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ATPases are a class of enzyme
Enzyme

Enzymes are biomolecules that catalysis chemical reactions. Almost all enzymes are proteins. In enzymatic reactions, the molecules at the beginning of the process are called Substrate , and the enzyme converts them into different molecules, the products....
s that catalyze
Catalysis

Catalysis is the process in which the reaction rate of a chemical reaction is either increased or decreased by means of a chemical substance known as a catalyst....
 the decomposition
Decomposition

Decomposition refers to the process by which tissues of dead organisms break down into simpler forms of matter. Such a breakdown of dead organisms is essential for new growth and development of living organisms because it recycles the finite chemical constituents and frees up the limited physical space in the biome....
 of adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate

This article is about the chemical used by cells as an energy carrier. For other uses, see ATP .Adenosine-5'-triphosphate is a multifunctional nucleotide, and plays an important role in cell biology as a coenzyme that is the "molecule unit of currency" of intracellular energy transfer....
 (ATP) into adenosine diphosphate
Adenosine diphosphate

Adenosine diphosphate, abbreviated ADP, is a nucleotide. It is an ester of pyrophosphoric acid with the nucleoside adenosine. ADP consists of the pyrophosphate Functional group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine....
 (ADP) and a free phosphate
Phosphate

A phosphate, an inorganic chemical, is a Salt of phosphoric acid. Inorganic phosphates are mining to obtain phosphorus for use in agriculture and industry....
 ion
Ion

An ion is an atom or molecule which has lost or gained one or more electrons, giving it a positive or negative electrical charge. According to the Bohr_model this will be from or in the outer shield 'n'....
. This dephosphorylation
Dephosphorylation

Dephosphorylation is the essential process of removing phosphate groups from an organic compound by hydrolysis. Its opposite is phosphorylation....
 reaction releases energy
Energy

In physics, energy is a scalar physical quantity that describes the amount of Work_ that can be performed by a force. Energy is an attribute of objects and systems that is subject to a conservation law....
, which the enzyme (in most cases) harnesses to drive other chemical reaction
Chemical reaction

A chemical reaction is a process that always results in the interconversion of chemical substances. The substance or substances initially involved in a chemical reaction are called reactants....
s that would not otherwise occur. This process is widely used in all known forms of life
Life

Life is a characteristic of organisms that exhibit certain biological processes such as chemical reactions or other events that results in a transformation....
.

Some such enzymes are integral membrane protein
Integral membrane protein

An Integral Membrane Protein is a protein molecule that is permanently attached to the biological membrane. Such proteins can be separated from the biological membranes only using detergents, nonpolar solvents, or sometimes Denaturation agents....
s (anchored within biological membrane
Biological membrane

A biological membrane or biomembrane is an enclosing or separating amphipathic layer that acts as a barrier within or around a cell . It is, almost invariably, a lipid bilayer, composed of a double layer of lipid-class molecules, specifically phospholipids and cholesterol, with occasional integral membrane protein intertwined, some o...
s), and move solutes across the membrane, typically against their concentration gradient.






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Encyclopedia


ATPases are a class of enzyme
Enzyme

Enzymes are biomolecules that catalysis chemical reactions. Almost all enzymes are proteins. In enzymatic reactions, the molecules at the beginning of the process are called Substrate , and the enzyme converts them into different molecules, the products....
s that catalyze
Catalysis

Catalysis is the process in which the reaction rate of a chemical reaction is either increased or decreased by means of a chemical substance known as a catalyst....
 the decomposition
Decomposition

Decomposition refers to the process by which tissues of dead organisms break down into simpler forms of matter. Such a breakdown of dead organisms is essential for new growth and development of living organisms because it recycles the finite chemical constituents and frees up the limited physical space in the biome....
 of adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate

This article is about the chemical used by cells as an energy carrier. For other uses, see ATP .Adenosine-5'-triphosphate is a multifunctional nucleotide, and plays an important role in cell biology as a coenzyme that is the "molecule unit of currency" of intracellular energy transfer....
 (ATP) into adenosine diphosphate
Adenosine diphosphate

