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Ahmed Sékou Touré (var. Ahmen Seku Ture) (January 9, 1922--March 26, 1984) was an African political leader and president of the Republic of Guinea from 1958 to his death in 1984. Touré was one of the primary Guinean nationalists involved in the liberation of the country from France
France

France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France....
.

é was born on January 9, 1922 into a poor family in the west African country of Guinea, while a colonial possession
French West Africa

File:AOFMap1936.jpgFile:Gor?ePalais.JPG French West Africa was a federation of eight French colonial empires#Second French colonial empire territories in Africa: Mauritania, Senegambia and Niger, French Sudan , French Guinea , C?te d'Ivoire, French Upper Volta and Dahomey ....
 of France
France

France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France....
.






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Ahmed Sékou Touré (var. Ahmen Seku Ture) (January 9, 1922--March 26, 1984) was an African political leader and president of the Republic of Guinea from 1958 to his death in 1984. Touré was one of the primary Guinean nationalists involved in the liberation of the country from France
France

France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France....
.

Early life

Touré was born on January 9, 1922 into a poor family in the west African country of Guinea, while a colonial possession
French West Africa

File:AOFMap1936.jpgFile:Gor?ePalais.JPG French West Africa was a federation of eight French colonial empires#Second French colonial empire territories in Africa: Mauritania, Senegambia and Niger, French Sudan , French Guinea , C?te d'Ivoire, French Upper Volta and Dahomey ....
 of France
France

France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France....
. His date of birth has never been formally established; there remains a contention that he was born in 1918 at Faranah
Faranah

Faranah is a town in central Guinea, lying by the River Niger.Population 87,083 . ...
. He was a member of the Mandinka
Mandinka people

The Mandinka are one of the largest ethnic groups in West Africa with an estimated population of eleven million. They are the descendants of the Empire of Mali, which rose to power under the rule of the great Mandinka king Sundiata Keita....
 ethnic group and was the great-grandson of the famous Samory Touré, who had resisted French rule until his capture.

Touré's early life was characterized by challenges of authority, including during his education. Touré was obliged to work to take care of himself. He began working for the Postal Services (PTT), and quickly became involved in Labor Union activity. During his youth and after becoming president, Touré studied the works of communist philosophers, especially those of Karl Marx
Karl Marx

Karl Heinrich Marx was a Germanphilosophy, political economy, historian, sociologist, humanism, political theorist and revolutionary credited as the founder of communism....
 and Vladimir Lenin
Vladimir Lenin

Vladimir Ilyich Lenin , born Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov and also known by the pseudonyms V.I. Lenin and N. Lenin, was a Russians revolutionary, a Bolshevik Communism politician, the principal leader of the October Revolution and the first head of the USSR....
.

Politics

Touré's first work in a political group was in the Postal Workers Union (PTT). In 1945, he was one of the founders of their labour Union, becoming the general secretary of the postal workers' union in 1945. In 1952, he became the leader of the Guinean Democratic Party which was local section of the RDA
African Democratic Rally

The African Democratic Rally was a political party in French West Africa, led by F?lix Houphou?t-Boigny. Founded in Bamako in 1946, the RDA quickly became one of the most important forces for independence in the region....
 (African Democratic Rally, French: Rassemblement Démocratique Africain) , a party agitating for the decolonization of Africa. In 1956 he organized the Union Générale des Travailleurs d'Afrique Noire, French West Africa's first general trade union, and was involved in an element of the French Communist Party
French Communist Party

The French Communist Party is a political party in France which advocates the principles of communism. Although its electoral support has greatly declined in recent decades, it remains the largest party in France advocating communist views, and retains a large membership and considerable influence in French politics....
 and the French CGT
Confédération générale du travail

The General Confederation of Labour is a national trade union center, the first of the five major France confederations of trade unions.It is the largest in terms of votes , and second largest in terms of membership numbers....
 union. He was a leader of the RDA, working closely with a future rival, Félix Houphouët-Boigny
Félix Houphouët-Boigny

F?lix Houphou?t-Boigny was the first List of heads of state of C?te d'Ivoire of C?te d'Ivoire. Originally a village chief, he worked as a doctor, an administrator of a plantation, and a union leader, before being elected to the Parliament of France and serving in a number of ministerial positions in the Government of France....
, who later became the president of the Côte d'Ivoire
Côte d'Ivoire

