Alfred Waterhouse (19 July 1830 – 22 August 1905) was an
EnglishEngland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the North Sea to the east, with the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...
architectAn architect is trained and licensed in planning and designing buildings, and participates in supervising the construction of a building. Etymologically, architect derives from the Latin architectus, itself derived from the Greek arkhitekton , i.e. chief builder...
, particularly associated with the
VictorianThe Victorian era of the United Kingdom was the period of Queen Victoria's reign from June 1837 until her death on the 22nd of January 1901. The reign was a long period of prosperity for the British people, as profits gained from the overseas British Empire, as well as from industrial improvements...
Gothic revival. He is perhaps best known for his design for the
Natural History MuseumThe Natural History Museum is one of three large museums on Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London . Its main frontage is on Cromwell Road...
in
London[]London is the capital of England and the United Kingdom. It has been a major settlement for two millennia, and the history of London goes back to its founding by the Romans, when it was named Londinium. London's core, the ancient City of London, the 'square mile', retains its medieval boundaries...
, although he also built a wide variety of other buildings throughout the country. Financially speaking, Waterhouse was probably the most successful of all Victorian architects. Though expert within Gothic and
RenaissanceRenaissance architecture is the architecture of the period between the early 15th and early 17th centuries in different regions of Europe, in which there was a conscious revival and development of certain elements of ancient Greek and Roman thought and material culture.The Renaissance style places...
styles, Waterhouse never limited himself to a single architectural style.
Early life
Waterhouse was born on the 19th July 1830 in
AigburthAigburth is a suburb of Liverpool, Merseyside, England. Located to the south of the city, it is bordered by Dingle, Garston and Mossley Hill.-History:...
,
LiverpoolLiverpool is a city and metropolitan borough of Merseyside, England, along the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary. It was founded as a borough in 1207 and was granted city status in 1880...
, the son of wealthy mill-owning
QuakerThe Religious Society of Friends is a religious movement, whose members are known as Friends or Quakers. The roots of this movement are with some 17th century Christian English dissenters, but today the movement has branched out into many independent national and regional organizations, called...
parents. His brothers were
accountantAn Accountant is a practitioner of accountancy, which is the measurement, disclosure or provision of assurance about financial information that helps managers, investors, tax authorities and other decision makers make resource allocation decisions....
Edwin WaterhouseEdwin Waterhouse was an English accountant. He is best known for having co-founded, with Samuel Lowell Price and William Hopkins Holyland, the accountancy practice of Price Waterhouse that now forms part of PricewaterhouseCoopers...
, co-founder of the
Price Waterhouse partnership that now forms part of
PriceWaterhouseCoopersPricewaterhouseCoopers is one of the world's largest professional services firms. It was formed in 1998 from a merger between Price Waterhouse and Coopers & Lybrand, both formed in London....
,and
solicitorSolicitors are lawyers who traditionally deal with any legal matter apart from conducting proceedings in courts , with some exceptions. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, the legal profession is split between solicitors and barristers, and a lawyer will usually only hold one title...
Theodore Waterhouse, who founded the firm of Waterhouse & Co. that continues to practise in the
City of LondonThe City of London is a small area within Greater London, England. It is the historic core of London around which the modern conurbation grew and has held city status since time immemorial. The City’s boundaries have remained almost unchanged since the Middle Ages, and it is now only a tiny part of...
.
Alfred Waterhouse was educated at the Quaker run
Grove SchoolGrove School, Tottenham was established on premises bought by Quakers as a boarding school for boys of the Quaker community, initially under Thomas Binns. One of its founders was Josiah Forster, who had attended the Quaker school his grandfather had founded in 1752, Forster's School, also in...
in
TottenhamTottenham is an urban area of North London, England in the London Borough of Haringey, situated north-east of Charing Cross.-History:There has been a settlement at Tottenham for over a thousand years...
near
London[]London is the capital of England and the United Kingdom. It has been a major settlement for two millennia, and the history of London goes back to its founding by the Romans, when it was named Londinium. London's core, the ancient City of London, the 'square mile', retains its medieval boundaries...
