Ain Shams University
Encyclopedia
Ain Shams University is an institute of higher education located in Cairo
Cairo
Cairo , is the capital of Egypt and the largest city in the Arab world and Africa, and the 16th largest metropolitan area in the world. Nicknamed "The City of a Thousand Minarets" for its preponderance of Islamic architecture, Cairo has long been a centre of the region's political and cultural life...

, Egypt
Egypt
Egypt , officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, Arabic: , is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Southwest Asia. Egypt is thus a transcontinental country, and a major power in Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East and the Muslim world...

. Founded in 1950, the university
University
A university is an institution of higher education and research, which grants academic degrees in a variety of subjects. A university is an organisation that provides both undergraduate education and postgraduate education...

 provides education at the undergraduate, graduate and post-graduate levels.

History

Ain Shams University, was founded in July 1950, making it the third-oldest non-sectarian native public
Public university
A public university is a university that is predominantly funded by public means through a national or subnational government, as opposed to private universities. A national university may or may not be considered a public university, depending on regions...

 Egyptian university (ancient Islamic universities such as Al-Azhar
Al-Azhar University
Al-Azhar University is an educational institute in Cairo, Egypt. Founded in 970~972 as a madrasa, it is the chief centre of Arabic literature and Islamic learning in the world. It is the oldest degree-granting university in Egypt. In 1961 non-religious subjects were added to its curriculum.It is...

 and private institutions such as the American University in Cairo
American University in Cairo
The American University in Cairo is an independent, non-profit, apolitical, secular institution of higher learning located in Cairo, Egypt...

 are older), under the name of "Ibrahim Pasha
Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt
Ibrahim Pasha was the eldest son of Muhammad Ali, the Wāli and unrecognised Khedive of Egypt and Sudan. He served as a general in the Egyptian army that his father established during his reign, taking his first command of Egyptian forces was when he was merely a teenager...

's University"
. It with the two earlier universities of this kind, Cairo University
Cairo University
Cairo University is a public university located in Giza, Egypt.The university was founded on December 21, 1908, as the result of an effort to establish a national center for educational thought...

 (Fuad I university) and Alexandria University
Alexandria University
Alexandria University is a university in Alexandria, Egypt. It was established in 1938 as a satellite of Fuad University , becoming an independent entity in 1942. It was known as Farouk University until the Egyptian Revolution of 1952 when its name was changed to the University of Alexandria...

 (Farouk I university) had fulfilled the message of universities and meeting the increasing demand of youth for higher education. When it was first established, Ain Shams University comprised a number of distinguished faculties and academic institutes, which were later developed into university.
After the military coup that toppled the monarchy in 23 July 1952, it was suggested that Egyptian universities be given names that were strongly linked with the roots and historical landmarks of the country. Thus on February 21, 1954 the name of the university was changed to "Heliopolis", and then changed in the same year to its present name "Ain Shams", the Arabic name
Arabic language
Arabic is a name applied to the descendants of the Classical Arabic language of the 6th century AD, used most prominently in the Quran, the Islamic Holy Book...

 for "Heliopolis", or "O'n", which was the oldest university in history. "O'n" University was established about 5000 years ago, and it had a wide fame as a center of knowledge and learning, especially in astronomy, engineering and medicine. Perhaps a perfect example of the knowledge and skill of "O'n" teachers is Imhotep, the chief priest, minister, and architect, who in 2700 B.C. designed the first large structure of stone known in history, Zoser's Step Pyramid in Sakkara. Westcar Papyrus also states that the founder of the Fifth Dynasty was the Rector of "O'n" University before ascending the throne. However, the most important achievement of "O'n" University was the call for worshipping a single deity symbolized by the solar disk of Aton, at the hands of Akhenaton, who was influenced by the ideas of "O'n" priests.

In 1950, there were only eight faculties: faculty of Arts, faculty of law, faculty of Commerce, faculty of Science, Faculty of Engineering
Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University
Faculty of Engineering, ain shams university , is the oldest faculty in Ain Shams University, and one of the first engineering schools in Modern Egypt....

