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Alvar Aalto
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Hugo Alvar Henrik Aalto (February 3, 1898 — May 11, 1976) was a Finnish architect and designer, sometimes called the "Father of Modernism" in the Scandinavian countries. His work includes architecture, furniture, textiles and glassware. He is also known for his strong cooperation with the Ahlström-Gullichsen family.
r Aalto was born in Kuortane, Finland. His father, Johan Henrik Aalto, was a Finnish-speaking land-surveyor and his mother, Selly (Selma) Matilda (nee Hackstedt) was a post-mistress.
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Encyclopedia
Hugo Alvar Henrik Aalto (February 3, 1898 — May 11, 1976) was a Finnish architect and designer, sometimes called the "Father of Modernism" in the Scandinavian countries. His work includes architecture, furniture, textiles and glassware. He is also known for his strong cooperation with the Ahlström-Gullichsen family.
Biography
Life
Alvar Aalto was born in Kuortane, Finland. His father, Johan Henrik Aalto, was a Finnish-speaking land-surveyor and his mother, Selly (Selma) Matilda (nee Hackstedt) was a post-mistress. When Aalto was 5 years old, the family moved to Alajärvi, and from there to Jyväskylä in Central Finland. Aalto studied at the Jyväskylä Lyceum school, completing his basic education in 1916. In 1916 he then enrolled to study architecture at the Helsinki University of Technology, graduating in 1921.
In 1923 he returned to Jyväskylä, where he opened his first architectural office. The following year he married architect Aino Marsio. Their honeymoon journey to Italy sealed an intellectual bond with the culture of the Mediterranean region that was to remain important to Aalto for the rest of his life. Aalto moved his office to Turku in 1927, and started collaborating with architect Erik Bryggman. The office moved again in 1933 to Helsinki.
The Aaltos designed and built a joint house-office (1935-36) for themselves in Munkkiniemi, Helsinki, but later (1954-56) had a purpose-built office built in the same neighbourhood. Aino and Alvar Aalto had 2 children, a daughter Johanna "Hanni" Alanen, born Aalto, 1925, and a son Hamilkar Aalto, 1928. In 1926 the young Aaltos designed and had built a summer cottage in Alajärvi, Villa Flora. Aino Aalto died of cancer in 1949. In 1952 Aalto married architect Elissa Mäkiniemi (died 1994), who had been working as an assistant in his office. In 1952 Aalto designed and had built a summer cottage, the so-called Experimental House, for himself and his new wife in Muuratsalo in Central Finland. Alvar Aalto died on May 11, 1976, in Helsinki.
Career
Although he is sometimes regarded as among the first and most influential architects of Nordic modernism, a closer examination of the historical facts reveals that Aalto (while a pioneer in Finland) closely followed and had personal contacts with other pioneers in Sweden, in particular Gunnar Asplund and Sven Markelius. What they and many others of that generation in the Nordic countries had in common was that they started off from a classical education and were first designing in the so-called Nordic Classicism style - a style that had been a reaction to the previous dominant style of National Romanticism - before moving, in the late 1920s, towards Modernism.
In Aalto's case this is epitomised by the Viipuri Library (1927-35), which went through a transformation from an originally classical competition entry proposal to the completed high-modernist building. His humanistic approach is in full evidence there: the interior displays natural materials, warm colours, and undulating lines. The Viipuri Library project lasted eight years, and during that same time he also designed the Turun Sanomat Building (1929-30) and Paimio Sanatorium (1929-33). Thus, the Turun Sanomat Building first heralded Aalto's move towards modernism, and this was then carried forward both in the Paimio Sanatorium and in the on-going design for the library. Although the Turun Sanomat Building and Paimio Sanatorium are comparatively pure modernist works, even they carried the seeds of his questioning of such an approach and a move to a more daring, synthetic attitude.
Aalto was a member of the Congres Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne, attending the second congress in Frankfurt in 1929 and the fourth congress in Athens in 1933. It was not until the completion of the Paimio Sanatorium (1929) and Viipuri Library (1935) that he first achieved world attention in architecture. His reputation grew in the USA following the critical reception of his design for the Finnish Pavilion at the 1939 New York World's Fair, described by Frank Lloyd Wright as a "work of genius".
