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The K5 was AMD's
Advanced Micro Devices

Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. is an United States multinational corporation semiconductor industry company based in Sunnyvale, California, that develops Central processing unit and related technologies for commercial and consumer markets....
 first x86
X86 architecture

The generic term x86 refers to the most commercially successful instruction set architecture in the history of personal computing. It derived from the model numbers, ending in "86", of the first few processor generations Backward compatibility with the original Intel 8086....
 processor to be developed entirely in-house. Introduced in March 1996, its primary competition was Intel's
Intel Corporation

Intel Corporation is the world's largest semiconductor company and the inventor of the X86 architecture series of microprocessors, the processors found in most personal computers....
 Pentium
Pentium

Introduced on March 22, 1993, the original Pentium was the first superscalar x86 architecture microprocessor. Its fifth-generation x86 microarchitecture was a direct extension of the 80486 architecture with dual integer pipeline s, a faster FPU unit, wider data bus, and features for further reduced address calculation latency....
 microprocessor
Microprocessor

A microprocessor incorporates most or all of the functions of a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit . The first microprocessors emerged in the early 1970s and were used for electronic calculators, using Binary-coded decimal arithmetic on 4-bit Word ....
. Although it was originally scheduled for launch in 1995, it was delayed until 1996 because of design issues.






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Amd K5 Pr166 Front
The K5 was AMD's
Advanced Micro Devices

Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. is an United States multinational corporation semiconductor industry company based in Sunnyvale, California, that develops Central processing unit and related technologies for commercial and consumer markets....
 first x86
X86 architecture

The generic term x86 refers to the most commercially successful instruction set architecture in the history of personal computing. It derived from the model numbers, ending in "86", of the first few processor generations Backward compatibility with the original Intel 8086....
 processor to be developed entirely in-house. Introduced in March 1996, its primary competition was Intel's
Intel Corporation

Intel Corporation is the world's largest semiconductor company and the inventor of the X86 architecture series of microprocessors, the processors found in most personal computers....
 Pentium
Pentium

Introduced on March 22, 1993, the original Pentium was the first superscalar x86 architecture microprocessor. Its fifth-generation x86 microarchitecture was a direct extension of the 80486 architecture with dual integer pipeline s, a faster FPU unit, wider data bus, and features for further reduced address calculation latency....
 microprocessor
Microprocessor

A microprocessor incorporates most or all of the functions of a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit . The first microprocessors emerged in the early 1970s and were used for electronic calculators, using Binary-coded decimal arithmetic on 4-bit Word ....
. Although it was originally scheduled for launch in 1995, it was delayed until 1996 because of design issues. AMD as a company was not as mature as Intel regarding microprocessor design, thus a lot of deadlines were missed and there was a lack of manufacturing expertise in scaling designs. The K5 was an ambitious design, closer to a Pentium Pro than a Pentium regarding technical solutions and internal architecture. However, the final product was closer to the Pentium regarding performance.

Technical details

Amdk5diagram
The K5 was based upon an internal highly parallel 29k
AMD Am29000

The AMD 29000, often simply 29k, was a popular family of RISC-based 32-bit microprocessors and microcontrollers from Advanced Micro Devices....
 RISC processor architecture with an x86 decoding front-end. The K5 offered good x86 compatibility. All models had 4.3 million transistor
Transistor

In electronics, a transistor is a semiconductor device commonly used to Electronic amplifier or switch Electronics signals. A transistor is made of a solid piece of a semiconductor material, with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit....
s, with five integer units that could process instructions out of order and one floating point unit. The branch target buffer was four times the size of the Pentium's and register renaming improved parallel performance of the pipelines. The chip's speculative execution of instructions reduced pipeline stall. It touted an instruction cache of 16 KiB, which was double that of the Pentium. Further, the primary cache was a "4-way" set associative, instead of the Pentium's "2-way" set. The K5 lacked MMX instructions, which Intel started offering in its Pentium MMX processors that were launched in early 1997. Compared to the Pentium the K5's floating point unit had around 10% less performance clock for clock.