, formerly Ivory Coast, officially the , is a country in West Africa. The government officially discourages the use of the name Ivory Coast in English, preferring the French name to be used in all languages ....
. In 1956 he was elected Guinea's deputy to the French national assembly
French National Assembly

The France National Assembly is the lower house of the bicameral Parliament of France under the French Fifth Republic. The other is the French Senate ....
 and mayor of Conakry
Conakry

Conakry or Konakry is the Capital and largest city of Guinea.Guinea's capital city is a port on the Atlantic Ocean. Originally situated on Tombo Island, one of the ?les de Los, it has since spread up the neighboring Kaloum Peninsula....
, positions he used to launch pointed criticisms of the colonial regime

Touré is remembered as a charismatic figure and while his legacy as president is often distained in his home country, he remains an icon of liberation in the wider African community. Touré served for some time as a representative of African groups in France
France

France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France....
, where he worked to negotiate for the independence of France's African colonies.

In 1958 Touré's RDA section in Guinea pushed for a "No" in the French Union
French Union

The French Union was a political entity created by the French Fourth Republic to replace the old French colonial system, the "French colonial empire" and to abolish its "indigenous" status....
 referendum sponsored by the French government, and was the only one of France's African colonies to vote for immediate independence rather than continued association with France. Guinea became the only French colony to leave the French Community
French Community

The French Community was the political entity that replaced the French Union, in 1958. The French Union was the descendant of the French colonial empires following the World War II....
. In the event the rest of Francophone Africa gained its independence only two years later in 1960, but the French were extremely vindictive against Guinea: withdrawing abruptly, taking files, destroying infrastructure, and breaking political and economic ties.

As President of Guinea

In his home country, Touré was a strong president. Opposition to single party rule grew slowly, and by the late 1960s those who opposed his government faced fear of detention camps and secret police. His detractors often had two choices--say nothing or go abroad. From 1965 to 1975 he ended all his relations with France, the former colonial power. Touré argued that Africa had lost much during colonization, and that Africa ought to retaliate by cutting off ties to former colonial nations. Only in 1978, as Guinea's ties with the Soviet Union
Soviet Union

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a Constitution of the Soviet Union socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.The name is a translation of the , romanization of Russian Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik, abbreviated ????, SSSR....
 soured, President of France Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing

Val?ry Marie Ren? Georges Giscard d'Estaing,Constitutional Council of France , is a France centrism-conservatism politician who was President of France of the French Fifth Republic from 1974 until 1981....
 first visited Guinea as a sign of reconciliation.

Throughout his dispute with France, Guinea maintained good relations with several socialist countries. However, Touré's attitude toward France was not generally well received, and some African countries ended diplomatic relations with Guinea over the incident. Despite this, Touré's move won the support of many anti-colonialist and Pan-African groups and leaders.

Touré's primary ally in the region was President Kwame Nkrumah
Kwame Nkrumah

Kwame Nkrumah , was an influential 20th century advocate of Pan-Africanism, and the leader of Ghana and its predecessor state, the Gold Coast , from 1952 to 1966....
 of Ghana
Ghana

The Republic of Ghana is a country in West Africa. It borders C?te d'Ivoire to the west, Burkina Faso to the north, Togo to the east, and the Gulf of Guinea to the south....
 and Modibo Keita of Mali. After Nkrumah was overthrown in a 1966 coup, Touré offered him a refuge in Guinea and made him co-president. As a leader of the Pan-Africanist movement, he consistently spoke out against colonial powers, and befriended leaders from the African diaspora
African diaspora

The African diaspora was the movement of Africans and their descendants to places throughout the world - predominantly to the Americas, then later to Europe, the Middle East and other places around the globe....
 such as Malcolm X
Malcolm X

Malcolm X , also known as Hajji Malik El-Shabazz , was an African American Muslim minister, public speaker, and human rights activist. To his admirers, he was a courageous advocate for the rights of African Americans, a man who indicted white America in the harshest terms for its crimes against black Americans....
 and Stokely Carmichael
Stokely Carmichael

Stokely Standiford Churchill Carmichael , also known as Kwame Toure, was a Trinidad and Tobago-United States black activist active in the 1960s African-American Civil Rights Movement ....
, to whom he offered asylum (and who took the two leaders names, as Kwame Ture). He, with Nkrumah, helped in the formation of the All-African Peoples Revolutionary Party
All-African Peoples Revolutionary Party