, faculty of Medicine, faculty of Agriculture, and Women's college. In 1969, the faculty of Education, known since 1880 as Teachers' college, became the ninth faculty in the university. In 1973 the faculty of Al-Alsun was made the tenth member in the university. However, the history of this faculty dates back to 1835.

In 1994, a decree was issued for the establishment of two more faculties; the faculty of Pharmacy and the faculty of Dentistry, the actual study was started the following year in both faculties. In the same year, it was decided to establish the faculty of Computers and Information Sciences, and the study started the following year. The last faculty to join the university is the faculty of Specific Education, in 1998. Faculty of Nursing was established in 1980, and the Institute of Childhood Postgraduates Studies was established in 1981. The establishment of the Institute of Environmental Research and Studies was at 1982. Today, the university's academic structure includes a total of 14 faculties, 1 collage and 2 high institutes plus 12 centers and special Units.

The Emblem

The emblem
Emblem
An emblem is a pictorial image, abstract or representational, that epitomizes a concept — e.g., a moral truth, or an allegory — or that represents a person, such as a king or saint.-Distinction: emblem and symbol:...

 of the university, the obelisk
Obelisk
An obelisk is a tall, four-sided, narrow tapering monument which ends in a pyramid-like shape at the top, and is said to resemble a petrified ray of the sun-disk. A pair of obelisks usually stood in front of a pylon...

 and two hawks, establishes a link between the name and the ancient history of the university. The obelisk stands for the house of life at the city of "O'n", whereas the two hawks are symbolic of Horus
Horus
Horus is one of the oldest and most significant deities in the Ancient Egyptian religion, who was worshipped from at least the late Predynastic period through to Greco-Roman times. Different forms of Horus are recorded in history and these are treated as distinct gods by Egyptologists...

, the Egyptian God at that time.

Faculties, Collages & Institutes

  • Faculty of Agriculture.
  • Faculty of Arts.
  • Faculty of Commerce.
  • Faculty of Computer and Information Sciences.
  • Faculty of Education.
  • Faculty of Engineering
    Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University
    Faculty of Engineering, ain shams university , is the oldest faculty in Ain Shams University, and one of the first engineering schools in Modern Egypt....

    .
  • Faculty of Dentistry.
  • Faculty of Languages (Al Alsun)
    Faculty of Al-Alsun Ain Shams University
    The History of the Faculty of Al-Alsun is related to the Modern Egyptian Renaissance. Since its earliest days, the School of Al-Alsun has fulfilled the expectations for which it was founded; as highly qualified translators have graduated from Al-Alsun over the years...

    .
  • Faculty of Law.
  • Faculty of Medicine
    Ain Shams University Faculty of Medicine
    Ain Shams University, Faculty of Medicine or School of Medicine, is a public Egyptian graduate school and one of the faculties of Ain Shams University. Now, it is one of the largest educational medical institutions in Africa and the Middle East. It was founded in 1947, making it the third oldest...

    .
  • Faculty of Nursing.
  • Faculty of Pharmacy.
  • Faculty of Science.
  • Faculty of Specific Education.
  • Women's College.
  • Institute of Environmental Studies and Research.
  • Institute of Postgraduate Childhood.

Campuses

Today, Ain Shams University has Eight campus
Campus
A campus is traditionally the land on which a college or university and related institutional buildings are situated. Usually a campus includes libraries, lecture halls, residence halls and park-like settings...

es, two of them are in front of each other, separated by a main road, all of which are located in Greater Cairo.

Main Campus

Located in Abbassiya, Cairo
Cairo
Cairo , is the capital of Egypt and the largest city in the Arab world and Africa, and the 16th largest metropolitan area in the world. Nicknamed "The City of a Thousand Minarets" for its preponderance of Islamic architecture, Cairo has long been a centre of the region's political and cultural life...

 and houses:

Administration at the Zaafarana palace
Zaafarana palace
The palace is located in Cairo, Egypt. Near Abbasyia district at Khalifa Maamon Road.Now it is inside the main campus of the Ain Shams University.- History :It was one of the royal palaces before becoming the administration building of Ain Shams University....

 and Management, Science Education Development Center, Central Library, Child Hood Center and the University City (students hostel
Hostel
Hostels provide budget oriented, sociable accommodation where guests can rent a bed, usually a bunk bed, in a dormitory and share a bathroom, lounge and sometimes a kitchen. Rooms can be mixed or single-sex, although private rooms may also be available...