. He studied architecture under
Richard LaneRichard Lane was a distinguished English architect of the early and mid 19th century. Born in London and based in Manchester, he was known in great part for his restrained and austere Greek-inspired classicism. But, he did design a few buildings – mainly churches – in the Gothic style...
in
ManchesterManchester is a city and metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, England. In 2007, the population of the city was estimated to be 458,100...
, and spent much of his youth travelling in
EuropeEurope is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally divided from Asia to its east by the water divide of the Ural Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian Sea, the Caucasus Mountains , and the Black Sea to the southeast...
and studying in
FranceFrance , officially the French Republic , is a country located in Western Europe, with several overseas islands and territories located on other continents. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean...
,
ItalyItaly , officially the Italian Republic , is a country located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe and on the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily and Sardinia. Italy shares its northern, Alpine boundary with France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia...
and
GermanyGermany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium,...
. Upon his return to England, Alfred set up his own architectural practice in Manchester.
Manchester practice
Waterhouse continued to practise in Manchester for 12 years, until moving his practice to London in 1865. Waterhouse's earliest commissions were for domestic buildings, but his success as a designer of public buildings was assured in 1859 when he won the open competition for the
Manchester Assize CourtsThe Manchester Assize Courts were law courts once located on Great Ducie Street in Strangeways, Manchester in England. Designed by Alfred Waterhouse in the neo-Gothic style, construction began in 1859 and was completed in 1864. The building was demolished in the 1950s, in part due to heavy damage...
(now demolished). This work not only showed his ability to plan a complicated building on a large scale, but also marked him out as a champion of the
GothicGothic architecture is a style of architecture which flourished during the high and late medieval period. It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture....
cause.
In 1860, he married Elizabeth Hodgkin (1834-1918), the sister of the historian
Thomas HodgkinThomas Hodgkin , British historian, son of John Hodgkin , barrister and Quaker minister, and Elizabeth Howard ....
.
Waterhouse had connections with wealthy Quaker industrialist through schooling, marriage and religious affiliation. Many of these Quaker connections commissioned him to design and build country mansions, especially in the areas near
DarlingtonDarlington is a town in the ceremonial county of County Durham, England, and the main population centre in the Borough of Darlington. Darlington has a resident population of 97,838 as of 1997. On 1 April 1997, the Borough of Darlington became a unitary authority area, which separated it from the...
. Several of these were built for members of the Backhouse family, founders of
Backhouse's BankBackhouse's Bank of Darlington was founded in 1774 by James Backhouse , a Quaker flax dresser and linen manufacturer, and his sons Jonathan and James ....
, a forerunner of Barclays Bank. For Alfred Backhouse, Waterhouse built Pilmore Hall (1863), now known as Rockliffe Hall, in
Hurworth-on-TeesHurworth-on-Tees is a village in the borough of Darlington, within the ceremonial county of County Durham, England. It is situated to the south of Darlington, next to the meeting point of the River Skerne and River Tees.-Amenities:...
. In the same village he built The Grange (1875), now known as
Hurworth Grange Community CentreBuilt in 1875, Hurworth Grange Community Centre in the village of Hurworth-on-Tees, Durham, England, has had a long and varied history, from private residence of a wealthy Quaker banking family to its modern-day use as a well-loved community centre.- History :...
, which Alfred Backhouse had commissioned as a wedding gift for his nephew, James. E. Backhouse. Another Backhouse family mansion designed and built by Waterhouse was Dryderdale Hall (1872), near
HamsterleyHamsterley is a village in County Durham, in England. It is situated a few miles to the west of Bishop Auckland.The village lies on a rise above the upper reaches of the River Wear's valley. To the west of the village the land rises to Hamsterley Common at the eastern edge of the fell country which...
, which many might recognize as the home of Cyril Kinnear in the movie
Get CarterGet Carter is a 1971 crime film directed by Mike Hodges and starring Michael Caine as Jack Carter, a mobster who sets out to avenge the death of his brother in a series of unrelenting and brutal killings played out against the grim background of derelict urban housing in the North Eastern English...
.