The All-African People?s Revolutionary Party is a socialist group founded by Dr. Kwame Nkrumah. His goal in founding this party was to create and manage the political economic conditions necessary to the emergence of an All-African People?s Revolutionary Army that would lead the military struggle against settler colonialism, Zionism, neo-co...
, and aided forces fighting Portuguese
Portugal

Portugal , officially the Portuguese Republic , is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Located in southwestern Europe, Portugal is the westernmost country of mainland Europe and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east....
 colonialism in neighboring Guinea-Bissau
Guinea-Bissau

The Republic of Guinea-Bissau is a country in western Africa, and one of the smallest states in continental Africa. It is bordered by Senegal to the north, and Guinea to the south and east, with the Atlantic Ocean to its west....
 (for which the Portuguese launched an attack upon Conakry
Portuguese invasion of Guinea, 1970

The 1970 Portuguese invasion of Guinea was a 22 November 1970 seaborne attack on the Conakry area of Guinea by Portugal led Guinean dissident forces....
 in 1970).

Relations with the United States fluctuated during the course of Touré's reign. While Touré was unimpressed with the Eisenhower administration
Dwight D. Eisenhower

Dwight David ?Ike? Eisenhower was the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States from 1953 until 1961 and a General of the Army in the United States Army....
's approach to Africa, he came to consider President John F. Kennedy
John F. Kennedy

John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy , often referred to by his initials JFK, was the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States, serving from 1961 until John F....
 a friend and an ally. He even came to state that Kennedy was his "only true friend in the outside world". He was impressed by Kennedy's interest in African development and commitment to civil rights in the United States. Touré blamed Guinean labor unrest in 1962 on Soviet interference and turned to the United States.

Relations with Washington soured, however, after Kennedy's death. When a Guinean delegation was imprisoned in Ghana
Ghana

The Republic of Ghana is a country in West Africa. It borders C?te d'Ivoire to the west, Burkina Faso to the north, Togo to the east, and the Gulf of Guinea to the south....
, after the overthrow of Nkrumah, Touré blamed Washington. He feared that the Central Intelligence Agency
Central Intelligence Agency

The Central Intelligence Agency is a civilian intelligence agency of the Federal government of the United States. It is the successor of the Office of Strategic Services formed during World War II to coordinate espionage activities between the branches of the US military services....
 was plotting against his own regime.

Over time, Touré's increasing paranoia led him to arrest large numbers of suspected political opponents and imprison them in camps, such as the notorious Camp Boiro National Guard Barracks
Camp Boiro

Camp Boiro or Camp Mamadou Boiro is a defunct Guinea concentration camp named after a former police commissioner assassinated under Ahmed S?kou Tour?....
. Tens of thousands of Guinean dissidents sought refuge in exile. For the memorial to victims of Toure's government, see: For their view, reflected in the Statutes of the Camp Boiro International Memorial (CBIM), see : . "At its peak, Camp Boiro was a contemporary of the Khmer Rouge and a precursor of the Rwandan genocides." Once Guinea's reprochment with France began in the late 1970s, another section of his support, Marxists, began to oppose his government's increasing move to capitalist
Capitalism

Capitalism is an economic system in which wealth, and the means of producing wealth, are private property and controlled rather than commonly, publicly, or state-owned and controlled....
 liberalisation. In 1978 he formally renounced Marxism and reestablished trade with the West. Running again for president unopposed, Touré was reelected in 1982.

Touré died in the city of Cleveland
Cleveland, Ohio

Cleveland is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Cuyahoga County, Ohio, the most populous county in the state. The municipality is located in northeastern Ohio on the southern shore of Lake Erie, approximately 60 miles west of the Pennsylvania border....
 in the United States while undergoing heart surgery on March 26, 1984.

Dictator

Touré ruled as a dictator over Guinea from 1960 to 1984. During his presidency Touré led a strong policy based on Marxism
Marxism

Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Marxism holds at its core a Marxist analysis of Critique of capitalism and a theory of social change....
, with the nationalization of foreign companies and strong planned economics. In 1960 Touré declared Guinea to be a one-party state, with GDP as the only party. Most of the opposition to his socialistic regime was arrested and jailed or exiled. His early actions to reject the French and then to appropriate wealth and farmland from traditional landlords angered many powerful forces, but the increasing failure of his government to provide either economic opportunities or democratic rights angered more. While still revered in much of Africa and in the Pan-African movement, many Guineans, and activists of the Left and Right in Europe, have become critical of Touré's failure to institute meaningful democracy or free media.http://www.fsa.ulaval.calpersonel/Vernag?leadership/disk/Guinee-dicateur-enfantshtm.