Performance

The K5 project represented an early chance for AMD to take technical leadership from Intel. Although the chip addressed the right design concepts, the actual engineering implementation had its issues. The low clock rates were, in part, due to AMD's limitations as a "cutting edge" manufacturing company at the time, in part due to the design itself (many levels of logic, thus slowing it down). Having a branch prediction unit four times the size of the Pentium, yet reportedly not delivering superior performance is an example of how the actual implementation fell short of the projects goals. Additionally, while the K5's floating point performance was better than that of the Cyrix 6x86
Cyrix 6x86

The Cyrix 6x86 is a sixth-generation, 32-bit 80x86-compatible microprocessor designed by Cyrix and manufactured by International Business Machines and SGS-Thomson....
, it was weaker than that of the Pentium. Because it was late to market and did not meet performance expectations, the K5 never gained the acceptance among large computer manufacturers that the Am486
Am486

The Am486 is a 80486-class family of computer central processing unit that was produced by AMD in the 1990s. Intel beat AMD to market by nearly four years, but AMD priced its 40 MHz 486 at or below Intel's price for a 33 MHz chip, offering about 20% better performance for the same price....
 and AMD K6
AMD K6

The K6 microprocessor was launched by AMD in 1997. The main advantage of this particular microprocessor is that it was designed to fit into existing desktop designs for Pentium branded CPUs....
 enjoyed.

Models

There were two sets of K5 processors, internally called the SSA/5 and the 5k86, both released with the K5 label. The "SSA/5" line ran from 75 to 100 MHz (5K86 P75 to P100, later K5 PR-75 to PR100); the "5k86" line ran from 90 to 133 MHz. However, AMD used what it called a PR rating
PR rating

The PR system was developed by AMD in the mid-1990s as a method of comparing their x86 processors to those of rival Intel....
, or performance rating, to label the chips according to their equivalence to a Pentium of that clock speed. Thus, a 116 MHz chip from the second line was marketed as the "K5 PR166". Manufacturing delays caused the PR200's arrival to unfortunately nearly align with the release of K6. Since AMD did not want the two chips competing, the K5-PR200 only arrived in small numbers. Enthusiasts have speculated that many PR200 chips were sold as PR166, because of easy overclocking with later PR166 chips.

SSA/5

Amd5k86 P90 Ssa5 90abq
* Sold as 5K86 P75 to P100, later as K5 PR75 to PR100
  • 4.3 million Transistors in 500 or 350 nm
  • L1-Cache: 8 + 16 KiB (Data + Instructions)
  • Socket 5
    Socket 5

    Socket 5 was created for the second generation of Intel Pentium processors operating at speeds from 75 to 133 MHz as well as certain Pentium OverDrive and Pentium MMX processors....
     and Socket 7
    Socket 7

    Socket 7 is a physical and electrical specification for an x86-style Central processing unit socket on a personal computer motherboard. The socket supersedes the earlier Socket 5, and accepts Pentium microprocessors manufactured by Intel, as well as compatibles made by Cyrix/IBM, AMD, Integrated Device Technology and others....
  • VCore: 3.52V
  • Front side bus
    Front side bus

    In personal computers, the Front Side Bus is the bus that carries data between the central processing unit and the Northbridge .Depending on the processor used, some computers may also have a back side bus that connects the CPU to the CPU cache....
    : 50 (PR75), 60 (PR90), 66 MHz (PR100)
  • First release: March 27, 1996
  • Clockrate: 75, 90, 100 MHz


5k86

  • Sold as K5 PR120 to PR166 (PR200)
  • 4.3 million Transistors in 350 nm
  • L1-Cache: 8 + 16 KiB (Data + Instructions)
  • Socket 5
    Socket 5

    Socket 5 was created for the second generation of Intel Pentium processors operating at speeds from 75 to 133 MHz as well as certain Pentium OverDrive and Pentium MMX processors....
     and Socket 7
    Socket 7

    Socket 7 is a physical and electrical specification for an x86-style Central processing unit socket on a personal computer motherboard. The socket supersedes the earlier Socket 5, and accepts Pentium microprocessors manufactured by Intel, as well as compatibles made by Cyrix/IBM, AMD, Integrated Device Technology and others....
  • VCore: 3.52V
  • Front side bus
    Front side bus

    In personal computers, the Front Side Bus is the bus that carries data between the central processing unit and the Northbridge .Depending on the processor used, some computers may also have a back side bus that connects the CPU to the CPU cache....
    : 60 (PR120/150), 66 MHz
  • First release: October 7, 1996
  • Clockrate: 90 (PR120), 100 (PR133), 105 (PR150), 116.6 (PR166), 133 MHz (PR200)


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