Alexandre Herculano de Carvalho e Araújo (March 28, 1810
LisbonLisbon is the capital and largest city of Portugal. It is also the seat of the district of Lisbon and the main city of the Lisbon region...
– September 13, 1877
SantarémSantarém is a city in the Santarém Municipality in Portugal. The city itself has a population of 28,760 and the entire municipality has 64,124 inhabitants.It is the capital of Santarém District....
),
PortuguesePortugal , officially the Portuguese Republic , is a country located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of mainland Europe and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east...
historianAn historian is an individual who studies and writes about history, and is regarded as an authority on it. Historians are concerned with the continuous, methodical narrative and research of past events as relating to the human race; as well as the study of all events in time...
, was born in
LisbonLisbon is the capital and largest city of Portugal. It is also the seat of the district of Lisbon and the main city of the Lisbon region...
of humble stock, his grandfather having been a foreman stonemason in the royal employ.
Early life
He received his early education, comprising
LatinLatin is an Italic language originally spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Through the Roman conquest, Latin spread throughout the Mediterranean and a large part of Europe...
,
logicLogic, from the Greek λογική is the art and science of reasoning. More specifically, it is defined by the Penguin Encyclopedia to be "The formal systematic study of the principles of valid inference and correct reasoning". As a discipline, logic dates back to Aristotle, who established its...
and
rhetoricRhetoric is one of the arts of using language as a means to persuade. Along with grammar and logic or dialectic, rhetoric is one of the three ancient arts of discourse. From ancient Greece to the late 19th Century, it was a central part of Western education, filling the need to train public...
, at the Necessidades Monastery, and spent a year at the Royal Marine Academy studying mathematics with the intention of entering on a commercial career. In 1828 Portugal fell under the absolute rule of
D. MiguelMiguel I was the 30th King of Portugal and the Algarves between 1828 and 1834, during the Portuguese civil war.-Early life and...
, and Herculano, becoming involved in the unsuccessful military
pronunciamento of August 1831, had to leave Portugal clandestinely and take refuge in
EnglandEngland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the North Sea to the east, with the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...
and
FranceFrance , officially the French Republic , is a country located in Western Europe, with several overseas islands and territories located on other continents. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean...
. In 1832 he accompanied the
LiberalLiberalism is the belief in the importance of individual freedom. This belief is widely accepted today throughout the world, and was recognized as an important value by many philosophers throughout history...
expedition to
Terceira IslandTerceira Island is an island in the Azores, in the middle of the North Atlantic Ocean, with an area of 396.75 km². The island's length is 29 km and the width is 18 km; the perimeter is 90 km. Population is 54,996, down from a peak of 59,000...
as a volunteer, and was one of D. Pedro's famous army of 7500 men who landed at the
MindeloFor the parish in Portugal, see Mindelo, PortugalMindelo , is a port city on the Cape Verde in the northern part of the island of São Vicente. Mindelo is also the seat of the parish of Nossa Senhora da Luz, and this island's municipality...
and occupied Oporto. He took part in all the actions of the great siege, and at the same time served as a librarian in the city archives. He published his first volume of verses,
A Voz de Propheta, in 1832, and two years later another entitled
A Harpa do Crente.
Privation had made a man of him, and in these little books he proves himself a poet of deep feeling and considerable power of expression. The stirring incidents in the political emancipation of Portugal inspired his muse, and he describes the bitterness of exile, the adventurous expedition to Terceira, the heroic defence of Oporto, and the final combats of liberty. In 1837 he founded the
Panorama in imitation of the English
Penny MagazineThe Penny Magazine, published every Saturday from 31 March 1832 to 31 October 1845, was an illustrated British magazine aimed at the working class. Charles Knight created it for the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge in response to Chambers's Edinburgh Journal, which started two months...
, and there and in
Illustraco he published the historical tales which were afterwards collected into
Lendas e Narrativas; in the same year he became royal librarian at the Ajuda Palace, which enabled him to continue his studies of the past. The Panorama had a large circulation and influence, and Herculano's biographical sketches of great men and his articles of literary and historical criticism did much to educate the middle class by acquainting them with the story of their nation, and with the progress of knowledge and the state of letters in foreign countries.
Writings
Upon entering parliament in 1840, he resigned his editorship to devote himself to history, but he still remained its most important contributor. Up to the age of twenty-five, Herculano had been a poet, but he then abandoned poetry to Garrett, and after several essays in that direction, he introduced the historical novel to Portugal.
