Adventitious

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Adventitious

Adventitious, in botany

Botany

Botany, plant science, phytology, or plant biology is a branch of biology and is the Scientific method of plant life and development....
, refers to structures that develop in an unusual place, and in medicine

Medicine

Medicine is the art and science of healing. It encompasses a range of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness....
, it refers to conditions acquired after birth. This article discusses adventitious root

Root

In vascular plants, the root is the organ of a plant body that typically lies below the surface of the soil. This is not always the case, however, since a root can also be aerial root or aerating ....
s, bud

Bud

Shoot

Shoots are new plant growth, they can include plant stem, flowering stems with flower buds, leaves. The new growth from seed germination that grows upward is a shoot where leaves will develop....
s, which are very common in vascular plant

Vascular plant

Vascular plants are those plants that have lignin tissue for conducting water, minerals, and photosynthetic products through the plant. Vascular plants include the ferns, clubmosses, flowering plants, conifers and other gymnosperms....
s.

ntitious bud

Bud

In botany, a bud is an undeveloped or Plant embryogenesis shoot and normally occurs in the axil of a leaf or at the tip of the Plant stem. Once formed, a bud may remain for some time in a dormant condition, or it may form a shoot immediately....
s develop from places other than a shoot apical meristem, which occurs at the tip of a stem. They may develop on stems, roots or leaves.

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Adventitious, in botany

Botany

Medicine

Root

Bud

Shoot

Vascular plant

Adventitious buds and shoots

Adventitious bud

Bud

Secondary growth

In many vascular plants, secondary growth is the result of the activity of the vascular cambium. The latter is a meristem that divides to produce secondary xylem plant cells on the inside of the meristem and secondary phloem cells on the outside ....
, the axillary buds may be destroyed. Adventitious buds may then develop on stems with secondary growth.

Adventitious buds are often formed after the stem is wounded or pruned

Pruning

Pruning is the process of removing certain above-ground elements from a plant; in landscaping this process usually involves removal of diseased, non-productive, or otherwise unwanted portions from a plant....
. The adventitious buds help to replace lost branches. Adventitious buds and shoots also may develop on mature tree trunks when a shaded trunk is exposed to bright sunlight because surrounding trees are cut down. Redwood

Sequoia

Sequoia sempervirens is the sole living species of the genus Sequoia in the cypress family Cupressaceae . Common names include Coast Redwood and California Redwood ....
(Sequoia sempervirens) trees often develop many adventitious buds on their lower trunks. If the main trunk dies, a new one often sprouts from one of the adventitious buds. Small pieces of redwood trunk are sold as souvenirs termed redwood burls. They are placed in a pan of water, and the adventitious buds sprout to form shoots.

Some plants normally develop adventitious buds on their roots, which can extend quite a distance from the plant. Shoots that develop from adventitious buds on roots are termed suckers

Basal shoot

A basal shoot, root sprout, adventitious shoot, water sprout or sucker is a shoot or cane which grows from a bud at the base of a tree or shrub or from its roots....
. They are a type of natural vegetative reproduction

Vegetative reproduction

Vegetative reproduction is a type of asexual reproduction for plants, and is also called vegetative propagation, vegetative multiplication, or vegetative cloning....
in many species

Species

In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biological classification and a taxonomic rank. A species is often defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring....
, e.g. many grasses, quaking aspen and Canada thistle. The Pando quaking aspen grew from one trunk to 47,000 trunks via adventitious bud formation on a single root system.

Some leaves develop adventitious buds, which then form adventitious roots, e.g. piggyback plant (Tolmiea menziesii) and mother-of-thousands (Kalanchoe daigremontiana). The adventitious plantlets then drop off the parent plant and develop as separate clone

Cloning

Cloning in biology is the process of producing populations of genetically-identical individuals that occurs in nature when organisms such as bacteria, insects or plants reproduce Asexual Reproduction....
s of the parent.

Coppicing

Coppicing

Coppicing is a traditional method of woodland management in which young tree stems are repeatedly cut down to near ground level. In subsequent growth years, many new shoots will emerge, and, after a number of years the coppiced tree, or Living stump, is ready to be harvested, and the cycle begins again....
is the practice of cutting tree

TREE

TREE was a Boston hardcore punk band formed in the summer of 1990. They were active in the Boston music scene until disbanding in 2002....
stems to the ground to promote rapid growth of adventitious shoots. It is traditionally used to produce poles, fence material or firewood

Firewood

Firewood is any wood material that is gathered and used for fuel. Generally, firewood is not highly processed and is in some sort of recognizable log or branch form....
. It is also practiced for biomass

Biomass

Biomass, as a renewable energy source, refers to living and recently dead biological material that can be used as fuel or for industrial production....
crops grown for fuel, such as poplar

Poplar

Populus is a genus of between 25?35 species of deciduous flowering plants in the family Salicaceae, native to most of the Northern Hemisphere....
or willow.