To date, 50,000 people are believed to have been killed under the regime of Touré, many of them in the concentration camps Camp Boiro
Camp Boiro

Camp Boiro or Camp Mamadou Boiro is a defunct Guinea concentration camp named after a former police commissioner assassinated under Ahmed S?kou Tour?....
 and Camp Camayenne, which operated from 1960 to 1984.

See also


  • Politics of Guinea
    Politics of Guinea

    Politics of Guinea takes place in a framework of a presidential system republic, whereby the President of Guinea is both head of state and head of government....


News articles

  • New West Africa Union Sealed By Heads of Ghana and GuineaBy THOMAS F. BRADY Special to The New York Times. May 2, 1959, Saturday Page 2, 339
  • GUINEA SHUNS TIE TO WORLD BLOCS; But New State Gets Most Aid From East -- Toure Departs for a Visit to the U. S. By JOHN B. OAKES, The New York Times, October 25, 1959, Sunday Page 16, 576 words
  • Red Aid to Guinea Rises By HOMER BIGART Special to The New York Times. March 6, 1960, Sunday Page 4, 608 words
  • HENRY TANNER. REGIME IN GUINEA SEIZES 2 UTILITIES; Toure Nationalizes Power and Water Supply Concerns -- Pledges Compensation, Special to The New York Times. February 2, 1961, Thursday, Page 3, 336 words
  • TOURE SAYS REDS PLOTTED A COUP; Links Communists to Riots by Students Last Month. (UPI), New York Times. December 13, 1961, Wednesday, Page 14, 247 words
  • Toure's Country--'Africa Incarnate'; Guinea embodies the emphatic nationalism and revolutionary hopes of ex-colonial Africa, but its energetic President confronts handicaps that are also typically African. Toure's Country--'Africa Incarnate' By David Halberstam
    David Halberstam

    David Halberstam was an United States Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist and author known for his early work on the Vietnam War, his work on politics, history, business, media, American culture, and his later sports journalism....
     July 8, 1962, Sunday The New York Times Magazine
    The New York Times Magazine

    The New York Times Magazine is a supplement to the Sunday The New York Times newspaper. It is host to feature articles longer than those typically included in the newspaper, and attracts many notable contributors....
    , Page 146, 3783 words
  • GUINEA RELAXES BUSINESS CURBS; Turns to Free Enterprise to Rescue Economy. (Reuters), The New York Times, December 8, 1963, Sunday Page 24, 333 words
  • U.S. PEACE CORPS OUSTED BY GUINEA; 72 Members and Dependents to Leave Within a Week By RICHARD EDER Special to The New York Times, November 9, 1966, Wednesday, Page 11, 655 words
  • Guinea Is Warming West African Ties, The New York Times
    The New York Times

    The New York Times is an American daily newspaper published in New York City. The largest metropolitan newspaper in the United States, "The Gray Lady"?named for its staid appearance and style?is regarded as a national newspaper of record....
    , January 26, 1968, Friday Page 52, 578 words
  • ALFRED FRIENDLY Jr. TOURE ADOPTING A MODERATE TONE; But West Africa Is Skeptical of Guinean's Words. New York Times. April 28, 1968, Sunday, Page 13, 525 words
  • Ebb of African 'Revolution' , The New York Times
    The New York Times

    The New York Times is an American daily newspaper published in New York City. The largest metropolitan newspaper in the United States, "The Gray Lady"?named for its staid appearance and style?is regarded as a national newspaper of record....
    , December 7, 1968, Saturday Page 46, 305 words
  • Guinea's President Charges A Plot to Overthrow Him, (Agence France-Presse), The New York Times
    The New York Times

    The New York Times is an American daily newspaper published in New York City. The largest metropolitan newspaper in the United States, "The Gray Lady"?named for its staid appearance and style?is regarded as a national newspaper of record....
    , January 16, 1969, Thursday Page 10, 139 words
  • Guinea Reports 2 Members Of Cabinet Seized in Plot, (Reuters), The New York Times
    The New York Times