Historical novels
In 1844, with a book written in imitation of
Walter ScottSir Walter Scott, 1st Baronet was a prolific Scottish historical novelist and poet, popular throughout Europe during his time....
.
Eurico treats of the fall of the
VisigothThe Visigoths were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East Germanic tribe; the Ostrogoths being the other. Together these tribes were among the barbarians who disturbed the late Roman Empire during the Migration Period. The Visigoths first emerged as a distinct people during the fourth...
ic monarchy and the beginnings of resistance in the Asturias which gave birth to the
ChristianA Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, an Abrahamic, monotheistic, religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, who Christians believe was the Messiah prophesied in the Old Testament/Hebrew Bible, and the Son of God.The term "Christian" is also used adjectivally to...
kingdoms of the
Iberian PeninsulaThe Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe and includes modern-day Spain, Portugal, Andorra and Gibraltar and a very small area of France. It is the westernmost of the three major southern European peninsulas—the Iberian, Italian, and Balkan peninsulas...
. A second book,
Monge de Cister, published in 1848, describes the time of
King João IJohn I , called the Good or of Happy Memory, was the tenth King of Portugal and the Algarve and the first to use the title Lord of Ceuta...
, when the
middle classThe middle class are any class in the middle of a social schema. In Weberian socio-economic terms they are the broad group of people in contemporary society who fall socioeconomically between the working class and upper class. In Marxist terms, middle class commonly refers to either the...
and the municipalities first asserted their power and elected a king who stood in opposition to the nobility.
From an artistic standpoint, these stories are rather laboured productions, besides being ultra-romantic in tone; but it must be remembered that they were written mainly with an educational object, and, moreover, they deserve high praise for their style. Herculano had greater book-learning than Scott, but lacked descriptive talent and skill in dialogue. His touch is heavy, and these novels show no dramatic power, which accounts for his failure as a playwright, but their influence was as great as their followers were many, and they still find readers.
Chronicles and Histories
These and editions of two old chronicles, the "Chronicle of Dom Sebastião" (1839) and the "Annals of king João III" (1844), prepared Herculano for his life's work, and the year 1846 saw the first volume of his "History of Portugal from the Beginning of the Monarchy to the end of the Reign of Alfonso III", a book written on critical lines and based on documents.
The difficulties he encountered in producing it were very great, for the foundations had been ill-prepared by his predecessors, and he was obliged to be artisan and architect at the same time. He had to collect manuscripts from all parts of Portugal, decipher, classify and weigh them before he could begin work, and then he found it necessary to break with precedents and destroy traditions. Serious students in Portugal and abroad welcomed the book as an historical work of the first rank, for its evidence of careful research, its able marshalling of facts, its scholarship and its painful accuracy, while the sculptural simplicity of the style and the correctness of the diction have made it a Portuguese classic.
Historiographic controversy
The first volume, however, gave rise to a celebrated controversy, because Herculano had reduced the famous
battle of OuriqueThe Battle of Ourique saw the forces of Portuguese Prince Afonso Henriques defeat the Almoravid Moors led by Ali ibn Yusuf...
, which was supposed to have seen the birth of the Portuguese monarchy, to the dimensions of a mere skirmish, and denied the apparition of
ChristChrist is the English term for the Greek meaning "the anointed". It is a translation of the Hebrew . The term "Christ" was a title rather than a proper name. In the four gospels in the New Testament, the word "Christ" is nearly always preceded by the definite article...
to King Alfonso, a fable first circulated in the 15th century.
Herculano was denounced from the pulpit and by the press for his lack of
patriotismPatriotism is love of and/or devotion to one's country. The word comes from the Greek patris, meaning fatherland. However, patriotism has had different meanings over time, and its meaning is highly dependent upon context, geography and philosophy....
and piety, and after bearing the attack for some time his pride drove him to reply. In a letter to the cardinal
patriarch of LisbonThe Patriarch of Lisbon is an honorary title possessed by the archbishop of the Archdiocese of Lisbon.The first patriarch of Lisbon was D. Tomás de Almeida, who was appointed in 1716 by Pope Clement XI...
