the local line...
- Extension cordExtension cordAn extension cord, power extender, or extension lead is a length of flexible electrical power cable with a plug on one end and one or more sockets on the other end . The term usually refers to mains extensions but is also used to refer to extensions for other types of cabling...
- Magnet wireMagnet wireMagnet wire or enameled copper wire is a copper or aluminum wire covered with thin insulation. It is used in the construction of transformers, inductors, motors, headphones, loudspeakers, hard drive head positioners, potentiometers, and electromagnets, among other applications...
Further reading
- Donald G. FinkDonald G. FinkDonald Glen Fink was an American electrical engineer, a pioneer in the development of radio navigation systems and television standards, vice president for research of Philco, president of the Institute of Radio Engineers, General Manager of the IEEE, and an editor of many important publications...
and H. Wayne Beaty, Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers, Eleventh Edition,McGraw-Hill, New York, 1978, ISBN 0-07-020974-X, page 4-18 and table 4-11.
External links
- Wire Gauge to Diameter—Diameter to Wire Gauge Converter - Online calculator converts gauge to diameter or diameter to gauge for any wire size.
- How to Gauge Traces
- Conversion and calculation of cable diameter to AWG and vice versa
- Table of wire resistivities for bigger gauge (insulation included)
- Bare copper wire AWG NEMA/IEC metric standard sizes
- Reference for conversions and maximum safe current loads