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African National Congress
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The African National Congress (ANC) has been South Africa's governing party, supported by its tripartite alliance with the Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) and the South African Communist Party (SACP), since the establishment of non-racial democracy in May 1994. It defines itself as a "disciplined force of the left". Members founded the organization as the South African Native National Congress (SANNC) on 8 January 1912 in Bloemfontein to increase the rights of the black South African population.
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The African National Congress (ANC) has been South Africa's governing party, supported by its tripartite alliance with the Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) and the South African Communist Party (SACP), since the establishment of non-racial democracy in May 1994. It defines itself as a "disciplined force of the left". Members founded the organization as the South African Native National Congress (SANNC) on 8 January 1912 in Bloemfontein to increase the rights of the black South African population. John Dube, its first president, and poet and author Sol Plaatje are among its founding members. The organization became the ANC in 1923 and formed a military wing, the Umkhonto we Sizwe (Spear of the Nation) in 1961.
It has been the ruling party of post-apartheid South Africa on the national level since 1994. It gained support in the 1999 elections, and further increased its majority in 2004.
History
- 1860 "modern" British army wanted to take over, resistance was stifled in 1878 after more than 100 years of war.
- Leaders were killed or imprisoned and by the 1900 Britain broke the power of African kingdom and took over with the colonial government
- Control was given to Boer and British settlers, denying the rights of blacks.
- 1911 Pixley ka Isaka Seme: Forget all the past differences among Africans and unite in one national organisation.
- 1912, January 8th, - formation of ANC (African national congress) as a new way to fight for Africans' land and freedom.
- At that time South Africa went through some fast changes, many new laws and taxes for blacks implied by government (one of the most powerful Land Act, 1913)
- Black were forced to work, they couldnt move freely, as a reaction to this:
- 1919 ANC campaign against passes
- 1920 ANC supported militant mineworkers strike
Question of militant action (strikes and protests) raised, rather appealing to Britain than act violent, but appeals were ignored.
- Still "careful" approach by ANC in the 1920s
- Other organisations more active at the time: ICU (actions for workers rights) and Communist party (as a first non-racial political organisation in South Africa)
- Government policies became harsher and more racist
- 1927 J.T. Gumende (the president) tried to revitalise the ANC. We wanted to cooperate with communists.
- 1930s He was voted out. Consequently the ANC became inactive because of the conservative leadership of the ANC.
New life and energy for the ANC in the 1940s the transformation from careful organisation to mass movement.
- Increased attacks on the rights of black people created a need for a military response from the ANC.
- The beginning of greater cooperation between African people, Colored and Indian people.
- 1944 Youth League (Mandela, Sisulu, Tambo). Their ideas were based on African nationalism and they utilised this idea to involve masses into military struggles.
- they gathered support among the new population
- program of action calling for strikes, boycotts and defiance
- the organisation was adopted by the ANC in 1949 and this lead to a later Defiance Campaign in the 1950s
The Defiance Campaign was a mass movement of resistance to apartheid
- It encouraged further campaigns against apartheid laws
- The government tried to stop them by banning party leaders and enacting new laws to stop them however it was too late as the movement had acquired too much power.
- Formation of new organisations such as SACPO and the COD
- Congress of the people this was a congress of all the people of South Africa. They demanded a New South Africa and these ideas were expressed in the Freedom Charter (26 June 1955)
- The government claimed that this was a communist's document consequently leaders of the ANC and Congress were arrested.
- 1955 Womens strike
- Blacks and Whites brought together in the fight for justice and democracy, consequently Africanists broke away from the ANC.
- The Sharpeville Massacre this leads to the end of the peaceful strike and peaceful protests
ANC goes underground
- Many acts of sabotage and terrorism
- Military training for ANC members outside the country
- 1969 consultative conference at Morogoro > 4 aspects of all around struggle
- Mass political struggle
- Armed struggle
- Building ANC underground structures within the country
- Campaign for international support and assistance
- Non-African membership of the ANC
- As a result of banning the liberation movement the apartheid system grew stronger again until 1970s
- Students and Workers changed the face of South Africa
- 1973 strike of workers in Durban
- 1976 student anger exploded, ANC supported student struggles for national liberation
New heights of liberation struggles came in, in the 1980s.