entitled
Eu e o Clero (1850), he denounced the fanaticism and ignorance of the clergy in plain terms, and this provoked a fierce pamphlet war marked by much personal abuse. A professor of
ArabicArabic is a Central Semitic language, thus related to and classified alongside other Semitic languages such as Hebrew and the Neo-Aramaic languages. In terms of speakers, the Arabic macrolanguage is the largest member of the Semitic language family. It is spoken by more than 280 million people as...
in Lisbon intervened to sustain the accepted view of the battle, and charged Herculano and his supporter,
Pascual de GayangosPascual de Gayangos y Arce , was a Spanish scholar and Orientalist.Born in Seville, he was the son of Brigadier José de Gayangos, intendente of Zacatecas, in New Spain. After completing his primary education in Madrid, at the age of thirteen he was sent to school at Pont-le-Voy near Blois...
with ignorance of the Arab historians and of their language. The conduct of the controversy, which lasted some years, did credit to none of the contending parties, but Herculano's statement of the facts is now universally accepted as correct.
The second volume of his history appeared in 1847, the third in 1849, and the fourth in 1853.
History of the Inquisition
In his youth, the excesses of absolutism had made Herculano a Liberal, and the attacks on his history turned this man, full of sentiment and deep religious conviction, into an anti-clerical who began to distinguish between political
CatholicismCatholicism is a broad term for the body of the Catholic faith, its theologies and doctrines, its liturgical, ethical, spiritual, and behavioral characteristics, as well as a religious people as a whole...
and Christianity. His "History of the Origin and Establishment of the Inquisition" (1854-1855), relating the thirty years' struggle between King John III and the
JewThe Jews , also known as the Jewish people, are an ethnoreligious group originating in the Israelites or Hebrews of the Ancient Near East. The Jewish ethnicity, nationality, and religion are strongly interrelated, as Judaism is the traditional faith of the Jewish nation...
s -- he to establish the tribunal and they to prevent him -- was compiled, as the preface showed, to stem the ultramontane reaction, but nonetheless carried weight because it was a recital of events with little or no comment or evidence of passion in its author.
Next to these two books ("History of Portugal from the beginning of the monarchy to the end of the reign of Afonso III" and "History of the origin and establishment of the Inquisition"), his study, "Condition of the working classes on the peninsula from the seventh to the twelfth century" (
"Do Estado des classes servas na Peninsula desde o VII. ate o XII. seculo"), is Herculano's most valuable contribution to history.
Retirement
In 1856 he began editing a series of
Portugalliae monumenta historica, but personal differences between him and the keeper of the Archive office, which he was forced to frequent, caused him to interrupt his historical studies, and on the death of his friend
King Pedro VPedro V , the Hopeful Pedro V , the Hopeful Pedro V ' onMouseout='HidePop("87143")' href="http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Santarém,_Portugal">Santarém
Santarém is a city in the Santarém Municipality in Portugal. The city itself has a population of 28,760 and the entire municipality has 64,124 inhabitants.It is the capital of Santarém District....
.
Disillusioned with mankind and despairing of the future of his country, he spent the rest of his life devoted to agricultural pursuits, and rarely emerged from his retirement; when he did so, it was to fight political and religious reactionaries. Once, he defended the monastic orders, advocating their reform and not their suppression; he supported the rural clergy and idealized the village priest in his
Parochio da Aldeia, an imitation, unconscious or otherwise, of
Oliver GoldsmithOliver Goldsmith was an Anglo-Irish writer, poet, and physician known for his novel The Vicar of Wakefield , his pastoral poem The Deserted Village , and his plays The Good-Natur'd Man and She Stoops to Conquer...
's "The Vicar of Wakefield".
Unfortunately, however, the brilliant epoch of the alliance of
LiberalismLiberalism is the belief in the importance of individual freedom. This belief is widely accepted today throughout the world, and was recognized as an important value by many philosophers throughout history...
and Catholicism, represented, in terms of literature, by
ChateaubriandFrançois-René, vicomte de Chateaubriand was a French writer, politician and diplomat. He is considered the founder of Romanticism in French literature.-Early life and exile:...
and by
LamartineAlphonse Marie Louis de Prat de Lamartine was a French writer, poet and politician.-Career:Born in Mâcon, Burgundy into French provincial nobility, he spent his youth at the family property at Milly-Lamartine....
, to whose poetic school Herculano had belonged, was past. Fanatical attacks and the progress of events drove Herculano, a former champion of the Church, into conflict with ecclesiastical authorities.