London practice
In 1865, Waterhouse was one of the architects selected to compete for the
Royal Courts of JusticeThe Royal Courts of Justice, commonly called the Law Courts, is the building in London which houses the Court of Appeal of England and Wales and the High Court of Justice of England and Wales...
. The new University Club of New York was undertaken in 1866. In 1868 and nine years after his work on the Manchester Assize Courts, another competition secured for Waterhouse the design of
Manchester Town HallManchester Town Hall is a building in Manchester, England that houses Manchester City Council. Completed by architect Alfred Waterhouse in 1877, it is a fine example of Victorian Gothic revival, featuring imposing murals by Ford Madox Brown....
, where he was able to show a firmer and more original handling of the Gothic style. The same year he was involved in rebuilding part of Caius College, Cambridge; this was not his first university work, for he had already worked on
Balliol College, OxfordBalliol College , founded in 1263, is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England.Traditionally, the undergraduates are amongst the most politically active in the university, and the college's alumni include three former prime ministers. H. H...
in 1867, and the new buildings of the Cambridge Union Society, in 1866.
At Caius, out of deference to the
RenaissanceRenaissance architecture is the architecture of the period between the early 15th and early 17th centuries in different regions of Europe, in which there was a conscious revival and development of certain elements of ancient Greek and Roman thought and material culture.The Renaissance style places...
treatment of the older parts of the college, this Gothic element was intentionally mingled with classic detail, while Balliol and
Pembroke College, CambridgePembroke College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge, England.The college has over six hundred students and fellows, and is the third-oldest college of the university. Physically, it is one of the university's larger colleges, with buildings from almost every century since its...
, which followed in 1871, are typical of the style of his mid career with Gothic tradition tempered by individual taste and by adaptation to modern needs. Girton College,
CambridgeThe city of Cambridge is a university town and the administrative centre of the county of Cambridgeshire, England. It lies in East Anglia about north of London. It is also at the heart of the high-technology centre known as Silicon Fen....
, a building of simpler type, dates originally from the same period (1870), but has been periodically enlarged by further buildings. Two important domestic works were undertaken in 1870 and 1871 respectively —
Eaton HallEaton Hall is the country house of the Duke of Westminster which is set within a large estate south of the village of Eccleston, Cheshire, England . The estate covers an area of about 4,400 hectares within which is parkland of about 500 hectares and formal gardens of around 20 hectares...
in
CheshireCheshire ; also known, archaically, as the County of Chester) is a ceremonial county in North West England. The traditional county town is the city of Chester, although Cheshire's largest town is Warrington. Other major towns include Congleton, Crewe, Ellesmere Port, Widnes, Runcorn, Macclesfield,...
for the
Duke of WestminsterThe title Duke of Westminster was created by Queen Victoria in 1874 and bestowed upon Hugh Grosvenor, the 3rd Marquess of Westminster. The title is derived from Westminster. The current holder of the title is Gerald Grosvenor, 6th Duke of Westminster...
, and Heythrop Hall,
OxfordshireOxfordshire is a county in the South East England region, bordering on Northamptonshire, Buckinghamshire, Berkshire, Wiltshire, Gloucestershire, and Warwickshire....
, the latter a restoration of a fairly strict classic type.
Waterhouse received, without competition, the commission to build the
Natural History MuseumThe Natural History Museum is one of three large museums on Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London . Its main frontage is on Cromwell Road...
in
South KensingtonSouth Kensington is a district in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea in London. It is a built-up area located 2.4 miles west south-west of Charing Cross....
(1873–1881), a design which marks an epoch in the modern use of
architectural terracottaTerracotta, in its unglazed form, became fashionable as an architectural ceramic construction material in England in the 1860s, and in the United States in the 1870s. It was generally used to supplement brick and tiles of similar colour in late Victorian buildings.It had been used before this in...
and which was to become his best known work. Waterhouse's other works in London included the
National Liberal ClubThe National Liberal Club, known to its members as the NLC, is a London gentlemen's club, now also open to women, which was established by William Ewart Gladstone in 1882 for the purpose of providing club facilities for Liberal Party campaigners among the newly-enlarged electorate after the Third...