Location of origin

Adventitious roots and buds usually develop near the existing vascular tissues so they can connect to the xylem

Xylem

In vascular plants, xylem is one of the two types of transport tissue, phloem being the other. The word "xylem" is derived from classical Greek language ????? , "wood", and indeed the best known xylem tissue is wood, though it is found throughout the plant....
and phloem

Phloem

In vascular plants, phloem is the living Biological tissue that carries organic nutrients , particularly sucrose, a sugar, to all parts of the plant where needed....
. However, the exact location varies greatly. In young stems, adventitious roots often form from parenchyma

Parenchyma

Parenchyma is a term used to describe a bulk of a substance. It is used in different ways in animals and in plants.The term is New Latin, from Greek language parenkhuma, visceral flesh, from parenkhein, to pour in beside : para-, beside + en-, in + khein, to pour....
between the vascular bundle

Vascular bundle

A vascular bundle is a part of the transport system in vascular plants. The transport itself happens in vascular tissue, which exists in two forms: xylem and phloem....
s. In stems with secondary growth, adventitious roots often originate in phloem parenchyma near the vascular cambium

Vascular cambium

The vascular cambium is a lateral meristem in the vascular tissue of plants. The vascular cambium is the source of both the secondary xylem and the secondary phloem , and is located between these tissues in the stem and root....
. In stem cuttings, adventitious roots sometimes also originate in the callus

Callus

A callus is an especially toughened area of skin which has become relatively thick and hard in response to repeated friction, pressure or other irritation....
cells that form at the cut surface. Leaf cuttings of the Crassula
Crassula

Crassula is a large genus of plants containing many species, including the popular Jade Plant, Crassula ovata. They are native to many parts of the globe, but cultivated varieties are almost exclusively from the Eastern Cape of South Africa....
form adventitious roots in the epidermis.

Modification of adventitious root

Tuberous roots are without any definite shape; example: sweet Potato

Sweet potato

The 'sweet potato' is a dicotyledonous plant which belongs to the family Convolvulaceae. Amongst the approximately 50 genera and more than 1000 species of this family, only I....
.

Fasciculated root (tuberous root) occur in clusters at the base of the stem; example: asparagus

Asparagus

Asparagus officinalis is a flowering plant species in the genus Asparagus from which the vegetable known as asparagus is obtained....
, dahlia

Dahlia

Dahlia is a genus of bushy, tuberous root, perennial plants native to Mexico, Central America, and Colombia. There are at least 36 species of Dahlia....
.

Nodulose roots become swollen near the tips; example: turmeric

Turmeric

Turmeric is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial plant of the ginger family, Zingiberaceae. It is native to tropical South Asia and needs temperatures between 20? C and 30? C, and a considerable amount of annual rainfall to thrive....
.

Stilt roots arise from the first few nodes of the stem. These penetrate obliquely down in to the soil and give support to the plant; example: maize

Maize

Maize , known as corn in some countries, is a cereal domesticated in Mesoamerica and subsequently spread throughout the American continents....
, sugarcane

Sugarcane

Sugarcane is a genus of 6 to 37 species of tall perennial plant Poaceae , native to warm temperate to tropical regions of the Old World. They have stout, jointed, fibrous stalks that are rich in sugar and measure 2 to 6 meters tall....
.

Prop roots give mechanical support to the aerial branches. The lateral branches grow vertically downward into the soil and acts as pillars; example: banyan

Banyan

A banyan is a Ficus that starts its life as an epiphyte when its seeds germinate in the cracks and crevices on a host tree . "Banyan" often refers specifically to the species Ficus benghalensis, though the term has been generalized to include all figs that share a unique life cycle, and systematics to refer to the subgenus Urostigma'...
.

Vegetative propagation

Adventitious roots and buds are very important when people propagate plants via cuttings, layering

Layering

Layering is a means of plant propagation in which a portion of an aerial Plant stem grow roots while still attached to the parent plant and then detaches as an independent plant....
, tissue culture

Plant tissue culture

Plant tissue culture is a practice used to propagate plants under sterile conditions, often to produce clonings of a plant. Different techniques in plant tissue culture may offer certain advantages over traditional methods of propagation, including:...
. Plant hormones, termed auxin

Auxin

Auxins are a class of plant growth substance . Auxins play an essential role in coordination of many growth and behavioral processes in the plant life cycle, they and the behavior they played in plant growth was first revealed by a Dutch scientist named Fritz Went ....
s, are often applied to stem, shoot

Shoot

Leaf

In botany, a leaf is an above-ground plant Organ specialized for photosynthesis. For this purpose, a leaf is typically flat and thin, to expose the cells containing chloroplast to light over a broad area, and to allow light to penetrate fully into the tissues....
cuttings to promote adventitious root formation, e.g. African violet and sedum

Sedum

Sedum is the large stonecrop genus of the Crassulaceae, representing about 400 species of leaf succulents, found throughout the northern hemisphere, varying from annual and creeping herbs to shrubs....
leaves and shoots of poinsettia

Poinsettia

Euphorbia pulcherrima, commonly named poinsettia, is a species of flowering plant indigenous to Mexico and Guatemala.The name "poinsettia" is after Joel Roberts Poinsett, the first United States Ambassador to Mexico, who introduced the plant into the United States in 1828....
and coleus

Coleus

Solenostemon is a genus of perennial plants, native to tropical Africa, Asia, Australia, the East Indies, the Malay Archipelago, and the Philippines....
. Propagation via root cuttings requires adventitious bud formation, e.g. in horseradish

Horseradish

Horseradish is a perennial plant of the Brassicaceae family, which also includes Mustard plant, wasabi, and cabbages. The plant is probably native to southeastern Europe and western Asia, but is popular around the world today....
and apple

APPLE

This article is about the satellite APPLE. For the fruit apple, see Apple. For other uses see Apple .The Ariane Passenger PayLoad Experiment , was an experimental communication satellite with a C-Band transponder launched by Indian Space Research Organisation satellite on June 19, 1981 by Ariane 1, a launch vehicle of the European Spac...
. In layering, adventitious roots are formed on aerial stems before the stem section is removed to make a new plant. Large houseplants are often propagated by air layering. Adventitious roots and buds must develop in tissue culture propagation of plants.