His protest against the Concordat of February 21, 1857 between Portugal and the
Holy SeeThe Holy See is the episcopal jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome, commonly known as the Pope, and is the preeminent episcopal see of the Catholic Church, forming the central government of the Church. As such, diplomatically, and in other spheres the Holy See acts and speaks for the whole Catholic...
, regulating the Portuguese
PadroadoThe Padroado was a treaty between the Vatican and the kingdoms of Portugal and Spain.The Vatican delegated to their kings the administration of the local Church. The kings ordered the construction of churches; and nominated pastors and bishops. Thus, the structure of the kingdoms of Portugal and...
in the East, his successful opposition to the entry of foreign religious orders, and his advocacy of
civil marriageCivil marriage or secular marriage is marriage performed by a government official and not a religious organization.-Civil marriage history:...
, were the chief landmarks in his battle with
UltramontanismUltramontanism is a religious philosophy within the Roman Catholic community that places strong emphasis on the prerogatives and powers of the Pope...
, and his "Studies on Civil Marriage" (
"Estudos sobre o Casamento Civil") were put on the
IndexThe Index Librorum Prohibitorum was a list of publications prohibited by the Roman Catholic Church.It was abolished on 14 June 1966 by Pope Paul VI....
. Finally, in 1871, he attacked the
dogmaDogma is the established belief or doctrine held by a religion, ideology or any kind of organization: it is authoritative and not to be disputed, doubted or diverged from. The term derives from Greek "that which seems to one, opinion or belief" and that from , "to think, to suppose, to imagine"...
s of the
Immaculate ConceptionThe Immaculate Conception is, according to Roman Catholic Dogma, the conception of the Virgin Mary without any stain of original sin. Under this aspect Mary is sometimes called the Immaculata , particularly in artistic contexts...
and
papal infallibilityPapal infallibility is the dogma in Catholic theology that, by action of the Holy Spirit, the Pope is preserved from even the possibility of error when he solemnly declares or promulgates to the universal Church a dogmatic teaching on faith or morals as being contained in divine revelation, or at...
, and, in doing so, he fell into line with the Old Catholics.
Political legacy
In the domain of letters he remained until his death a veritable pontiff, and an article or book of his was an event celebrated from one end of Portugal to the other. The nation continued to look up to him for intellecual leadership, but, in his later years, lacking hope himself, he could not stimulate others or use to advantage the powers conferred upon him. In politics he remained a constitutional Liberal of the old type, and, for him, the people were the middle classes in opposition to the lower, which he saw to have been the supporters of tyranny in all ages, while he considered
radicalismIn political science, the terms political radicalism and radicalism denote radical political principles. Derived from the Latin radix , the denotation of radical has changed since its eighteenth-century coinage to comprehend the entire political spectrum — yet retains the “change at the root”...
to mean a return via
anarchyAnarchy may refer to any of the following:* "No rulership or enforced authority." * "Absence of government; a state of lawlessness due to the absence or inefficiency of the supreme power; political disorder."...
to
absolutismAbsolute monarchy is a monarchical form of government where the king or queen has absolute power over all aspects of his/her subjects' lives. Although some religious authorities may be able to discourage the monarch from some acts and the sovereign is expected to act according to custom, in an...
. However, though he conducted political propaganda campaigns in the press in his early days, Herculano never exercised much influence in politics.
Character
Grave as most of his writings are, they include a short description of a crossing from
JerseyThe Bailiwick of Jersey is a British Crown Dependency off the coast of Normandy, France. As well as the island of Jersey itself, the bailiwick includes the nearly uninhabited islands of the Minquiers, Écréhous, the Pierres de Lecq and other rocks and reefs. Together with the bailiwick of Guernsey...
to Granville, in which he satirizes English character and customs, and he reveals an unexpected sense of humour. A rare capacity for tedious work, a dour
CatonianCaton can refer to:* Hiram Caton, Australian academic* Martin Caton, Welsh politician.* Reginald Caton, British publisher.* Steve Caton, musician.* Caton, New York, a town in Steuben County.* Michael Caton-Jones, British film director....
rectitude, a passion for truth, pride, irritation when criticized, and independence of character are the marks of Herculano as a man.