). In addition to the faculties of Computer Science, Science, Law and Art.

Khalifa Mamoun Campus

Located across the street from the Main Campus, this campus houses:

The faculties of Commerce,dentistry, Pharmacy, and el-Alsun (languages), Institute of Postgraduate Childhood and Institute of Environmental Studies and Research, together with the Ain Shams specialized Hospital and the Guests House.

Faculty of Medicine Campus

Located in Abbassiya square behind the Noor Mosque(demerdash), is the Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Faculty of Nursing, in addition to the University teaching Hospitals and institutes.

Faculty Of Engineering Campus

In 1839, a School of Technical Operations was founded which in due course developed and became School of Arts and Industries in 1932, then later School of Applied Engineering. It continued to exercise its task until 1946 when a ministerial decree was issued giving the school the name of the Higher Institute of Engineering. When law No. 93 in 1950 was passed to establish Ibrahim Pacha University, the High Institute of Engineering became the nucleus of the Faculty of Engineering
Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University
Faculty of Engineering, ain shams university , is the oldest faculty in Ain Shams University, and one of the first engineering schools in Modern Egypt....

. The Faculty of Engineering
Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University
Faculty of Engineering, ain shams university , is the oldest faculty in Ain Shams University, and one of the first engineering schools in Modern Egypt....

, having completed its infrastructure and facilities, became one of the incorporated faculties of the University.
It is located in Abassiya (Abdu Basha), El Sarayat Street, a 15-minute walk from the main campus, Now this large campus houses the school of engineering and a small stadium.

Women's College

Women’s College For Arts, Science and Education is considered an integrated academic institution that combines Humanities together with Basic, Applied and Educational Sciences in addition to Home Economics and Child Studies. The College seeks to respond to the requirements of society and the environment by supporting already existing curricula and devising other up-to-date ones that coincide with development. The College also aspires to form a genuine personality through curricula of Languages, Information Technology, Computer and Edification. Therefore, knowledge as well as scientific and applicable efficiency can be achieved.

Others

Faculty of Specific Education, Faculty of Education and Faculty of Agriculture are located each on a separate campus in Abassyia, Heliopolis
Heliopolis (Cairo Suburb)
Modern Heliopolis is a district in Cairo, Egypt. The city was established in 1905 by the Heliopolis Oasis Company, headed by the Belgian industrialist Édouard Louis Joseph, Baron Empain, as well as Boghos Nubar, son of the Egyptian Prime Minister Nubar Pasha.-History:The Baron Empain, a well known...

 and Shoubra El-Kheima respectively.

Rankings

According to the 2009 Webometrics World Universities rankings (aimed to promote Web publication, not to rank institutions http://www.webometrics.info/about_rank.html), Ain Shams University is ranked 3rd in Egypt and 15th in Africa. http://www.webometrics.info/top100_continent.asp?cont=africa

Notable alumni

  • Prof. Farouk El-Baz
    Farouk El-Baz
    Farouk El-Baz is an Egyptian American scientist who worked with NASA to assist in the planning of scientific exploration of the Moon, including the selection of landing sites for the Apollo missions and the training of astronauts in lunar observations and photography.Currently, El-Baz is Research...

     is an Egyptian American scientist who worked with NASA to assist in the planning of scientific exploration of the Moon, including the selection of landing sites for the Apollo missions and the training of astronauts in lunar observations and photography. He was born on January 2, 1938 in Zagazig
    Zagazig
    Zagazig is a town in Lower Egypt. Situated in the eastern part of the Nile delta, it is the capital of the governorate of Sharqia.As of 1999, its population was approximately 279,000. It is built on a branch of the Fresh Water or Ismaïlia Canal and on al-Muˤizz Canal , and is 47 miles by rail...