It could be said that Aalto's reputation was sealed with his inclusion in the second edition of Sigfried Giedion's influential book on Modernist architecture, Space, Time and Architecture: The growth of a new tradition (1949), in which Aalto received more attention than any other Modernist architect, including Le Corbusier. In his analysis of Aalto, Giedion gave primacy to qualities that depart from direct functionality, such as mood, atmosphere, intensity of life and even 'national characteristics', declaring that "Finland is with Aalto wherever he goes".
Aalto's awards included the Royal Gold Medal for Architecture from the Royal Institute of British Architects (1957) and the Gold Medal from the American Institute of Architects (1963).
Works
Aalto's career spans the changes in style from (Nordic Classicism) to purist International Style Modernism to a more personal, synthetic and idiosyncratic Modernism. Aalto's wide field of design activity ranges from the large scale of city planning and architecture to interior design, furniture and glassware design and painting. It has been estimated that during his enture career Aalto designed over 500 individual buildings, approximately 300 of which were built, the vast majority of which are in Finland. He also has a few buildings in the USA, Germany, Italy, and France.
Aalto claimed that his paintings were not made as individual artworks but as part of his process of architectural design, and many of his small-scale "sculptural" experiments with wood led to later larger architectural details and forms. These experiments also led to a number of patents: for example, he invented a new form of laminated bent-plywood furniture in 1932. His experimental method had been influenced by his meetings with various members of the Bauhaus design school, especially László Moholy-Nagy, whom he first met in 1930. Aalto's furniture was exhibited in London in 1935, to great critical acclaim, and to cope with the consumer demand Aalto, together with his wife Aino, Maire Gullichsen and Nils-Gustav Hahl founded the company Artek that same year. Aalto glassware (Aino as well as Alvar) is manufactured by Iittala.
Significant buildings
- 1921 – 1923: Bell tower of Kauhajärvi Church, Lapua, Finland
- 1924 – 1928: Municipal hospital, Alajärvi, Finland
- 1926 – 1929: Defence Corps Building, Jyväskylä, Finland
- 1927 – 1935: Municipal library, Viipuri, Finland (now Vyborg, Russia)
- 1928 – 1929, 1930: Turun Sanomat newspaper offices, Turku, Finland
- 1928 – 1929: Paimio Sanatorium, Tuberculosis sanatorium and staff housing, Paimio, Finland
- 1931: Central University Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia (former Yugoslavia)
- 1932: – Villa Tammekann, Tartu, Estonia
- 1934: Corso theatre, restaurant interior, Zürich, Switzerland
- 1936 - 1938: Ahlstrom Sunila Pulp Mill, Housing, and Town Plan, Kotka
- 1937: Finnish Pavilion, 1937 World's Fair
- 1937 – 1939: Villa Mairea, Noormarkku, Finland
- 1939: Finnish Pavilion, 1939 World's Fair
- 1947 – 1948: Baker House, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- 1949 – 1966: Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland
- 1949 – 1952: Säynätsalo Town Hall, 1949 competition, built 1952, Säynätsalo (now part of Jyväskylä), Finland
- 1950 – 1957: Kansaneläkelaitos (National Pension Institution) office building, Helsinki, Finland
- 1952 – 1958: House of Culture, Helsinki, Finland
- 1957: The Experimental House, Muuratsalo, Finland
- 1958 – 1987: Town centre, Seinäjoki, Finland
- 1958 – 1972: North Jutland Art Museum, Aalborg, Denmark
- 1959 – 1962: Enso-Gutzeit Headquarters, Helsinki, Finland
- 1962: Aalto-Hochhaus, Bremen, Germany
- 1965: Regional Library of Lapland, Rovaniemi, Finland
- 1962 – 1971: Finlandia Hall, Helsinki, Finland
- 1963 – 1965: Building for Västmanland-Dala nation, Uppsala, Sweden
- 1965 – 1968: Nordic House, Reykjavík, Iceland
- 1970: Mount Angel Abbey Library, Mt. Angel, Oregon, USA
- 1959 – 1988: Essen opera house, Essen, Germany
Furniture and glassware
Chairs
- 1933: Three-legged stacking Stool 60
- 1933: Four-legged Stool E60
- 1935-6: Armchair 404 (a/k/a/ Zebra Tank Chair)
- 1939: Armchair 406
Lamps
- 1954: Floor lamp A805
- 1959: Floor lamp A810
Vases
Images
Quotes
- "God created paper for the purpose of drawing architecture on it. Everything else is at least for me an abuse of paper." Alvar Aalto, Sketches, 1978, 104.
