Aldohexose

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Aldohexose

An aldohexose is a hexose

Hexose

In organic chemistry, a hexose is a monosaccharide with six carbon atoms, having the chemical formula C6H12O6. Hexoses are classified by functional group, with aldohexoses having an aldehyde at position 1, and ketohexoses having a ketone at position 2....
with an aldehyde

Aldehyde

An aldehyde is an organic compound containing a terminal carbonyl group. This functional group, which consists of a carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom and double bond to an oxygen atom , is called the aldehyde group....
group on one end.

The aldohexoses have four chiral centres for a total of 16 possible aldohexose stereoisomers (2⁴). Of these, only three commonly occur in nature: D-glucose

Glucose

Glucose , a monosaccharide also known as grape sugar, blood sugar, or corn sugar, is a very important carbohydrate in biology....
, D-galactose

Galactose

Galactose is a type of Carbohydrate which is less sweetness than glucose. It is considered a nutritive sweetener because it has food energy.Galactan is a polymer of the sugar galactose....
, and D-mannose

Mannose

Mannose is a sugar monomer of the hexose series of carbohydrates....
. The D/L configuration is based on the orientation of the hydroxyl

Hydroxyl

Hydroxyl in chemistry stands for a molecule consisting of an oxygen atom and a hydrogen atom connected by a covalent bond. The neutral form is a hydroxyl Radical and the hydroxyl anion is called a hydroxide....
at position 5, and does not refer to the direction of optical activity.

There are eight D-aldohexoses:

CH=O CH=O CH=O CH=O | | | | HC-OHHO-CH HC-OH HO-CH | | | | HC-OH HC-OH HO-CH HO-CH | | | | HC-OH HC-OH HC-OH HC-OH | | | | HC-OH HC-OH HC-OH HC-OH | | | | CH2-OH CH2-OHCH2-OH CH2-OH D-Allose

Allose

Allose is an aldohexose sugar. It is a rare monosaccharide that has been isolated from the leaves of the African shrub Protea rubropilosa. It is soluble in water and practically insoluble in methanol....
D-Altrose

Altrose

Altrose is an aldohexose sugar. D-Altrose is an unnatural monosaccharide. It is soluble in water and practically insoluble in methanol....
D-Glucose

Glucose

Glucose , a monosaccharide also known as grape sugar, blood sugar, or corn sugar, is a very important carbohydrate in biology....
D-Mannose

Mannose

Gulose

Gulose is an aldohexose sugar. It is an unnatural monosaccharide that exists as a syrup with a sweet taste. It is soluble in water and slightly soluble in methanol....
D-Idose

Idose

Idose is a hexose, a six carbon monosaccharide. It has an aldehyde group and is an aldose. It is not found in nature, but its uronic acid, iduronic acid, is important....
D-Galactose

Galactose

Talose

Talose is an aldohexose sugar. It is an unnatural monosaccharide that is soluble in water and slightly soluble in methanol. Some etymologists suggest that talose's name derives from the automaton of Greek mythology named Talos, but the relevance is unclear....

The chemist Emil Fischer

Hermann Emil Fischer

Hermann Emil Fischer was a Germany chemist and recipient of the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1902....
is said to have devised the following mnemonic device for remembering the order given above, which corresponds to the configurations about the chiral centers when ordered as 3-bit binary strings: All altruists gladly make gum in gallon tanks.

hexoses can have one or more of their hydroxyl groups replaced by hydrogens to form deoxyaldohexoses.

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Encyclopedia

An aldohexose is a hexose

Hexose

Aldehyde

Glucose

Glucose , a monosaccharide also known as grape sugar, blood sugar, or corn sugar, is a very important carbohydrate in biology....
, D-galactose

Galactose

Mannose

Mannose is a sugar monomer of the hexose series of carbohydrates....
. The D/L configuration is based on the orientation of the hydroxyl

Hydroxyl

Allose

Altrose

Altrose is an aldohexose sugar. D-Altrose is an unnatural monosaccharide. It is soluble in water and practically insoluble in methanol....
D-Glucose

Glucose

Glucose , a monosaccharide also known as grape sugar, blood sugar, or corn sugar, is a very important carbohydrate in biology....
D-Mannose

Mannose

Gulose

Gulose is an aldohexose sugar. It is an unnatural monosaccharide that exists as a syrup with a sweet taste. It is soluble in water and slightly soluble in methanol....
D-Idose

Idose

Idose is a hexose, a six carbon monosaccharide. It has an aldehyde group and is an aldose. It is not found in nature, but its uronic acid, iduronic acid, is important....
D-Galactose

Galactose

Talose

Hermann Emil Fischer

Deoxyaldohexoses

Aldohexoses can have one or more of their hydroxyl groups replaced by hydrogens to form deoxyaldohexoses. The following are well known cases of such compounds :

L-Fucose
Fucose

Fucose is a hexose deoxy sugar with the chemical formula C6H12O5. It is found on N-linked glycans on the mammalian, insect and plant cell surface, and is the fundamental sub-unit of the fucoidan polysaccharide....
(6-deoxy-L-galactose)
L-Rhamnose
Rhamnose

Rhamnose is a naturally-occurring deoxy sugar. It can be classified as either a methyl-pentose or a 6-deoxy-hexose. Rhamnose occurs in nature in its levorotary-form as L-rhamnose ....
(6-deoxy-L-mannose)
D-Quinovose (6-deoxy-D-glucose)
Quinovose is found as part of the sulfolipid SQDG
SQDG

Sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol is a sulfolipid that is found in many photosynthetic organisms....
.
L-Pneumose (6-deoxy-L-talose)