2002 loya jirga
Encyclopedia
An Emergency "Loya Jirga
" was held in Kabul
, Afghanistan
between 11th and 19th June 2002 to elect a transitional administration in Kabul
, Afghanistan
. The Emergency Loya Jirga was called for by the Bonn Agreement
. The agreement (designed by several Afghan leaders) was drawn up in December 2001, in Bonn
, Germany
. Conducted under United Nations auspices, the talks at Bonn sought a solution to the problem of government in Afghanistan after the US ousted the Taliban regime.
, announced the composition of the Commission in charge of the Loya Jirga on 21 January 2002; it was to be chaired by Ismail Qasimyar, a legal and constitutional expert. One of his two deputies was Mahboba Hoqomal, a female lecturer in political science. The commission decided that the Loya Jirga would be open for 1450, of which 1051 would be chosen by an indirect elections. Each district elected 20 people, who then held a secret vote to select one person to represent the whole district. Each of the country's 362 districts had at least one seat, with further seats allotted for every 22,000 people. The commission would reserve another 100 seats for refugees, 25 for nomads, 53 seats for members of the interim administration and the commission and 160 seats for women. It was the first time in the history of Afghanistan that women attended a loya jirga.
In may concern was being expressed that the armed factions in several provinces were influencing the selection of the members of the Loya Jirga and the Commission had received numerous complaints of intimidation and also of violence.
. Some 2,000 delegates, 500 more than the number invited including , arrived begin June. These included 50 additional delegates added to satisfy the demands of various warlords.
The most important thing the Loya Jirga had to do was to choose a president for the Afghan Transitional Administration
who would lead the country until the official presidential elections in 2004. At the beginning there were two candidates who had declared to run: former president of Afghanistan Burhanuddin Rabbani
and the US-backed chairman of the Afghan Interim Administration
Hamid Karzai
. Karzai was also supported by Abdullah Abdullah
and Mohammad Fahim, two important leaders of the Northern Alliance
.
A third possible candidate was Zahir Shah, former king of Afghanistan until 1973. He had spend years living in Rome but had returned to Afghanistan after the fall of the Taliban regime. Already at the Bonn Conference which installed the interim administration there was a group of supporters of Zahir Shah, called the Rome-group, who wanted to take the former king to take up the position of head of state.
Upon arrival in Kabul, more than 800 delegates signed a petition urging the nomination of Zahir Shah as Head of State, if only as a figurehead. In view of the speculation, which the petition aroused, US and UN representatives pressed the former King to withdraw. The start of the Loya Jirga was delayed from 10 to 11 June because of "logistical and preparatory problems." On 10 June the US representative Zalmay Khalilzad
gave a press conference in which he declared that Zahir Shah was not a candidate. The same day, in a press conference of Zahir Shah the former king confirmed this and said "I have no intention of restoring the monarchy. I am not a candidate for any position in the Loya Jirga." Hamid Karzai, who sat next to Zahir Shah at the press conference called Zahir Shah the "father of the nation" and thanked him for the "confidence His Majesty has put in me."
The interim government was for a great deal dominated by Tajik warlords from the Northern Alliance
, so the Pasthun
majority wanted the following transitional administration to be more representative. Because of this issue, Yunus Qanuni
, one of the important Northern Alliance leaders, told the opening session he would be resigning as minister of the important post of interior so Karzai could strengthen the national government
by broadening its ethnic mix, while former President Burhanuddin Rabbani
withdrew his candidacy for Head of State in favour of Hamid Karzai "for the sake of national unity"
So it looked like Karzai would go into the race for head of government uncontested, but two other candidates emerged. To be on the ballot at the Loya Jirga a candidate had to submit 150 signatures for his candidacy. Glam Fareq Majidi gathered only 101 signatures, so he was disqualified as candidate. Former mujahedeen fighter, Mohammed Asef Mohsoni submitted a list with 1,050 names for Karzai and also Masooda Jalal, a woman doctor working with the World Food Programme, and Mahfoz Nadai, an Uzbek army officer, poet and a deputy government minister gathered enough signatures to be on the ballot.