He could be broken but never bent, and his rude frankness accorded with his hard, sombre face, and he often alienated men's sympathies though he seldom lost their respect. His lyricism is vigorous, feeling but austere, and almost entirely subjective and personal, while his pamphlets are distinguished by energy of conviction, strength of affirmation, and contempt for weaker and more ignorant opponents.
His
History of Portugal is a great but incomplete monument. A lack of imagination and a deficit of the philosophic spirit prevented him from penetrating or drawing characters, but his analytical gift, joined to persevering toil and honesty of purpose, enabled him to present a faithful account of ascertained facts and a satisfactorily lucid explanation of political and economic events.
His remains lie in a majestic tomb in the
Jerónimos MonasterySee also Monasterio de Jerónimos, Madrid, SpainThe Hieronymites Monastery is located in the Belém district of Lisbon, Portugal. This magnificent monastery can be considered one of the most prominent monuments in Lisbon and is certainly one of the most successful achievements of the...
at
BelemBelem can refer to:*The Belem , a three-masted barque from France*Belem Vitor, Portuguese plastic artist.Belém is the Portuguese word for Bethlehem...
, near Lisbon, which was raised by public subscription to the greatest modern historian of Portugal and of the Iberia peninsula. His more important works have gone through many editions, and his name is still one to conjure with.
Family life
He was the son of Teodoro Cândido de Araújo (b.
LisbonLisbon is the capital and largest city of Portugal. It is also the seat of the district of Lisbon and the main city of the Lisbon region...
, São José, 11 September 1770) and wife (m. 1802) Maria do Carmo de São Boaventura (b. ca 1780), paternal grandson of José Simões de Araújo (b.
LisbonLisbon is the capital and largest city of Portugal. It is also the seat of the district of Lisbon and the main city of the Lisbon region...
, Benfica, son of Manuel Simões and wife Isabel Maria) and wife Ana Tomásia de Castro (b.
LisbonLisbon is the capital and largest city of Portugal. It is also the seat of the district of Lisbon and the main city of the Lisbon region...
, Santa Justa, daughter of Francisco Miguel and wife Maria Madalena), and maternal grandson of Jorge Rodrigues de Carvalho and wife Genoveva dos Anjos Alexandrina.
In 1866, he married an old love of his, Mariana Hermínia de Meira, born about 1830, with whom he had no chidren.
His two nephews, sons of his sister, Maria da Assunção de Carvalho e Araújo (born around 1808) and husband Joaquim António Rodrigues Galhardo, were:
- Eduardo Augusto Rodrigues Galhardo (born at Lisbon
Lisbon is the capital and largest city of Portugal. It is also the seat of the district of Lisbon and the main city of the Lisbon region...
, 25 June 1845 - 8 February 1908), who was the seventieth GovernorA governor is a governing official, usually the executive of a non-sovereign level of government, ranking under the head of state...
of MacauThe Macau Special Administrative Region , commonly known as Macau or Macao , is one of the two special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China, the other being Hong Kong...
, appointed on 12 March 1897, 11th GovernorA governor is a governing official, usually the executive of a non-sovereign level of government, ranking under the head of state...
of Portuguese IndiaPortuguese India was the aggregate of Portugal's colonial holdings in India.The government started in 1505, six years after the discovery of sea route to India by Vasco da Gama, with the nomination of the first Viceroy Francisco de Almeida, then settled at Kochi...
between 1900 and 1905, and 660th Grand CrossThe phrase Grand Cross is used to denote the highest grade in many orders of knighthood. Sometimes the holders of the highest grade are referred to "knights grand cross" or just "grand crosses"; in other cases the actual insignia itself is called "the grand cross".Alternatively, in some other...
of the Royal Order of Our Lady of the Concepcion of Vila Viçosa; he married Carlota Cândida Waddington de Brito; and
- Joaquim Herculano Rodrigues Galhardo (born 26 October 1838), who, like his more-accomplished brother, was a decorated officer in the Portuguese Army who served n the wars in Africa.