- People taking over the situation in communities, workplaces and at schools etc.
- Strong demand for political power
- 1976 reforms were introduced to apartheid for the first time
- The government enacted new reforms and repressions and thoughts this would win the hearts and minds of Blacks but it led to even greater resistance
- Women Workers Students and Youths organisations make a major step forward from 1985 when the state of emergency was called.
Umkhonto we Sizwe
Umkhonto we Sizwe ("Spear of the Nation"), abbreviated to MK, was the military wing of the ANC. Partly in response to the Sharpeville Massacre of 1960, individual members of the ANC found it necessary to resort to violence. Though most of ANC's leadership disagreed, many members within the organisation decided that non-violent campaigns were not working. Many members of the ANC were not comfortable with the MK arrangement, but individuals, such as Nelson Mandela, felt guerrilla warfare had to be considered. In cooperation with the SA communist party, MK was founded in 1961.
Ideology
The ANC deems itself as a social democratic force of national liberation in the post-apartheid era; it officially defines its umbrella agenda as the National Democratic Revolution, and is a member of the Socialist International. It also sets forth the redressing of socioeconomic differences stemming from colonial- and apartheid-era policies which discriminated against non-whites, such as land, housing and job distributions, as a central focus of ANC policy.
Ties with the SACP
It also holds a historic alliance with the SACP, which fields its candidates through the ANC in government elections, holds governing positions in the ANC and influences party policy and dialogue. However, during Mbeki's presidency of the ANC, the government took a more pro-capitalist stance, often running counter to the demands of the SACP.
2008 schism
Following Zuma's accession to the ANC leadership in 2007 and Mbeki's resignation as president in 2008, the Mbeki faction of former ministers led by Mosiuoa Lekota split away from the ANC to form the Congress of the People.
Party list
Politicians in the party win a place in parliament by being on the Party List, which is drawn up before the elections and enumerates, in order, the party's preferred MPs. The number of seats allocated is proportional to the popular national vote, and this determines the cut-off point.
The ANC has also gained members through the controversial floor crossing process.
Role of the ANC in Resolving the Conflict
The ANC represented the main opposition to the government during apartheid and therefore they played a major role in resolving the conflict through participating in the peacemaking and peace-building processes. Initially intelligence agents of the National Party met in secret with ANC leaders, including Nelson Mandela to judge whether conflict resolution was possible. Discussions and negotiations took place leading to the eventual unbanning of the ANC and other opposing political parties by De Klerk on 2nd February 1990. These initial meetings were the first crucial steps towards resolution.
The next official step towards rebuilding South Africa was the Groote Schuur Minute where the government and the ANC agreed on a common commitment towards the resolution of the existing climate of violence and intimidation from whatever quarter, as well as a commitment to stability and to a peaceful process of negotiations. The ANC negotiated the release of political prisoners and the indemnity from prosecution for returning exiles and moreover channels of communication were established between the Government and the ANC.
Later the Pretoria Minute represented another step towards resolution where agreements at Groote Schuur were reconsolidated and steps towards setting up an interim government and drafting a new constitution were established as well as the symbolic suspension of the military wing of the ANC - the Umkhonto we Sizwe. This represented a stop to direct violence within South Africa. Another agreement that came out of the Pretoria minute was that both parties would try and raise awareness that a New Order was underway and that the violence must stop. However violence still continued in Kwazulu-Natal, which violated the trust between Mandela and De Klerk. Moreover internal disputes in the ANC prolonged the war as consensus on peace was not reached.
The next significant steps towards resolution were the Repeal of the Population Registration Act this meant no one could claim, or be deprived of rights on the basis of racial classification, the repeal of the Group Areas and the Native Land Acts and a catch-all Abolishment of Racially Based Measures Act was passed.