(a study in Renaissance composition),
University College HospitalUniversity College Hospital is a teaching hospital in London, England, part of the University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, and associated with University College London...
, the Surveyors' Institution in London's Great George Street (1896), and the Jenner Institute of Preventive Medicine in
ChelseaChelsea is an area of south-west London, England, bounded to the south by the River Thames, where its frontage runs from Chelsea Bridge along the Chelsea Embankment, Cheyne Walk, Lots Road and Chelsea Harbour. Its eastern boundary was once defined by the River Westbourne, which is now in a pipe...
(1895).
From the late 1860s, Waterhouse lived in the
ReadingReading is a large town in England, located at the confluence of the River Thames and River Kennet, and on both the Great Western Main Line railway and the M4 motorway, some west of London...
area and was responsible for several significant buildings there. These included his own residences of
Foxhill HouseFoxhill House is a Gothic revival style building on what is now the Whiteknights campus of the University of Reading at Earley, adjoining the English town of Reading...
(1868) and Yattendon Court (1877), together with
Reading Town HallThe Museum of Reading is in the Town Hall of Reading in the English county of Berkshire. It contains galleries describing the history of Reading and its related industries, a gallery of artefacts discovered during the excavations of Calleva Atrebatum , a copy of the Bayeux Tapestry and an art...
(1875) and
Reading SchoolReading School is a grammar school in the town of Reading, Berkshire, England. It is a single-sex boys' school, which selects incoming students on the basis of examined ability, usually at age 11, with a few entrants at age 13 and 16. It is state-funded, so there are no fees for day pupils, and...
(1870). Foxhill House is still in use by the
University of ReadingThe University of Reading is a red-brick university in the English town of Reading, Berkshire. Established in 1892, receiving its Royal Charter in 1926, the University has a long tradition of research, education and training at a local, national and international level. It was awarded the Queen's...
, as are his Whiteknights House (built for his father) and
East Thorpe HouseThe Museum of English Rural Life is a museum dedicated to recording the changing face of farming and the countryside in England. It houses designated collections of national importance that span the full range of objects, archives, photographs, film and books.The museum is run by the University of...
(built in 1880 for
Alfred PalmerAlfred Palmer was a member of the Palmer family, proprietors of the Huntley & Palmers biscuit manufacturers of Reading in England.He was the son of George Palmer and his wife, Elizabeth Sarah, the daughter of Robert Meteyard...
).
For the
Prudential Assurance CompanyPrudential plc is a United Kingdom-based financial services company. The company has over 21 million customers worldwide. As well as the UK arm of its operations it has operations in 12 countries in Asia and owns Jackson National Life in the United States. It founded the Egg internet bank,...
, Waterhouse designed many offices, including their Holborn Bars head office in
HolbornHolborn is an area of Central London, England. Holborn is also the name of the area's principal east-west street, running from St Giles's High Street as High Holborn to Gray's Inn Road to Holborn Viaduct, crossing the borders of the City of Westminster, London Borough of Camden and the City of...
and branch offices in
SouthamptonSouthampton is the largest city in the ceremonial county of Hampshire, on the south coast of England, and is situated south-west of London and north-west of Portsmouth. Southampton is a major port and the closest city to the New Forest...
,
NottinghamNottingham is a city and unitary authority in the East Midlands. It is located in the ceremonial county of Nottinghamshire, England and is one of only eight members of the English Core Cities Group....
and
LeedsLeeds is a city and metropolitan borough in West Yorkshire, England. The historic core at the heart of Leeds in 2001 had an estimated subdivision population of 443,247, whilst the entire city, that includes the urban and suburban areas incorporated into the city in 1974, had an estimated...
. He also designed offices for the National Provincial Bank in
PiccadillyPiccadilly is a major London street, running from Hyde Park Corner in the west to Piccadilly Circus in the east. It is completely within the city of Westminster. The street is part of the A4 road, London's second most important western artery. St...