Adenosine diphosphate, abbreviated ADP, is a nucleotide. It is an ester of pyrophosphoric acid with the nucleoside adenosine. ADP consists of the pyrophosphate Functional group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine....
 (ADP) and a free phosphate
Phosphate

A phosphate, an inorganic chemical, is a Salt of phosphoric acid. Inorganic phosphates are mining to obtain phosphorus for use in agriculture and industry....
 ion
Ion

An ion is an atom or molecule which has lost or gained one or more electrons, giving it a positive or negative electrical charge. According to the Bohr_model this will be from or in the outer shield 'n'....
. This dephosphorylation
Dephosphorylation

Dephosphorylation is the essential process of removing phosphate groups from an organic compound by hydrolysis. Its opposite is phosphorylation....
 reaction releases energy
Energy

In physics, energy is a scalar physical quantity that describes the amount of Work_ that can be performed by a force. Energy is an attribute of objects and systems that is subject to a conservation law....
, which the enzyme (in most cases) harnesses to drive other chemical reaction
Chemical reaction

A chemical reaction is a process that always results in the interconversion of chemical substances. The substance or substances initially involved in a chemical reaction are called reactants....
s that would not otherwise occur. This process is widely used in all known forms of life
Life

Life is a characteristic of organisms that exhibit certain biological processes such as chemical reactions or other events that results in a transformation....
.

Some such enzymes are integral membrane protein
Integral membrane protein

An Integral Membrane Protein is a protein molecule that is permanently attached to the biological membrane. Such proteins can be separated from the biological membranes only using detergents, nonpolar solvents, or sometimes Denaturation agents....
s (anchored within biological membrane
Biological membrane

A biological membrane or biomembrane is an enclosing or separating amphipathic layer that acts as a barrier within or around a cell . It is, almost invariably, a lipid bilayer, composed of a double layer of lipid-class molecules, specifically phospholipids and cholesterol, with occasional integral membrane protein intertwined, some o...
s), and move solutes across the membrane, typically against their concentration gradient. These are called transmembrane ATPases.

Functions

Transmembrane ATPases import many of the metabolites necessary for cell
Cell (biology)

The cell is the structural and functional unit of all known Life organisms. It is the smallest unit of an organism that is classified as living, and is often called the building bricks of life....
 metabolism
Metabolism

Metabolism is the set of chemical reactions that occur in living organisms in order to maintain life. These processes allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments....
 and export toxins, wastes, and solutes that can hinder cellular processes. An important example is the sodium-potassium exchanger (or Na+/K+ATPase), which establishes the ionic concentration balance that maintains the cell potential. Another example is the hydrogen potassium ATPase
Hydrogen potassium ATPase

Gastric hydrogen potassium ATPase is also known as H+/K+ ATPase...
 (H+/K+ATPase or gastric proton pump) that acidifies the contents of the stomach.

Besides exchangers, other categories of transmembrane ATPase include co-transport
Co-transport

Co-transport, also known as coupled transport, refers to the simultaneous or sequential passive transfer of molecules or ions across biological membranes in a fixed ratio....
ers and pumps (however, some exchangers are also pumps). Some of these, like the Na+/K+ATPase, cause a net flow of charge, but others do not. These are called "electrogenic" and "nonelectrogenic" transporters, respectively.

Mechanism

The coupling between ATP hydrolysis and transport is more or less a strict chemical reaction, in which a fixed number of solute molecules are transported for each ATP molecule that is hydrolyzed; for example, 3 Na+ ions out of the cell and 2 K+ ions inward per ATP hydrolyzed, for the Na+/K+ exchanger.

Transmembrane ATPases harness the chemical potential energy of ATP, because they perform mechanical work
Mechanical work

In physics, mechanical work is the amount of energy transferred by a force acting through a distance. Like energy, it is a scalar quantity, with SI of joules....
: they transport solutes in a direction opposite to their thermodynamically preferred direction of movement—that is, from the side of the membrane where they are in low concentration to the side where they are in high concentration. This process is considered active transport
Active transport

Active transport is the mediated process of moving particles across a biological membrane against a Concentration_gradient#In_biology . If the process uses chemical energy, such as from adenosine triphosphate , it is termed primary active transport....
.