    . He received a B.Sc. in Chemistry and Geology from Ain Shams University. Currently, Dr. El-Baz is Research Professor and Director of the Center for Remote Sensing at Boston University, Boston MA, U.S.A. He is Adjunct Professor of Geology at the Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt. He is also a member of the Board of Trustees of the Geological Society of America Foundation, Boulder, CO, and a member of the U.S. National Academy of Engineering, Washington, DC.
  • Prof. Mostafa El-Sayed
    Mostafa El-Sayed
    Mostafa A. El-Sayed is an Egyptian-American chemical physicist, a leading nanoscience researcher, a member of the National Academy of Sciences and a US National Medal of Science laureate. He is also known for the spectroscopy rule named after him, the El-Sayed rule.- Academic career :He earned...

     an Egyptian-American chemical physicist, a leading nanoscience researcher, a member of the National Academy of Sciences
    United States National Academy of Sciences
    The National Academy of Sciences is a corporation in the United States whose members serve pro bono as "advisers to the nation on science, engineering, and medicine." As a national academy, new members of the organization are elected annually by current members, based on their distinguished and...

     and a US National Medal of Science laureate. He is also known for the spectroscopy rule named after him, the El-Sayed rule. He earned his B.Sc from Ain Shams University faculty of Science in 1953.
  • Prof. Kamilia Abdelfattah
    Kamilia Abdelfattah
    Professor Kamilia Ibrahim Abdelfattah is an Egyptian psychologist, and a pioneering Egyptian woman scientist in the field of child psychology and studies:-Academic career:...

     Professor of psychology and founder, first head and moderator of the childhood high institute of post graduates ( Ain shams univ.) and the childhood center (Cairo univ.), founder and first head of childhood nursery college (Cairo univ.), The first who used children group psychology treatments, The woman of the year 1997 in who is who encyclopedia UK and Cambridge university.
  • Prof Samy Azer
    Samy Azer
    Professor Samy A. Azer was born in March 1953. He is an Australian Medical Educator who has made an input to Medical Education internationally.-Academic career:...

    , an Egyptian-Australian, Professor of Medical Education and an eminent international leader in Medical Education and Problem-Based Learning in Australia, Malaysia, Taiwan, Japan, and the USA *Biography. Who's Who in America.
  • Prof. Dr. Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu
    Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu
    Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu is a Turkish academic, diplomat and currently the Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation , the second largest intergovernmental organisation after the United Nations...

     graduated from faculty of Science in 1966 (born 1943 in Cairo) is a Turkish science historian and currently the Secretary-General of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC), the second largest public international organisation after the United Nations.
  • Tarek Heggy
    Tarek Heggy
    Tarek Heggy is a liberal Egyptian author, political thinker and international petroleum strategist. His extensive writings advocate the values of modernity, democracy, tolerance, and women's rights in the Middle East – advancing them as universal values essential to the region's progress...

     is an Egyptian liberal political thinker and international petroleum strategist.
  • Noora Elweya Qadry is a retired Egyptian Actress and sister of Poussi. She graduated in the Faculty of Commerce Ain Shams University in 1976.
  • Fadel Soliman
    Fadel Soliman
    A member of the International Union of Muslim Scholars who received his Master's degree in Shariah in 2008. Fadel is an international speaker and presenter of Islam, he gave his presentations to more than 65,000 in the U.S.A...

    , is the director of Bridges Foundation, an international organization aiming to Bridge the gap between Muslims and non Muslims. He has graduated from Faculty of Engineering, Department of Communication and Electronics at Ain Shams University.
  • Ali Gomaa
    Ali Gomaa
    Sheikh Ali Goma'a is the Grand Mufti of Egypt through Dar al-Ifta al-Misriyyah succeeding Ahmad El-Tayeb. He has been called "one of the most widely respected jurists in the Sunni Muslim world," and described as "a highly promoted champion of moderate Islam," gender equality, and an "object of...

     the Grand Mufti of Egypt currently. He graduated from faculty of Commerce in 1973.
  • Mohammed Mahdi Akef is the head of the Muslim Brotherhood. He graduated from the Faculty of Law Ain Shams University.
  • Ammar el-Shereay the blind composer, graduated from the faculty of arts (English section) in 1970.
  • Awatef Serag Eldin the social activist and head of Garden city lions club. Graduated from faculty of Arts.
  • Sayed Shehata Giza governerate governor. Graduated from faculty of engineering in 1967.
  • Dr. Abdel-Moniem ibn Ali El-Ganayni is an Egyptian-born American nuclear physicist as senior scientist at Bettis Atomic Power Laboratory
    Bettis Atomic Power Laboratory
    Bettis Atomic Power Laboratory is a U.S. Government-owned, contractor-operated research and development facility located in the Pittsburgh suburb of West Mifflin, Pennsylvania. It solely focuses on the design and development of nuclear power for the U.S. Navy....