(1892) and in Manchester. The
Liverpool InfirmaryLiverpool Infirmary was founded in 1743, took 6 years to build, and was opened by the Earl of Derby on March 25 1749. The first Infirmary stood on the site of the present day St George's Hall, and cost £2,600 to build. It was expanded in 1771....
was Waterhouse's largest hospital; and
St. Mary's HospitalSt Mary's Hospital for Women and Children is a hospital in Manchester, England. It was founded in 1790. St Mary's provides a unique range of inter-related services specifically for women and children...
in Manchester, the
Alexandra HospitalAlexandra Hospital is a 400-bed hospital located in the south-western part of Singapore. Nestled in a 110,000 square metre land, the hospital is a picture of tranquil setting, lined with mostly colonial style buildings built since the late 1930s...
in
RhylRhyl is a seaside resort town situated on the north east coast of Wales, in the county of Denbighshire , at the mouth of the River Clwyd . To the west is the suburb of Kinmel Bay, with the resort of Towyn further west, Prestatyn to the east and Rhuddlan to the south...
, and extensive additions at the
Nottingham General HospitalNottingham General Hospital was the first properly constituted hospital in Nottingham, England.It was part of the area known as Nottingham Park, immediately to the north of Nottingham Castle and near the wharves, and was founded on land of which one half was given by the Duke of Newcastle for the...
, also involved him. He was involved in a series of works for the
Victoria University of ManchesterThe Victoria University of Manchester was a university in Manchester, England. On 1 October 2004 it merged with the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology to form a new entity, "The University of Manchester".-History:The University was founded in 1851 as Owens College, named...
, of which he was made LL.D. in 1895.
Other educational buildings designed by Waterhouse include
Yorkshire College, LeedsThe University of Leeds is a major teaching and research university in Leeds, West Yorkshire and, with over 33,000 full-time students, is the second largest single site university in the United Kingdom. In the world university league tables published in November 2008, the university's ‘employer...
(1878), the Victoria Building for the
Liverpool University CollegeThe University of Liverpool is a university in the city of Liverpool, England. It is a member of the Russell Group and the N8 Group for research collaboration, and founded in 1881 it is also one of the six original "red brick" civic universities...
(now University of Liverpool) (1885), St Paul's School in
HammersmithHammersmith is an urban centre in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham in west London approximately 5 miles west of Charing Cross on the north bank of the River Thames...
(1881-4; demolished 1968); and the Central Technical College in London's Exhibition Road (1881).
Among works not already mentioned are the Cambridge Union building and subsequently a similar building for the
Oxford UnionThe Oxford Union Society, commonly referred to simply as the Oxford Union, is a debating society in the city of Oxford, UK, whose membership is drawn primarily but not exclusively from the University of Oxford...
;
Strangeways PrisonHM Prison Manchester is a Category A men's prison, located in the city of Manchester, England. The prison is also known as Strangeways Prison...
;
St Margaret's School, BusheySt Margaret's School is a boarding and day school for girls aged 4–18 in Bushey, Hertfordshire.As well as day places for all age groups they offer a range of flexible boarding options for both UK and international pupils from year 7 ....
; the Metropole Hotel in
BrightonBrighton is a town in the city of Brighton and Hove in East Sussex on the south coast of Great Britain...
; Hove Town Hall;
KnutsfordKnutsford is a town and civil parish in the unitary authority area of Cheshire East and the ceremonial county of Cheshire, in North West England...
town hall; Alloa Town Hall; St. Elisabeth's church in
ReddishReddish is an area of the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport, in Greater Manchester, England. It is north of Stockport and southeast of Manchester...
; Heaton Park Congregational Church in Prestwich, Darlington town clock, covered market hall and Backhouse's Bank (now Barclay's Bank); the
King's Weigh HouseThe King's Weigh House today serves as the Ukrainian Catholic Cathedral of the Holy Family in Exile and was formerly the name of a Congregational Church in London.-History:...
chapel in
MayfairMayfair is an area of central London, England, within the City of Westminster.-History:Mayfair is named after the annual fortnight-long May Fair that took place on the site that is Shepherd Market today...