- "We should work for simple, good, undecorated things" and he continues, "but things which are in harmony with the human being and organically suited to the little man in the street." Alvar Aalto, speech in London 1957.
Memorials
Aalto has been commemorated in a number of ways:
- Alvar Aalto is the eponym of the Alvar Aalto Medal, now considered one of world architecture’s most prestigious awards.
- Aalto was featured in the 50 mk note in the last series of the Finnish markka (before its replacement by the Euro in 2002).
- 1998 marked the centenary anniversary of Aalto's birth. The occasion was marked in Finland not only by several books and exhibitions but also by the promotion of specially-bottled red and white Aalto Wine, and a specially-designed cup-cake.
- Aalto University, a new Finnish university to be established in 2009, is named after Alvar Aalto.
See also
Bibliography
Göran Schildt
Göran Schildt has written and edited many books on Aalto, the most well-known being the three-volume biography, usually referred to as the definitive biography on Aalto.
- Alvar Aalto. The Early Years Rizzoli, New York, 1984.
- Alvar Aalto. The Decisive Years Rizzoli, New York, 1987.
- Alvar Aalto. The Mature Years Rizzoli, New York, 1991.
- The Architectural Drawings of Alvar Aalto, 1917-1939, in eleven volumes. Prepared by the Alvar Aalto Archive in collaboration with the Museum of Finnish Architecture, Helsinki, and the Alvar Aalto Museum, Jyväskylä; with introduction and project descriptions by Göran Schildt. New York, Garland Pub., 1994.
- Alvar Aalto in His Own Words. Rizzoli, New York, 1998.
- Alvar Aalto: The Complete Catalogue of Architecture, Design and Art. Rizzoli, New York, 1994.
Other books
- Alvar Aalto Arkkitehti / Architect 1898-1976, Rakennustieto / Alvar Aalto Foundation, Helsinki, 1999.
- Fleig, Karl Alvar Aalto, Editorial Gustavo Gili, Barcelona, 1992.
- Porphyrios, Demetri Sources of Modern Eclecticism, Academy Editions, London, 1982.
- Pallasmaa, Juhani (Ed.) Alvar Aalto Furniture, Museum of Finnish Architecture. Helsinki 1984
- Reed, Peter (Ed.) Alvar Aalto: between humanism and materialism. Museum of Modern Art/H.N. Abrams. New York, 1998.
- Ruusuvuori, Aarno (Ed.) Alvar Aalto 1898-1976. Museum of Finnish Architecture. Helsinki 1998
- Jormakka, Kari; Gargus, Jacqueline; Graf, Douglas The Use and Abuse of Paper. Essays on Alvar Aalto. Datutop 20, Tampere 1999.
- Connah, Roger Aaltomania - Readings against Aalto? Building Information LTD, Helsinki 2000.
- Weston, Richard Alvar Aalto. Phaidon, London, 1995.
Aalto research
- The extensive archives of Alvar Aalto are nowadays kept at the , Jyväskylä, Finland. Material is also available from the former offices of Aalto, at Tiilimäki 20, Helsinki, nowadays the headquarters of the
- The Alvar Aalto Museum and Aalto Academy publish a journal (twice a year), , which is devoted not only to Aalto scholarship but also to architecture generally as well as theory, design and art.
- One of the most extensive collections of references on Alvar Aalto in the U.S. can be found at the University of Oregon.
External links
Archives
- Custodian of Aalto's architectural drawings and writings.
Resources
- - From the official site
- Illustrated article about Alvar Aalto
- Role played by Alvar Alto in the use of Moulded plywood for furniture.
Catalogs
- Aalto furniture; company founded by Aalto.
- iittala
- New York Museum of Modern Art exhibit site. Contains an especially useful timeline of his life and career.
Buildings and reviews
- The Guardian - Fiona MacCarthy recalls a shared lunch of smoked reindeer and schnapps in his elegant Helsinki restaurant
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Shops
- Tomorrow's Antique Alvar Aalto furniture collection.
- Shop dedicated to Alvar Aalto designs.
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