    . He obtained his Bachelors of Science in Physics from Ain Shams University Faculty of Science in 1973.
  • Ahmed Al-Azayda the Jordonian politacian, graduated from faculty of engineering in 1973.
  • Yonan Labib Rizk the historian, journalist and writer. He graduated on 1955 from the faculty of arts.
  • Prof Ahmed Okasha
    Ahmed Okasha
    Ahmed Okasha M.D., PhD, FRCP, FRCPsych, FACP is an Egyptian psychiatrist. He is a professor of psychiatry at Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt...

    , President of the Egyptian Psychiatric Association and President of World Psychiatric Association
    World Psychiatric Association
    The World Psychiatric Association is an international umbrella organisation of psychiatric societies.-Objectives and goals:Originally created to produce world psychiatric congresses, it has evolved to hold regional meetings, to promote professional education and to set ethical, scientific and...

     (WPA) from 2002 through 2005
  • Prof Adel Sadek, psychiatrist, writer and philanthropist
    Philanthropist
    A philanthropist is someone who engages in philanthropy; that is, someone who donates his or her time, money, and/or reputation to charitable causes...

  • Prof Ali Khalifa, philanthropist, poet
    Poet
    A poet is a person who writes poetry. A poet's work can be literal, meaning that his work is derived from a specific event, or metaphorical, meaning that his work can take on many meanings and forms. Poets have existed since antiquity, in nearly all languages, and have produced works that vary...

     and biochemistry
    Biochemistry
    Biochemistry, sometimes called biological chemistry, is the study of chemical processes in living organisms, including, but not limited to, living matter. Biochemistry governs all living organisms and living processes...

     researcher
  • Prof Mohammed Fathy Abdel Wahab, scientist of fevers and tropical disease
    Tropical disease
    Tropical diseases are diseases that are prevalent in or unique to tropical and subtropical regions. The diseases are less prevalent in temperate climates, due in part to the occurrence of a cold season, which controls the insect population by forcing hibernation. Insects such as mosquitoes and...

    .
  • Prof Ahmed Sami Khalifa, pediatric hematologist who was given the National Encouragement Award in Medical Sciences in 1982, and the National Recognition Award in Advanced Technological Sciences in 1998.
  • Prof Poul Ghelliongy, internist and medical history writer (Arabic and Pharonic)
  • Prof Mohammed Sabbour, internist, scientist and founder of many medical societies
  • Prof Abdel Moniem Ashour, psychogeriatrician, one of the founders of the International Psychogeriatrics Association (IPA), writer and founder of the Al-Zehimer Egypt Association.
  • Prof Hamdy El-Sayed, head of Parliament's Health Committee and Chairman of the Egyptian Doctors' Syndicate
  • Prof Mohammed Awad Tagg Eldin, respiratory disease professor and former Minister of Health
  • Prof Maher Mahran, obstetrician, former Minister for Population and Family Welfare, and former Secretary General of the National Population Council of Egypt
  • Prof Ismael Sallam, cardiothoracic surgeon and former Minister of Health and Population from 1996 until 2002, one of the nine candidates for the position of World Health Organization
    World Health Organization
    The World Health Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations that acts as a coordinating authority on international public health. Established on 7 April 1948, with headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland, the agency inherited the mandate and resources of its predecessor, the Health...

     Director-General.
  • Prof Fawzia Fahim, biochemist
    Biochemist
    Biochemists are scientists who are trained in biochemistry. Typical biochemists study chemical processes and chemical transformations in living organisms. The prefix of "bio" in "biochemist" can be understood as a fusion of "biological chemist."-Role:...

     researcher on anti-tumor activity of venoms and iodoacetate
    Iodoacetate
    Iodoacetic acid is a derivative of acetic acid. It is a toxic compound, because, like many alkyl halides, it is an alkylating agent. It reacts with cysteine residues in proteins...