, Hutton Hall in
YorkshireYorkshire is a historic county of northern England and the largest in the British Isles. Because of its great size, functions were increasingly undertaken over time by its subdivisions, which have been subject to periodic reform. Throughout these changes, Yorkshire has continued to be recognised as...
, St. Mary's Church in
Twyford-Places:Twyford is the name of more than one place. The place name is Anglo-Saxon and means 'double ford'.In the United Kingdom:*Twyford, Berkshire*Twyford, Buckinghamshire*Twyford, Derbyshire*Twyford, Dorset*Twyford, Hampshire*Twyford, Herefordshire...
,
HampshireHampshire , sometimes historically Southamptonshire, Hamptonshire, , or the County of Southampton, is a county on the south coast of England. The county borders , Dorset, Wiltshire, Berkshire, Surrey and West Sussex...
(1878) shows interestingly similar patterning to the
Natural History MuseumThe Natural History Museum is one of three large museums on Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London . Its main frontage is on Cromwell Road...
and was designed at the same time.
Recognition
Waterhouse became a fellow of the
Royal Institute of British ArchitectsThe Royal Institute of British Architects is a professional body for architects in the United Kingdom.Originally named the Institute of British Architects in London, it was formed in 1834 by several prominent architects, including Philip Hardwick, Thomas Allom, William Donthorne, Thomas Leverton...
in 1861, and was President from 1888 to 1891. He obtained a grand prix for architecture at the
Paris Exposition of 1867In 1864, Emperor Napoleon III decreed that an international exposition should be held in Paris in 1867. A commission was appointed with Prince Jerome Napoleon as president, under whose direction the preliminary work began...
, and a "Rappel" in 1878. In the same year he received the
Royal Gold MedalThe Royal Gold Medal for architecture is awarded annually by the Royal Institute of British Architects on behalf of the British monarch, in recognition of an individual's or group's substantial contribution to international architecture....
of the Royal Institute of British Architects, and was made an associate of the
Royal AcademyThe Royal Academy of Arts is an art institution based in Burlington House on Piccadilly, London, England. The Royal Academy of Arts has a unique position in being an independent, privately funded institution led by eminent artists and architects whose purpose is to promote the creation, enjoyment...
, of which body he became a full member in 1885 and treasurer in 1898. He was also a member of the academies of
ViennaVienna is the capital of the Republic of Austria and also one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's primary city, with a population of about 1.7 million , and is by far the largest city in Austria, as well as its cultural, economic, and political centre. It is the 10th largest city by...
(1869),
BrusselsBrussels , officially the Brussels Region or Brussels-Capital Region , is the de facto capital city of the European Union and the largest urban area in Belgium...
(1886), Antwerp (1887),
MilanMilan in Italy, is the capital of the region of Lombardia and of the province of Milan. The city proper has a population of about 1.3 million, while the urban area is the fifth largest in the E.U. with an estimated population of 4.3 million...
(1888) and
BerlinBerlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. With a population of 3.4 million within its city limits, Berlin is Germany's largest city. It is the second most populous city and the eighth most populous urban area in the European Union...
(1889), and a corresponding member of the
Institut de FranceThe Institut de France is a French learned society, grouping five académies, the most famous of which is the Académie française....
(1893). After 1886 he was constantly called upon to act as assessor in architectural competitions, and was a member of the international jury appointed to adjudicate on the designs for the west front of Milan Cathedral in 1887. In 1890 he served as architectural member of the Royal Commission on the proposed enlargement of
Westminster AbbeyThe Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster, which is almost always referred to popularly and informally as Westminster Abbey, is a large, mainly Gothic church, in Westminster, London, just to the west of the Palace of Westminster...
as a place of burial.
Later life
Waterhouse retired from architecture in 1902, having practised in partnership with his son,
Paul WaterhousePaul Waterhouse, , son and business partner of Alfred Waterhouse and father of Michael Waterhouse, all architects, designed buildings in England.His work included:*Girton College, University of Cambridge*In Birmingham:...
, from 1891. He died at
YattendonYattendon is a village and civil parish, situated between Newbury and Reading close to the M4 motorway, in the English county of Berkshire.-Geography:...
Court on the 22 August 1905.
External links