    The New York Times is an American daily newspaper published in New York City. The largest metropolitan newspaper in the United States, "The Gray Lady"?named for its staid appearance and style?is regarded as a national newspaper of record....
    , March 22, 1969, Saturday Page 14, 146 words
  • 12 FOES OF REGIME DOOMED IN GUINEA Special to The New York Times May 16, 1969, Friday Page 2, 213 words
  • Guinea Reports Invasion From Sea by Portuguese; Lisbon Denies Charge U.N. Council Calls for End to Attack Guinea Reports an Invasion From Sea by Portuguese By The Associated Press, The New York Times, November 23, 1970, Monday Page 1, 644 words
  • Guinea: Attack Strengthens Country's Symbolic Role, The New York Times
    The New York Times

    The New York Times is an American daily newspaper published in New York City. The largest metropolitan newspaper in the United States, "The Gray Lady"?named for its staid appearance and style?is regarded as a national newspaper of record....
    , November 29, 1970, Sunday, Page 194, 717 words
  • GUINEAN IS ADAMANT ON DEATH SENTENCES, The New York Times
    The New York Times

    The New York Times is an American daily newspaper published in New York City. The largest metropolitan newspaper in the United States, "The Gray Lady"?named for its staid appearance and style?is regarded as a national newspaper of record....
    , January 29, 1971, Friday. Page 3, 145 words
  • Guinea Wooing the West In Bauxite Development; GUINEA IS SEEKING HELP ON BAUXITE, The New York Times
    The New York Times

    The New York Times is an American daily newspaper published in New York City. The largest metropolitan newspaper in the United States, "The Gray Lady"?named for its staid appearance and style?is regarded as a national newspaper of record....
    , February 15, 1971, Monday Section: BUSINESS AND FINANCE, Page 34, 897 words
  • Political Ferment Hurts Guinea , The New York Times
    The New York Times

    The New York Times is an American daily newspaper published in New York City. The largest metropolitan newspaper in the United States, "The Gray Lady"?named for its staid appearance and style?is regarded as a national newspaper of record....
    , January 31, 1972, Monday Section: SURVEY OF AFRICA'S ECONOMY, Page 46, 464 words
  • GUINEAN, IN TOTAL REVERSAL, ASKS MORE U.S. INVESTMENT By BERNARD WEINRAUB, The New York Times
    The New York Times

    The New York Times is an American daily newspaper published in New York City. The largest metropolitan newspaper in the United States, "The Gray Lady"?named for its staid appearance and style?is regarded as a national newspaper of record....
    , , ; Foreign Desk July 2, 1982, Friday Late City Final Edition, Section A, Page 3, Column 5, 592 words
  • GUINEA IS SLOWLY BREAKING OUT OF ITS TIGHT COCOON By ALAN COWELL, The New York Times
    The New York Times

    The New York Times is an American daily newspaper published in New York City. The largest metropolitan newspaper in the United States, "The Gray Lady"?named for its staid appearance and style?is regarded as a national newspaper of record....
    , , ; Foreign Desk, December 3, 1982, Friday, Late City Final Edition, Section A, Page 2, Column 3, 1098 words
  • IN REVOLUTIONARY GUINEA, SOME OF THE FIRE IS GONE By ALAN COWELL, The New York Times
    The New York Times

    The New York Times is an American daily newspaper published in New York City. The largest metropolitan newspaper in the United States, "The Gray Lady"?named for its staid appearance and style?is regarded as a national newspaper of record....
    , , ; Foreign Desk, December 9, 1982, Thursday, Late City Final Edition, Section A, Page 2, Column 3, 1181 words
  • GUINEA'S PRESIDENT, SEKOU TOURE, DIES IN CLEVELAND CLINIC By CLIFFORD D. MAY, The New York Times
    The New York Times

    The New York Times is an American daily newspaper published in New York City. The largest metropolitan newspaper in the United States, "The Gray Lady"?named for its staid appearance and style?is regarded as a national newspaper of record....
    , , ; Obituary, March 28, 1984, Wednesday, Late City Final Edition, Section A, Page 1, Column 1, 1253 words
  • THOUSANDS MOURN DEATH OF TOURE By CLIFFORD D. MAY The New York Times
    The New York Times

