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Agitoxin
 
 
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Agitoxin is a toxin
Toxin

A toxin is a poisonous substance produced by living cells or organisms. For a toxic substance not produced by living organisms, "toxicant" is the more appropriate term, and "toxics" is an acceptable plural....
 found in the venom
Venom

Venom is any of a variety of poisons used by certain types of animals. Generally, venom is injected by such means as a bite or a sting....
 of the scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus herbraeus
Deathstalker

The deathstalker , is a species of scorpion, a member of the Buthidae family . It is also known as Omdurman scorpion, Israeli desert scorpion and numerous other colloquial names, which generally originate from the commercial captive trade of the animal....
 (yellow scorpion).

Agitoxin binds to the Shaker
Shaker gene

The Shaker gene, when mutated, causes a variety of atypical behaviors in the Drosophilidae, Drosophila melanogaster. Under ether anesthesia, the fly?s legs will shake ; even when the fly is unanaesthetized, it will exhibit aberrant movements....
 K+ channel in Drosophila
Drosophila

Drosophila is a genus of small fly, belonging to the family Drosophilidae, whose members are often called "fruit flies" or more appropriately pomace flies, vinegar flies, or wine flies, a reference to the characteristic of many species to linger around overripe or rotting fruit....
 as well as to its mammalian homologue. It blocks this channel by binding with high affinity (Kd < 1 nmol/L
Litér

Lit?r is a village in Veszpr?m , Hungary.External links ...
) to its external vestibule.

Agitoxin can be purified using HPLC techniques. Its structure consists of a triple-stranded antiparallel beta-sheet
Beta sheet

The ? sheet is the second form of regular secondary structure in proteins consisting of beta strands connected laterally by three or more hydrogen bonds, forming a generally twisted, pleated sheet ....
 and a single helix covering one face of the beta-sheet.






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Encyclopedia


Agitoxin is a toxin
Toxin

A toxin is a poisonous substance produced by living cells or organisms. For a toxic substance not produced by living organisms, "toxicant" is the more appropriate term, and "toxics" is an acceptable plural....
 found in the venom
Venom

Venom is any of a variety of poisons used by certain types of animals. Generally, venom is injected by such means as a bite or a sting....
 of the scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus herbraeus
Deathstalker

The deathstalker , is a species of scorpion, a member of the Buthidae family . It is also known as Omdurman scorpion, Israeli desert scorpion and numerous other colloquial names, which generally originate from the commercial captive trade of the animal....
 (yellow scorpion).

Agitoxin binds to the Shaker
Shaker gene

The Shaker gene, when mutated, causes a variety of atypical behaviors in the Drosophilidae, Drosophila melanogaster. Under ether anesthesia, the fly?s legs will shake ; even when the fly is unanaesthetized, it will exhibit aberrant movements....
 K+ channel in Drosophila
Drosophila

Drosophila is a genus of small fly, belonging to the family Drosophilidae, whose members are often called "fruit flies" or more appropriately pomace flies, vinegar flies, or wine flies, a reference to the characteristic of many species to linger around overripe or rotting fruit....
 as well as to its mammalian homologue. It blocks this channel by binding with high affinity (Kd < 1 nmol/L
Litér

Lit?r is a village in Veszpr?m , Hungary.External links ...
) to its external vestibule.

Agitoxin can be purified using HPLC techniques. Its structure consists of a triple-stranded antiparallel beta-sheet
Beta sheet

The ? sheet is the second form of regular secondary structure in proteins consisting of beta strands connected laterally by three or more hydrogen bonds, forming a generally twisted, pleated sheet ....
 and a single helix covering one face of the beta-sheet. The cysteine side chains
Cysteine

Cysteine is an a-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCHCH2SH. It is a non-essential amino acid, which means that humans can synthesize it....
 connect the beta-sheet and the helix form to the core of the molecule. The fold
Protein folding

Protein folding is the physical process by which a polypeptide folds into its characteristic and functional protein structure.Each protein begins as a polypeptide, translated from a sequence of mRNA as a linear chain of amino acids....
 of agitoxin is homologous to the previously determined folds of scorpion venom toxins.

Three types of agitoxin can be distinguished, each identified as comprising 38 amino acid
Amino acid

In chemistry, an amino acid is a molecule containing both amine and carboxyl functional groups. These molecules are particularly important in biochemistry, where this term refers to alpha-amino acids with the general formula H2NCHRCOOH, where R is an organic substituent....
 (cysteine bonds not shown):

  • Agitoxin-1 Gly-Val-Pro-Ile-Asn-Val-Lys-Cys-Thr-Gly-Ser-Pro-Gln-Cys-Leu-Lys-Pro-Cys-Lys-Asp-Ala-Gly-Met-Arg-Phe-Gly-Lys-Cys-Ile-Asn-Gly-Lys-Cys-His-Cys-Thr-Pro-Lys (molecular weight = 4014.87 Da
    Atomic mass unit

    The unified atomic mass unit , or dalton or, sometimes, universal mass unit, is a Units of measurement of mass used to express atomic weight and molecular masses....
    , molecular formula = C169H278N52O47S7)


  • Agitoxin-2 Gly-Val-Pro-Ile-Asn-Val-Ser-Cys-Thr-Gly-Ser-Pro-Gln-Cys-Ile-Lys-Pro-Cys-Lys-Asp-Ala-Gly-Met-Arg-Phe-Gly-Lys-Cys-Met-Asn-Arg-Lys-Cys-His-Cys-Thr-Pro-Lys (molecular weight = 4090.95 Da, molecular formula = C169H278N54O48S8)


  • Agitoxin-3 Gly-Val-Pro-Ile-Asn-Val-Pro-Cys-Thr-Gly-Ser-Pro-Gln-Cys-Ile-Lys-Pro-Cys-Lys-Asp-Ala-Gly-Met-Arg-Phe-Gly-Lys-Cys-Met-Asn-Arg-Lys-Cys-His-Cys-Thr-Pro-Lys (molecular weight = 4100.98 Da, molecular formula = C171H280N54O47S8, CAS Number
    CAS registry number

    CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for chemical elements, chemical compound, polymers, biological sequences, mixtures and alloys....
     155646-23-4)