For example, the blocking of the vesicular H+-ATPAses would increase the pH inside vesicles and decrease the pH of the cytoplasm.

Transmembrane ATP synthases


The ATP synthase
ATP synthase

An ATP synthase is a general term for an enzyme that can synthesize adenosine triphosphate from adenosine diphosphate and inorganic phosphate by using some form of energy....
 of mitochondria and chloroplast
Chloroplast

Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells and other eukaryote organisms that conduct photosynthesis. Chloroplasts capture light energy to conserve Thermodynamic free energy in the form of Adenosine triphosphate and reduce NADP to NADPH through a complex set of processes called photosynthesis....
s is an anabolic
Anabolism

Anabolism is the set of metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller units. These reactions require energy. One way of categorizing metabolic processes, whether at the cell ular, organ or organism level is as 'anabolic' or as 'catabolism', which is the opposite....
 enzyme that harnesses the energy of a transmembrane proton
Proton

The proton is a subatomic particle with an electric charge of +1 elementary charge. It is found in the nucleus of each atom but is also stable by itself and has a second identity as the hydrogen ion, H+....
 gradient as an energy source for adding an inorganic phosphate group to a molecule of adenosine diphosphate
Adenosine diphosphate

Adenosine diphosphate, abbreviated ADP, is a nucleotide. It is an ester of pyrophosphoric acid with the nucleoside adenosine. ADP consists of the pyrophosphate Functional group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine....
 (ADP) to form a molecule of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

This enzyme works when a proton moves down the concentration gradient, giving the enzyme a spinning motion. This unique spinning motion bonds ADP and P together to create ATP.

ATP synthase can also function in reverse, that is, use energy released by ATP hydrolysis to pump protons against their thermodynamic gradient.

Classification

There are different types of ATPases, which can differ in function (ATP synthesis and/or hydrolysis), structure (F-, V- and A-ATPases contain rotary motors) and in the type of ions they transport.

  • F-ATPase
    F-ATPase

    F-ATPase, also known as F-Type ATPase, is a transmembrane protein found in bacterial plasma membranes, mitochondrial inner membranes and in chloroplast thylakoid....
    s (F1FO-ATPases) in mitochondria, chloroplast
    Chloroplast

    Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells and other eukaryote organisms that conduct photosynthesis. Chloroplasts capture light energy to conserve Thermodynamic free energy in the form of Adenosine triphosphate and reduce NADP to NADPH through a complex set of processes called photosynthesis....
    s and bacteria
    Bacteria

    The Bacteria are a large group of unicellular microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a wide range of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals....
    l plasma membranes are the prime producers of ATP, using the proton gradient generated by oxidative phosphorylation
    Oxidative phosphorylation

    Oxidative phosphorylation is a metabolic pathway that uses energy released by the redox of nutrients to produce adenosine triphosphate . Although the many forms of life on earth use a range of different nutrients, almost all carry out oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP, the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism....
     (mitochondria) or photosynthesis
    Photosynthesis

    File:Seawifs global biosphere.jpgPhotosynthesis is a metabolic pathway that converts carbon dioxide into organic compounds, especially sugars, using the energy from sunlight....
     (chloroplasts).
  • V-ATPase
    V-ATPase

    Vacuolar type H+-ATPase is a highly conserved evolutionarily ancient enzyme with remarkably diverse functions in Eukaryote organisms. V-ATPases acidifiy a wide array of intracellular organelles and proton pump across the Cell membrane of numerous cell types....
    s (V1VO-ATPases) are primarily found in eukaryotic vacuoles, catalysing ATP hydrolysis to transport solutes and lower pH in organelles.
  • A-ATPases (A1AO-ATPases) are found in Archaea
    Archaea

    The Archaea are a group of single-celled microorganisms. A single individual or species from this domain is called an archaeon . Archaea, like bacteria, are prokaryotic....
     and function like F-ATPases.
  • P-ATPases (E1E2-ATPases) are found in bacteria, fungi and in eukaryotic plasma membranes and organelles, and function to transport a variety of different ions across membranes.
  • E-ATPases are cell-surface enzyme
    Enzyme

    Enzymes are biomolecules that catalysis chemical reactions. Almost all enzymes are proteins. In enzymatic reactions, the molecules at the beginning of the process are called Substrate , and the enzyme converts them into different molecules, the products....
    s that hydrolyse a range of NTPs, including extracellular ATP.