    The New York Times is an American daily newspaper published in New York City. The largest metropolitan newspaper in the United States, "The Gray Lady"?named for its staid appearance and style?is regarded as a national newspaper of record....
    , ; Foreign Desk, March 29, 1984, Thursday, Late City Final Edition, Section A, Page 3, Column 1, 591 words
  • AHMED SEKOU TOURE, A RADICAL HERO By ERIC PACE The New York Times
    The New York Times

    The New York Times is an American daily newspaper published in New York City. The largest metropolitan newspaper in the United States, "The Gray Lady"?named for its staid appearance and style?is regarded as a national newspaper of record....
    , ; Obituary, March 28, 1984, Wednesday, Late City Final Edition, Section A, Page 6, Column 1, 1249 words
  • IN POST-COUP GUINEA, A JAIL IS THROWN OPEN. CLIFFORD D. MAY. Special to The New York Times. Foreign Desk, April 12, 1984, Thursday, Late City Final Edition, Section A, Page 1, Column 4, 1336 words.
  • , The New York Times, March 29, 1984.
  • , The New York Times, April 7, 1984.
  • , REUTERS, The New York Times, January 3, 1988.
  • , HOWARD W. FRENCH, The New York Times, February 28, 1995.
  • , KAREN DE WITT, The New York Times, April 14, 1996.
  • , MICHAEL T. KAUFMAN, The New York Times, November 16, 1998.
  • . BBC, 22 October 2002.
  • (Book Review), ROBERT WEISBROTThe New York Times Review of Books, November 23, 2003.

Other secondary works

  • Ladipo Adamolekun. Sekou Toure's Guinea: An Experiment in Nation Building. Methuen (August 1976). ISBN 0416778402
  • Koumandian Kéita. Guinée 61: L'École et la Dictature. Nubia (1984).
  • Ibrahima Baba Kaké. Sékou Touré, le héros et le tyran. Jeune Afrique
    Jeune Afrique

    Jeune Afrique is a weekly newsmagazine published in Paris, founded in Tunis by B?chir Ben Yahmed on October 17 1960. It covers the political, economic and cultural spheres of Africa, with an accent on Francophone Africa and the Maghreb....
    , Paris (1987)
  • Alpha Abdoulaye Diallo. La vérité du ministre: Dix ans dans les geôles de Sékou Touré (Questions d'actualité), Calmann-Lévy, Paris (1985). ISBN 978-2702113905
  • Kaba Camara. Dans la Guinée de Sékou Touré : cela a bien eu lieu.
  • Ousmane Ardo Bâ. Camp Boiro. Sinistre geôle de Sékou Touré. Harmattan
    Harmattan

    The Harmattan is a dry and dusty West African trade wind. It blows south from Sahara into the Gulf of Guinea between the end of November and the middle of March ....
    , Paris (1986) ISBN 978-2858026494
  • Mahmoud Bah. Construire la Guinée après Sékou Touré
  • Mgr. Raymond-Marie Tchidimbo. Noviciat d'un évêque : huit ans et huit mois de captivité sous Sékou Touré
  • André Lewin. Diallo Telli. Le destin tragique d'un grand Africain
  • Dr. Thierno Bah. Mon combat pour la Guinée
  • Nadine Bari. Chroniques de Guinée (1994)
  • Nadine Bari. Guinée. Les cailloux de la mémoire (2004)
  • Maurice Jeanjean. Sékou Touré, Un totalitarisme africain
  • Claude Abou Diakité. La Guinée enchaînée
  • Alpha Condé. Guinée, néo-colonie américaine ou Albanie d'Afrique
  • Lansiné Kaba. From colonialism to autocracy. Guinea under Sékou Touré: 1957-1984
  • Charles E. Sory. Sékou Touré, l'ange exterminateur
  • Charles Diané. Sékou Touré, l'homme et son régime : lettre ouverte au président Mitterand
  • Emile Tompapa. Sékou Touré : quarante ans de dictature
  • Alpha Ousmane Barry. Pouvoir du discours et discours du pouvoir : l'art oratoire chez Sékou Touré de 1958 à 1984


Works by Touré (partial)

