Adrianus Dingeman (Adriaan) de Groot (Santpoort, 26 October 1914 –
Schiermonnikoog||-||-||-||}Schiermonnikoog is an island, a municipality, and a national park in the northern Netherlands. Schiermonnikoog is one of the West Frisian Islands, and is part of the province of Friesland....
, 14 August 2006) was a
DutchThe Netherlands is a country in Northwestern Europe, constituting the major portion of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a parliamentary democratic constitutional monarchy. The Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east...
chessChess is a board game played between two players. The current form of the game emerged in Southern Europe during the second half of the 15th century after evolving from a similar, much older game of Indian origin...
master and
psychologistA psychologist is someone who studies the human mind and behavior. Research psychologists study human perception, cognition, attention, emotion, motivation, personality, behavior and interpersonal relationships...
, who conducted some of the most famous chess experiments of all time in the 1940s-60. In 1946 he wrote his thesis
Het denken van den schaker, which in 1965 was translated to English and published as
Thought and choice in chess.
The studies involve participants of all chess backgrounds, from amateurs to
mastersA chess master is a chess player of such skill that he/she can usually beat chess experts, who themselves typically can nearly always prevail against most amateurs...
.
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Adrianus Dingeman (Adriaan) de Groot (Santpoort, 26 October 1914 –
Schiermonnikoog||-||-||-||}Schiermonnikoog is an island, a municipality, and a national park in the northern Netherlands. Schiermonnikoog is one of the West Frisian Islands, and is part of the province of Friesland....
, 14 August 2006) was a
DutchThe Netherlands is a country in Northwestern Europe, constituting the major portion of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a parliamentary democratic constitutional monarchy. The Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east...
chessChess is a board game played between two players. The current form of the game emerged in Southern Europe during the second half of the 15th century after evolving from a similar, much older game of Indian origin...
master and
psychologistA psychologist is someone who studies the human mind and behavior. Research psychologists study human perception, cognition, attention, emotion, motivation, personality, behavior and interpersonal relationships...
, who conducted some of the most famous chess experiments of all time in the 1940s-60. In 1946 he wrote his thesis
Het denken van den schaker, which in 1965 was translated to English and published as
Thought and choice in chess.
The studies involve participants of all chess backgrounds, from amateurs to
mastersA chess master is a chess player of such skill that he/she can usually beat chess experts, who themselves typically can nearly always prevail against most amateurs...
. They investigate the cognitive requirements and the thought processes involved in moving a chess piece. The participants were usually required to solve a given chess problem correctly under the supervision of an experimenter and represent their thought-processes vocally so that they could be recorded.
De Groot found that much of what is important in choosing a move occurs during the first few seconds of exposure to a new position. Four stages in the task of choosing the next move were noted. The first stage was the 'orientation phase', in which the subject assessed the situation and determined a very general idea of what to do next. The second stage, the 'exploration phase' was manifested by looking at some branches of the game tree. The third stage, or 'investigation phase' resulted in the subject choosing a probable best move. Finally, in the fourth stage, the 'proof phase', saw the subject confirming with him/herself that the results of the investigation were valid.
De Groot concurred with
Alfred BinetAlfred Binet , French psychologist and inventor of the first usable intelligence test, the basis of today's IQ test. His principal goal was to identify students who needed special help in coping with the school curriculum...
that visual memory and visual perception are important attributors and that problem-solving ability is of paramount importance. Memory is particularly important, according to de Groot (1965) in that there are no ‘new’ moves in chess and so those from personal experience or from the experience of others can be committed to memory.
Publications
- Thought and choice in chess (1965).
- Saint Nicholas, A psychoanalytic study of his history and myth (1965).
- Methodology. Foundations of inference and research in the behavioral sciences (1969).
- Perception and memory in chess: Heuristics of the professional eye (1996; with Fernand Gobet and Riekent Jongman).