P-ATPase

P-ATPases (sometime known as E1-E2 ATPases) are found in bacteria and in a number of eukaryotic plasma membranes and organelles. P-ATPases function to transport a variety of different compounds, including ions and phospholipids, across a membrane using ATP hydrolysis for energy. There are many different classes of P-ATPases, each of which transports a specific type of ion: H+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+
Calcium ATPase

Calcium ATPase is a form of P-ATPase which transfers calcium after a muscle has contracted. The calcium ATPase are:*Plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase...
, Ag+ and Ag2+, Zn2+, Co2+, Pb2+, Ni2+, Cd2+, Cu+ and Cu2+. P-ATPases can be composed of one or two polypeptides, and can usually assume two main conformations called E1 and E2.

Human genes

(See Human ATPase
Human ATP synthase

A typical adult human utilizes ~50 kg of ATP per day under normal activity levels, requiring roughly a 1000-fold turnover of the 50 g of ATP/ADP present in the body....
)
  • Na+/K+ transporting
    Na+/K+-ATPase

    Na+/K+-ATPase is an enzyme located in the plasma membrane . It is found in the human cell and is found in all metazoa ....
    : ATP1A1
    ATP1A1

    ATPase, Na+/K+ transporting, alpha 1 polypeptide, also known as ATP1A1, is a human gene.The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the family of P-ATPase Ion transporter ATPases, and to the subfamily of Na+/K+-ATPases....
    , ATP1A2
    ATP1A2

    ATPase, Na+/K+ transporting, alpha 2 polypeptide, also known as ATP1A2, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ATP1A2 gene....
    , ATP1A3
    ATP1A3

    ATPase, Na+/K+ transporting, alpha 3 polypeptide, also known as ATP1A3, is a human gene.The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the family of P-ATPase ion transporter ATPases, and to the subfamily of Na+/K+-ATPases....
    , ATP1A4
    ATP1A4

    ATPase, Na+/K+ transporting, alpha 4 polypeptide, also known as ATP1A4, is a human gene.ReferencesFurther reading...
    , ATP1B1
    ATP1B1

    ATPase, Na+/K+ transporting, beta 1 polypeptide, also known as ATP1B1, is a human gene.ReferencesFurther reading...
    , ATP1B2, ATP1B3
    ATP1B3

    ATPase, Na+/K+ transporting, beta 3 polypeptide, also known as ATP1B3, is a human gene. ATP1B3 has also been designated as CD298 ....
    , ATP1B4
  • Ca++ transporting
    Calcium ATPase

    Calcium ATPase is a form of P-ATPase which transfers calcium after a muscle has contracted. The calcium ATPase are:*Plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase...
    : ATP2A1
    ATP2A1

    ATPase, Ca++ transporting, cardiac muscle, fast twitch 1, also known as ATP2A1, is a human gene.ReferencesFurther reading...
    , ATP2A2
    ATP2A2

    ATP2A2 is an ATPase associated with Darier's disease.External links...
    , ATP2A3
    ATP2A3

    ATPase, Ca++ transporting, ubiquitous, also known as ATP2A3, is a human gene.ReferencesFurther reading...
    , ATP2B1
    ATP2B1

    ATPase, Ca++ transporting, plasma membrane 1, also known as ATP2B1, is a human gene.ReferencesFurther reading...
    , ATP2B2
    ATP2B2

    ATPase, Ca++ transporting, plasma membrane 2, also known as ATP2B2, is a human gene.ReferencesFurther reading...
    , ATP2B3
    ATP2B3

    ATPase, Ca++ transporting, plasma membrane 3, also known as ATP2B3, is a human gene.ReferencesFurther reading...
    , ATP2B4
    ATP2B4

    ATPase, Ca++ transporting, plasma membrane 4, also known as ATP2B4, is a human gene.ReferencesFurther reading...
    , ATP2C1
    ATP2C1