  • Ahmed Sékou Touré. 8 novembre 1964 (Conakry) : Parti démocratique de Guinée, (1965)
  • Ahmed Sékou Touré. A propos du Sahara Occidental : intervention du président Ahmed Sékou Touré devant 1e 17e sommet de l'OUA, Freetown, 1e 3 juillet 1980. (S.l. : s.n., 1980)
  • Ahmed Sékou Touré. Address of President Ahmed Sékou Touré, President of the Republic of Guinee (sic) : suggestions submitted during the West Africa consultative regional meeting held at Conakry, during 19 and 20 November 1971. (Cairo : Permanent Secretariat of the Afro-Asian Peoples' Solidarity Organization, 1971)
  • Ahmed Sékou Touré. Afrika and imperialism. Newark, N.J. : Jihad Pub. Co., 1973.
  • Ahmed Sékou Touré. (Conférences, discours et rapports .). Conakry : Impr. du Gouvernement, (1958-
  • Ahmed Sékou Touré. Congres général de l'U.G.T.A.N. (Union général des travailleurs de l'Afrique noire) : Conakry, 15-18 janvier 1959 : rapport d'orientation et de doctrine. (Paris) : Présence africaine, c1959.
  • Ahmed Sékou Touré. Discours de Monsieur Sékou Touré, Président du Conseil de Gouvernement des 28 juillet et 25 aout 1958, de Monsieur Diallo Saifoulaye, Président de L'Assemblée territoriale et du Général de Gaulle, Président du Gouvernement de la Républ (Conakry) : Guinée Française, (1958)
  • Ahmed Sékou Touré. Doctrine and methods of the Democratic Party of Guinea (Conakry 1963).
  • Ahmed Sékou Touré. Expérience guinéenne et unité africaine. Paris, Présence africaine
    Présence Africaine

    Pr?sence africaine is a panafrican quarterly cultural, political, and literary revue, published in Paris and founded by Alioune Diop in 1947. In 1949, Pr?sence africaine expanded to include a publishing house and a bookstore on the rue des ?coles in the Latin Quarter of Paris....
     (1959)
  • Ahmed Sékou Touré. Guinée-Festival / commentaire et montage, Wolibo Dukuré dit Grand-pére. Conakry : Commission Culturelle du Comité Central, 1983.
  • Ahmed Sékou Touré. Guinée, prélude à l'indépendance (Avant-propos de Jacques Rabemananjara) Paris, Présence africaine (1958)
  • Ahmed Sékou Touré. Hommage a la révolution Cubaine ; Message du camarade Ahmed Sekou Toure au peuple Cubain a l'occasion du 20e anniversaire de l'attaque de la Caserne de Moncada (Juillet 1973). Conakry : Bureau de Presse de la Presidence de la Republique, (1975).
  • Ahmed Sékou Touré. International policy and diplomatic action of the Democratic Party of Guinea; extracts from the report on doctrine and orientation submitted to the 3d National Conference of the P.D.G. (Cairo, Société Orientale de Publicité-Press, 1962)
  • Ahmed Sékou Touré. Opening speech of the Summit of Heads of State and Government by President Ahmed Sékou Touré, chairman of the Summit (November 20, 1980). (S.l. : s.n., 1980)
  • Ahmed Sékou Touré. Poemes militants. (Conakry, Guinea) : Parti démocratique de Guinée, 1972
  • Ahmed Sékou Touré. Political leader considered as the representative of a culture. (Newark, N. J. : Jihad Productions, 19--)
  • Ahmed Sékou Touré. Pour l'amitié algéro-guinéenne. (Conakry, Guinea : Parti démocratique de Guinée, 1972)
  • Ahmed Sékou Touré. Rapport de doctrine et de politique générale. Conakry : Imprimerie Nationale, 1959.
  • Ahmed Sékou Touré. Strategy and tactics of the revolution. Conakry, Guinea : Press Office, 1978.
  • Ahmed Sékou Touré. Unité nationale. Conakry, République de Guinée (B.P. 1005, Conakry, République de Guinée) : Bureau de presse de la Présidence de la République, 1977.


External links

  • (1959).
  • , 11 May 2007. International Crisis Group
    International Crisis Group

    The International Crisis Group is an independent, international, non-profit, non-governmental organization whose mission is to prevent and resolve deadly conflicts around the world through field-based analyses and high-level advocacy....
    .
  • . Extensive list of reports and articles on the human rights history of Guinea, maintained by AfriQ*Access, Inc., a privately held, Washington, DC-based digital communications and information company.