Poetry
- The Voice of the Prophet (A Voz do Profeta) 1836
- The Believer’s Harp (A Harpa do Crente) 1838
- Poems (Poesias) - 1850
Theatre
- The Frontier of Africa, or Three Nights of Heartburn (O Fronteiro de África ou três noites aziagas) A drama based on Portuguese history, in three acts, staged in Lisbon, in 1838, at the Salitre Theatre, revived in Rio de Janeiro in 1862
- The Princes in Ceuta (Os Infantes em Ceuta) 1842
Romances
- The Vicar of Aldeia (O Pároco de Aldeia) 1851
- The Galician: Life, Sayings, and Deeds of Lázaro Tomé (O Galego: Vida, ditos e feitos de Lázaro Tomé)
Historical romances
- The Fool (O Bobo) 1828-1843
- The Monastic (‘’O Monasticon’’)
- The Eunuch, the Presbytery: The Visigoth Era (Eurico, o Presbítero: Época Visigótica) 1844
- The Monk at the Cistern; in the time of João I (O Monge de Cister; Época de D. João I) 1848
- Legends and stories, Volume 1 (Lendas e narrativas, 1.º tomo) 1851
- The mayor of Santarém (O Alcaide de Santarém 950-961)
- (Arras por Foro de Espanha 1371-2)
- The Castle of Faria (O Castelo de Faria 1373)
- The Vaulted Ceiling (A Abóbada 1401)
- Legends and stories, Volume 2 (Lendas e narrativas, 2.º tomo) 1851
- Breaking the Halo: Spanish Tales of the Eighth Century (Destruição de Áuria: Lendas Espanholas (século VIII))
- The Black Bishop (O Bispo Negro 1130)
- The Death of the Reader (A Morte do Lidador 1170)
- The Emprazado: Chronicle of Spain (O Emprazado: Crónica de Espanha 1312)
- The Assassinated Master: Chronicle of the Templars (O Mestre Assassinado: Crónica dos Templários 1320)
- Master Gil: A Chronicle of the Fifteenth Century (Mestre Gil: Crónica (Século XV))
- Three Months in Calcutta: First Account of the Indian States, 1498 (Três Meses em Calecut: Primeira Crónica dos Estados da Índia, 1498)
- The Chronicler: To live and believe in another time (O Cronista: Viver e Crer de Outro Tempo)
Histories
- "History of Portugal from the beginning of the monarchy to the end of the reign of Afonso III" (História de Portugal: 1.ª época, desde a origem da monarquia até D. Afonso III) 1846-1853
- "History of the origin and establishment of the Inquisition" (História das Origens e Estabelecimento da Inquisição em Portugal) 1854-1859
- Historical Monuments of Portugal (Portugaliae Monumenta Historica) 1856-1873
Pamphlets
- Pamphlets: Public Questions, Volume 1 (Opúsculos: Questões Públicas, Tomo I)
- The Voice of the Prophet (A Voz do Profeta) 1837
- Theatre, Ethics, Censorship (Teatro, Moral, Censura) 1841
- The Exits (Os Egressos) 1842
- On the Economic System (Da Instituição das Caixas Económicas) 1844
- The Nuns of Lorvão (As Freiras de Lorvão) 1853
- The Condition of the Church’s Records of the Kingdom (Do Estado dos Arquivos Eclesiásticos do Reino) 1857
- The Suppression of Lectures in the Barracks (A Supressão das Conferências do Casino) 1871
- Pamphlets: Public Questions, Volume 2 (Opúsculos: Questões Públicas, Tomo II)
- Patriotic Monuments (Monumentos Pátrios) 1838
- On Intellectual Property (Da Propriedade Literária) 1851-1852
- Letter to the Academy of Sciences (Carta à Academia das Ciências) 1856
- Mousinho da Silveira 1856
- Letter to the Members of the Cintra Club (Carta aos Eleitores do Círculo de Cintra) 1858
- Manifest of the Popular Association for the Advancement of Education of Women (Manifesto da Associação Popular Promotora da Educação do Sexo Feminino) 1858
- Pamphlets: Controversies and Historical Studies, Volume 1 (Opúsculos: Controvérsias e Estudos Históricos, Tomo I)
- The Battle of Ourique (A Batalha de Ourique):
- I. Me and the Clergy (Eu e o Clero) 1850
- II. Peaceful Considerations (Considerações Pacificas) 1850
- III. Solemn Words (Solemnia Verba) 1850
- IV. Solemn Words (Solemnia Verba) 1850
- V. The Science of an Arab Academic (A Ciência Arábico-Académica) 1851
