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Against Apion (lat. Contra Apionem or In Apionem) was a polemical work written by Flavius Josephus as a defense of Judaism
Judaism

Judaism is a set of beliefs and practices originating in the Hebrew Bible , as later further explored and explained in the Talmud and other texts....
 as a classical religion and philosophy, stressing its antiquity against what he perceived as more recent traditions of the Greeks.

gainst Apion also defines which books he viewed as being in the Jewish Scriptures:

Some anti-Semitic allegations attributed by Josephus to Apion
Apion

Apion , Graeco-Egyptian grammarian, sophist and commentator on Homer, was born at the Siwa Oasis, and flourished in the first half of the 1st century AD....
 (who Josephus states is not Greek), and myths as old as Manetho
Manetho

Manetho was an Egyptian historian and priest from Sebennytos who lived during the Ptolemaic dynasty, ca. 3rd century BC. Manetho wrote the Aegyptiaca ....
's are exposed there as well, though there was apparently some confusion between Manetho's references to the Hyksos
Hyksos

The Hyksos were an Asiatic people who invaded the eastern Nile Delta, in the Twelfth dynasty of Egypt initiating the Second Intermediate Period of Ancient Egypt....
, and the Hebrews
Hebrews

Hebrews are an ancient people defined as descendants of biblical Patriarch Abraham , a descendent of Noah.In the Bible, the patriarch Abraham is referred to a single time as the ivri, which is the singular form of the Hebrew-language word for Hebrew ....
.






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Against Apion (lat. Contra Apionem or In Apionem) was a polemical work written by Flavius Josephus as a defense of Judaism
Judaism

Judaism is a set of beliefs and practices originating in the Hebrew Bible , as later further explored and explained in the Talmud and other texts....
 as a classical religion and philosophy, stressing its antiquity against what he perceived as more recent traditions of the Greeks.

Text

Against Apion also defines which books he viewed as being in the Jewish Scriptures:

Some anti-Semitic allegations attributed by Josephus to Apion
Apion

Apion , Graeco-Egyptian grammarian, sophist and commentator on Homer, was born at the Siwa Oasis, and flourished in the first half of the 1st century AD....
 (who Josephus states is not Greek), and myths as old as Manetho
Manetho

Manetho was an Egyptian historian and priest from Sebennytos who lived during the Ptolemaic dynasty, ca. 3rd century BC. Manetho wrote the Aegyptiaca ....
's are exposed there as well, though there was apparently some confusion between Manetho's references to the Hyksos
Hyksos

The Hyksos were an Asiatic people who invaded the eastern Nile Delta, in the Twelfth dynasty of Egypt initiating the Second Intermediate Period of Ancient Egypt....
, and the Hebrews
Hebrews

Hebrews are an ancient people defined as descendants of biblical Patriarch Abraham , a descendent of Noah.In the Bible, the patriarch Abraham is referred to a single time as the ivri, which is the singular form of the Hebrew-language word for Hebrew ....
. Assuming that Josephus was completely familiar with Manetho's points, Manetho may have simply written a blanket condemnation of all Semitic peoples. The Hyksos were possibly Semites of Western Asian origin. Their exact ethnic or national identity is unknown.

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