    .
  • Prof Abdel-Wahed El-Wakil
    Abdel-Wahed El-Wakil
    Abdel-Wahed El-Wakil is an Egyptian architect who designed over 15 mosques in Saudi Arabia and is considered by many as the foremost contemporary authority in Islamic architecture.- Education :...

    , architect
    Architect
    An architect is a person trained in the planning, design and oversight of the construction of buildings. To practice architecture means to offer or render services in connection with the design and construction of a building, or group of buildings and the space within the site surrounding the...

     often hailed as the foremost contemporary authority in Islamic architecture.
  • Prof Karimat El-Sayed, Chrystalography and solid state Physics prominent world researcher in her field and awarded L'oreal-Unesco award for women in science as one of the eminent female scientists all over the world.
  • Dr. Abdel Ahad Gamal Eddin: Professor Emeritus - Faculty of Law - Department of International Laws, Former Minister of Youth and sports from 1982–1990, Member of Parliament and former head of human rights division at the Egyptian Parliament and currently the leader of the majority Party at Egyptian Parliament
  • The Right Honourable Atem Garang Deng Dekuek, The 1st Deputy Speaker of Sudanese National Assembly from September 2005 - April 2011, Senior member of Sudan Peoples' Liberation Movement/Army, graduated in sociology in 1978.
  • Alwi Shihab
    Alwi Shihab
    Alwi Abdurrahman Shihab is one of the leading authorities and scholars on the interaction of Christian and Muslim communities. Currently he is the Indonesian President's special envoy to Middle-East and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation...

    , the Indonesia's Presidential envoy to the Middle-East
  • His Excellency Sameh Shoukry, Egypt's Ambassador to the United States
  • Abdi Aziz Gurbiye, Somali Writer, Director for Gurbiye Information and Cultural Center, Author of PROFESSIONAL JOURNALISM Book, Spokes person of Somali Journalist umbrella, Media figure and famous in Somali Journalism field.
  • Eng. Eman Abdel Ghaffar
    Eman karam sayed abdel ghaffar
    Eman Abdel Ghaffar is an Egyptian researcher in the field of environment and urban risks.-Education:Eman graduated from the Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University. She studied Geographic Information Systems at the ]] in Giza. Later on, she studied geoinformation management for urban...

    , sudied engineering at the university
  • Yasser Abdel Hafez
    Yasser Abdel Hafez
    Yasser Abdel Hafez is an Egyptian novelist and journalist. He was born in Cairo and studied law at Ain Shams University. He has worked as a journalist for the Arabic-language literary journal Akhbar al-Adab for more than 20 years. Abdel Hafez's most notable work is his novel On the Occasion of...

    , novelist and journalist with Akhbar Al-Adab
    Akhbar Al-Adab
    Akhbar Al-Adab is a literary Arabic weekly newspaper founded by Egyptian novelist and editor-in-chief Gamal Al-Ghitani.*Current editor-in-chief: Gamal El-Ghitani*Current senior editor: Ezzat el Kamhawi...

    , studied Law at the university.

See also

  • Education in Egypt
    Education in Egypt
    Egypt has the largest overall education system in the Middle East and North Africa and it has grown rapidly since the early 1990s. In recent years the Government of Egypt has accorded even greater priority in improving the education system...

  • Egyptian universities
    Egyptian universities
    Universities in Egypt are generally either state-funded or privately funded. Education in Egypt is free by law, however there are very small fees paid for enrollment. Public institutions, with few exceptions are generally overcrowded with a student body of several thousands...

  • List of Egyptian universities
  • Faculty of Medicine
    Ain Shams University Faculty of Medicine
    Ain Shams University, Faculty of Medicine or School of Medicine, is a public Egyptian graduate school and one of the faculties of Ain Shams University. Now, it is one of the largest educational medical institutions in Africa and the Middle East. It was founded in 1947, making it the third oldest...

  • Faculty of Pharmacy
  • Faculty of Engineering
    Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University
    Faculty of Engineering, ain shams university , is the oldest faculty in Ain Shams University, and one of the first engineering schools in Modern Egypt....


External links

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