- "Condition of the working classes on the peninsula from the seventh to the twelfth century" (Do estado das classes servas na Península, desde o VIII até o XII Século) 1858
- Pamphlets: Public Questions, Volume 3 (Opúsculos: Questões Públicas, Tomo III)
- The Ties that Bind (Os Vínculos) 1856
- Immigration (A Emigração) 1870-1875
- Pamphlets: Controversies and Historical Studies, Volume 2 (Opúsculos: Controvérsias e Estudos Históricos, Tomo II)
- Portuguese historians (Historiadores portugueses) 1839-1840:
- Fernão Lopes
- Gomes Eanes de Azurara
- Vasco Fernandes de Lucena and Rui de Pina
- Garcia de Resende
- Letters about the History of Portugal (Cartas Sobre a História de Portugal) 1842
- Answer to the Criticisms of Vilhena Saldanha (Resposta às Censuras de Vilhena Saldanha) 1846
- Letter to the Editor of the Universal Review (Carta ao Redactor da Revista Universal)
- On the Existence and non-Existence of Feudalism in Portugal (Da Existência e não Existência do Feudalismo em Portugal) 1875-1877
- Explanations (Esclarecimentos):
- A. Gothic Destinies (Sortes Góticas)
- B. Feudalism (Feudo)
- Pamphlets: Controversies and Historical Studies, Volume 4 (Opúsculos: Controvérsias e Estudos Históricos, Tomo IV)
- An Old Newtown (Uma Vila-Nova Antiga)
- Random Thoughts about an Obscure Man (Cogitações Soltas de um Homem Obscuro)
- Portuguese Archeology (Arqueologia Portuguesa):
- The Adventure of Cardinal Alexandrino (Viagem de Cardeal Alexandrino);
- Characteristic of Lisbon (Aspecto de Lisboa);
- The Adventure of Two Knights (Viagem dos Cavaleiros Tron e Lippomani)
- A Little Light in the Thick Darkness (Pouca luz em muitas trevas)
- Notes on the History of Royal Virtue (Apontamentos para a historia dos bens da coroa)
- Pamphlets: Public Questions, Volume 4 (Opúsculos: Questões Públicas, Tomo IV)
- Two Eras and Two Monuments, or the Royal Farm at Mafra (Duas Épocas e Dois Monumentos ou a Granja Real de Mafra)
- Brief Thoughts on Some Aspects of the Farm Economy (Breves Reflexões Sobre Alguns Pontos de Economia Agrícola)
- The Farm of Calhariz (A Granja do Calhariz)
- A Legal Project (Projecto de Decreto)
- Peace and the National Interest (O País e a Nação)
- Representation of Belém City Hall to the National Government (Representação da Câmara Municipal de Belém ao Governo)
- Representation of Belém City Hall to Parliament (Representação da Câmara Municipal de Belém ao Parlamento)
- Agricultural Subsidy Project (Projecto de Caixa de Socorros Agrícolas)
- On the Question of Forais (Sobre a Questão dos Forais)
- Pamphlets on Literature:
- What is the condition of our literature? What path will it take? (Qual é o Estado da Nossa Literatura? Qual é o Trilho que Ela Hoje Tem a Seguir?)
- Poetry: Imitation, Beauty, Unity (Poesia: Imitação--Belo—Unidade)
- Origins of Modern Theatre: Portuguese Theatre up to the End of the Sixteenth Century (Origens do Teatro Moderno: Teatro Português até aos Fins do Século XVI)
- Accounts of Portuguese Chivalry (Novelas de Cavalaria Portuguesas)
- History of Modern Theatre: Spanish Theatre (Historia do Teatro Moderno: Teatro Espanhol)
- Popular Portuguese Beliefs or Popular Superstitions (Crenças Populares Portuguesas ou Superstições Populares)
- The House of Gonzalo, a Comedy in Five Acts: An Opinion (A Casa de Gonçalo, Comédia em Cinco Actos: Parecer)
- Historic Praise for Sebastian Xavier Botelho (Elogio Histórico de Sebastião Xavier Botelho)
- Lady Maria Teles, a Drama in Five Acts: An Opinion (D. Maria Teles, Drama em Cinco Actos: Parecer)
- Lady Leonor de Almeida, Marquess of Alorna (D. Leonor de Almeida, Marquesa de Alorna)
Sources
- Antonio de Serpa Pimentel, Alexandre Herculano e seu tempo (Lisbon, 1881)
- A Romero Ortiz, La Litteratura Portuguesa en el siglo XIX. (Madrid, 1869)
- Moniz Barreto, Revssi de Portugal (July 1889).
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