In December 1991 the Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA) was held with the aim of establishing a interim government. However a few months later in June 1992 the Boipatong massacre occurred and all negotiations crumbled as the ANC pulled out. After this negotiations proceeded between two agents, Cyril Ramaphosa of the ANC, and Roelf Meyer of the National Party. In over 40 meetings the two men discussed and negotiated over many issues including the nature of the future political system, the fates of over 40,000 current government employees and how the country was going to be divided. Cyril Ramaphosa dominated the negotiations as he was far more apt at negotiation having worked as Union leader in the mines than Roelf Meyer, who had been unchallenged for the past three decades. The result of these negotiations was an interim constitution that meant the transition from apartheid to democracy was a constitutional continuation and that the rule of law and state sovereignty remained intact during the transition, which was vital for stability within the country. A date was set for the first democratic elections on the 26th April 1994.The ANC won 62.5% of the votes and has been in power ever since.
Criticism
Terrorism and violence
During its days in exile, the ANC was often criticised by western governments who shared the South African government's characterization of the group as a terrorist organization. Several high-profile anti-Apartheid activists such as Archbishop Desmond Tutu criticized the ANC for its willingness to resort to violence, arguing that tactics of non-violent resistance, such as civil disobedience were more productive. The ANC's willingness to ally with Communists was also the subject of both foreign and domestic criticism. A Pentagon report of the late 1980s described the ANC as "a major terrorist organization".
Party and State conflict
The ANC has been heavily criticized for awarding large state contracts, involving tens of billions of Rands, to its party funding vehicle, Chancellor House. At times, the decision to award the contract was made by the same state employees who sit on the ANC fundraising committee. Chancellor House is named after Mandela's former work premises.
The ANC was also criticized for the setting up of a formal scheme whereby businessmen and members of the public could buy 'face time' with various government ministers, with the costs ranging R3 000 to R7 000 for an individual and R12 500 to R60 000 for businesses. The scheme is run from the ANC headquarters, Shell House, with all money going to the party.
Controversy over corrupt members
Another accusation frequently levelled at the ANC is that they protect their high-ranking members in the face of controversy, and as such are seen as supporting criminal behaviour. The most prominent corruption case involving the ANC relates to a series of bribes paid to companies involved in the ongoing R55-billion Arms Deal saga, which resulted in a long term jail sentence to former Deputy President Jacob Zuma's legal adviser Schabir Shaik. Zuma, now the ANC presidential candidate, currently faces 783 charges relating to alleged fraud, bribery and corruption in the Arms Deal. The ANC has also been criticised for its subsequent abolishment of the Scorpions, the multidisciplinary agency that investigated and prosecuted organised crime and corruption, and was heavily involved in the investigation into Zuma and Shaik.
Other recent corruption issues include the sexual misconduct and criminal charges of Beaufort West municipal manager Truman Prince, and the Oilgate scandal, in which millions of Rand in funds from a state-owned company were allegedly funneled into ANC coffers. Links between factions in the ANC, specifically the ANC Youth League leadership, and businessman Brett Kebble gained media attention following Kebble's murder in September 2005.
In December 2007 the ANC elected their new National Executive Committee (NEC), the highest structure in the party. Out of the 80 member committee, 16% are (post-apartheid) convicted criminals. Most of these members have been convicted of fraud, while one member, Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, was convicted of the kidnapping of a 14-year old boy (who was also murdered). According to an article in the Mail & Guardian, "by adding those who have been disciplined or moved, and those with dark clouds of unanswered questions hanging over their heads, the figure shifts to 29%."
The ANC has also been accused of using government and civil society to fight its political battles against opposition parties such as the Democratic Alliance. The result has been a number of complaints and allegations that none of the political parties truly represent the interests of the poor. This has resulted in the "No Land! No House! No Vote!" Campaign which becomes very prominent each time the country holds elections.
See also
External links
- official site
- - Thabo Mbeki, Cape Town, 8 May 1996
- Interviewed by Laurence Coates Offensiv 385 (10 February 2000)
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