    ATPase, Ca++ transporting, type 2C, member 1, also known as ATP2C1, is a human gene.ReferencesFurther reading...
  • Mg++ transporting: ATP3
  • H+/K+ exchanging
    Hydrogen potassium ATPase

    Gastric hydrogen potassium ATPase is also known as H+/K+ ATPase...
    : ATP4A, ATP4B
  • H+ transporting, mitochondrial: ATP5A1
    ATP5A1

    ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, alpha subunit 1, cardiac muscle, also known as ATP5A1, is a human gene....
    , ATP5B
    ATP5B

    ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, beta polypeptide, also known as ATP5B, is a human gene....
    , ATP5C1
    ATP5C1

    ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, gamma polypeptide 1, also known as ATP5C1, is a human gene....
    , ATP5C2, ATP5D
    ATP5D

    ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, delta subunit, also known as ATP5D, is a human gene....
    , ATP5E
    ATP5E

    ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, epsilon subunit, also known as ATP5E, is a human gene....
    , ATP5F1
    ATP5F1

    ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F0 complex, subunit B1, also known as ATP5F1, is a human gene....
    , ATP5G1
    ATP5G1

    ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F0 complex, subunit C1 , also known as ATP5G1, is a human gene....
    , ATP5G2
    ATP5G2

    ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F0 complex, subunit C2 , also known as ATP5G2, is a human gene....
    , ATP5G3
    ATP5G3

    ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F0 complex, subunit C3 , also known as ATP5G3, is a human gene....
    , ATP5H
    ATP5H

    ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F0 complex, subunit d, also known as ATP5H, is a human gene....
    , ATP5I
    ATP5I

    ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F0 complex, subunit E, also known as ATP5I, is a human gene....
    , ATP5J
    ATP5J

    ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F0 complex, subunit F6, also known as ATP5J, is a human gene....
    , ATP5J2
    ATP5J2

    ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F0 complex, subunit F2, also known as ATP5J2, is a human gene....
    , ATP5L
    ATP5L

    ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F0 complex, subunit G, also known as ATP5L, is a human gene....
    , ATP5L2, ATP5O
    ATP5O

    ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, O subunit , also known as ATP5O, is a human gene....
    , ATP5S
    ATP5S

    ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F0 complex, subunit s , also known as ATP5S, is a human gene....
  • H+ transporting, lysosomal
    V-ATPase

    Vacuolar type H+-ATPase is a highly conserved evolutionarily ancient enzyme with remarkably diverse functions in Eukaryote organisms. V-ATPases acidifiy a wide array of intracellular organelles and proton pump across the Cell membrane of numerous cell types....
    : ATP6AP1
    ATP6AP1

    ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal accessory protein 1, also known as ATP6AP1, is a human gene.ReferencesFurther reading...
    , ATP6AP2
    ATP6AP2

    ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal accessory protein 2, also known as ATP6AP2, is a human gene.ReferencesFurther reading...
    , ATP6V1A
    ATP6V1A

    ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal 70kDa, V1 subunit A, also known as ATP6V1A, is a human gene.ReferencesFurther reading...
    , ATP6V1B1
    ATP6V1B1

    ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal 56/58kDa, V1 subunit B1 , also known as ATP6V1B1, is a human gene....
    , ATP6V1B2
    ATP6V1B2

    ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal 56/58kDa, V1 subunit B2, also known as ATP6V1B2, is a human gene....
    , ATP6V1C1
    ATP6V1C1

    ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal 42kDa, V1 subunit C1, also known as ATP6V1C1, is a human gene.This gene encodes a component of vacuolar ATPase , a multisubunit enzyme that mediates acidification of intracellular compartments of eukaryotic cells....
    , ATP6V1C2
    ATP6V1C2

    ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal 42kDa, V1 subunit C2, also known as ATP6V1C2, is a human gene.References...
    , ATP6V1D
    ATP6V1D

    ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal 34kDa, V1 subunit D, also known as ATP6V1D, is a human gene.ReferencesFurther reading...
    , ATP6V1E1
    ATP6V1E1

    ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal 31kDa, V1 subunit E1, also known as ATP6V1E1, is a human gene.ReferencesFurther reading...
    , ATP6V1E2
    ATP6V1E2

    ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal 31kDa, V1 subunit E2, also known as ATP6V1E2, is a human gene.ReferencesFurther reading...
    , ATP6V1F
    ATP6V1F

    ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal 14kDa, V1 subunit F, also known as ATP6V1F, is a human gene.ReferencesFurther reading...
    , ATP6V1G1
    ATP6V1G1

    ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal 13kDa, V1 subunit G1, also known as ATP6V1G1, is a human gene.ReferencesFurther reading...
    , ATP6V1G2
    ATP6V1G2

    ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal 13kDa, V1 subunit G2, also known as ATP6V1G2, is a human gene.ReferencesFurther reading...
    , ATP6V1G3
    ATP6V1G3

    ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal 13kDa, V1 subunit G3, also known as ATP6V1G3, is a human gene.ReferencesFurther reading...
    , ATP6V1H
    ATP6V1H

    ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal 50/57kDa, V1 subunit H, also known as ATP6V1H, is a human gene.ReferencesFurther reading...
    , ATP6V0A1
    ATP6V0A1

    ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal V0 subunit a1, also known as ATP6V0A1, is a human gene.ReferencesFurther reading...
    , ATP6V0A2
    ATP6V0A2

    ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal V0 subunit a2, also known as ATP6V0A2, is a human gene.ReferencesFurther reading...
    , ATP6V0A4
    ATP6V0A4

    ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal V0 subunit a4, also known as ATP6V0A4, is a human gene.ReferencesFurther reading...
    , ATP6V0B
    ATP6V0B

    ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal 21kDa, V0 subunit b, also known as ATP6V0B, is a human gene.ReferencesFurther reading...
    , ATP6V0C
    ATP6V0C

    ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal 16kDa, V0 subunit c, also known as ATP6V0C, is a human gene.ReferencesFurther reading...
    , ATP6V0D1
    ATP6V0D1

    ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal 38kDa, V0 subunit d1, also known as ATP6V0D1, is a human gene.ReferencesFurther reading...
    , ATP6V0D2, ATP6V0E
  • Cu++ transporting: ATP7A
    ATP7A

    ATP7A is a human gene that provides instructions to make a protein that is important for regulating copper levels in the body. This protein is found in most tissues, but it is absent from the liver....
    , ATP7B
  • Class I, type 8: ATP8A1, ATP8B1
    ATP8B1

    ATPase, Class I, type 8B, member 1, also known as ATP8B1, is a human gene. This protein is associated with progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 1 as well as benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis....
    , ATP8B2, ATP8B3, ATP8B4
  • Class II, type 9: ATP9A, ATP9B
  • Class V, type 10: ATP10A
    ATP10A

    ATPase, Class V, type 10A, also known as ATP10A, is a human gene.ReferencesFurther reading...
    , ATP10B, ATP10D
  • Class VI, type 11: ATP11A, ATP11B
    ATP11B

    ATPase, Class VI, type 11B, also known as ATP11B, is a human gene.ReferencesFurther reading...
    , ATP11C
  • H+/K+ transporting, nongastric: ATP12A
    ATP12A

    ATPase, H+/K+ transporting, nongastric, alpha polypeptide is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ATP12A gene....
  • type 13: ATP13A1, ATP13A2
    ATP13A2

    ATPase type 13A2, also known as ATP13A2, is a human gene.ReferencesFurther reading...
    , ATP13A3
    ATP13A3

    ATPase type 13A3, also known as ATP13A3, is a human gene.ReferencesFurther reading...
    , ATP13A4, ATP13A5


See also

  • ATP synthase
    ATP synthase

    An ATP synthase is a general term for an enzyme that can synthesize adenosine triphosphate from adenosine diphosphate and inorganic phosphate by using some form of energy....
  • ATP synthase alpha/beta subunits
    ATP synthase alpha/beta subunits

    ATPases are membrane-bound enzyme complexes/ion transporters that combine Adenosine triphosphate synthesis and/or hydrolysis with the transport of protons across a membrane....
  • AAA proteins
    AAA proteins

    AAA or AAA+ is an abbreviation for ATPases Associated with diverse cellular Activities. They share a common protein domain of approximately 230 amino acid residues....
  • P-ATPase


Additional images


External links

- Proton or sodium translocating F- and V-type ATPases - Different conformations of P-type ATPase