The election for president of the transitional administration was held by secret ballot on 13 June — with black-and-white photos of the candidates adjacent to their names. Hamid Karzai
was chosen with an overwhelming majority of 83% and stayed in office as President.
Elections for President of Transitional Administration, by the 2002 Loya Jirga
|-
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left|Candidates
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Votes
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|%
|-
|align="left" |Hamid Karzai
|align="right" |1,295
|align="right" |83%
|-
|align="left" |Masooda Jalal
|align="right" |171
|align="right" |11%
|-
|align="left" |Mahfoz Nadai
|align="right" |89
|align="right" |6%
|-
|align="left" |Total Votes
|align="right" |1555
|align="right" |100%
|}
, as well as three Deputy Presidents and a Chief Justice. The same day he was sworn in as President.
All three posts of Vice-President were given to commanders of the Northern Alliance commanders though Karzai was careful to make sure none of the vice-presidents were from the same ethnic background. After Mr Karzai had announced his list, he asked for approval by a show of hands. He then continued speaking with hardly a pause.
At the same day the loya jirga was closed. The reports about the loya jirga were positive. "Delegates from all backgrounds - Pashtuns, Tajiks, Hazaras and Uzbeks, urban and rural, Sunni and Shiite - sat together as if we belonged to a single village" delegates Omar Zakhilwal
and Adeena Niazi the International Herald Tribune wrote. However, they were disappointed about the outcomes since the power of the warlords wasn't reduced in the new government. The move to promote Zahir Shah as Head of State had been an attempt to have someone independent enough to face up to the warlords.
offence at Yunus Qanuni's apparent demotion and the staff of the Interior Ministry initially refused to allow Mr Wardak to enter the ministry building. After Karzai appointed Qanuni special adviser on security he decided to join the administration anyway, but he also formed a party outside of the government and run for president in the next elections.
there was also controversy around the post of minister for woman's affairs: Sima Samar had been very outspoken and threats made against her as well as complaints by the supreme court who eventually decided not to charge her with blasphemy
. Because Samar wasn't on the list there was no minister appointed for woman's affairs. Karzai later appointed Government Mahbuba Huquqmal as
Representative in the Women's Affairs Ministry.
Loya jirga
A loya jirga is a type of jirga regarded as "grand assembly," a phrase in the Pashto language meaning "grand council." A loya jirga is a mass meeting usually prepared for major events such as choosing a new king, adopting a constitution, or discussing important national political or emergency...
" was held in Kabul
Kabul
Kabul , spelt Caubul in some classic literatures, is the capital and largest city of Afghanistan. It is also the capital of the Kabul Province, located in the eastern section of Afghanistan...
, Afghanistan
Afghanistan
Afghanistan , officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located in the centre of Asia, forming South Asia, Central Asia and the Middle East. With a population of about 29 million, it has an area of , making it the 42nd most populous and 41st largest nation in the world...
between 11th and 19th June 2002 to elect a transitional administration in Kabul
Kabul
Kabul , spelt Caubul in some classic literatures, is the capital and largest city of Afghanistan. It is also the capital of the Kabul Province, located in the eastern section of Afghanistan...
, Afghanistan
Afghanistan
Afghanistan , officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located in the centre of Asia, forming South Asia, Central Asia and the Middle East. With a population of about 29 million, it has an area of , making it the 42nd most populous and 41st largest nation in the world...
. The Emergency Loya Jirga was called for by the Bonn Agreement
Bonn Agreement
Bonn Agreement could refer to*Bonn Agreement *Bonn Agreement *Bonn Agreement *Bonn Agreement...
. The agreement (designed by several Afghan leaders) was drawn up in December 2001, in Bonn
Bonn
Bonn is the 19th largest city in Germany. Located in the Cologne/Bonn Region, about 25 kilometres south of Cologne on the river Rhine in the State of North Rhine-Westphalia, it was the capital of West Germany from 1949 to 1990 and the official seat of government of united Germany from 1990 to 1999....
, Germany
Germany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...
. Conducted under United Nations auspices, the talks at Bonn sought a solution to the problem of government in Afghanistan after the US ousted the Taliban regime.
Preparations
Then-UN Secretary-General, Kofi AnnanKofi Annan
Kofi Atta Annan is a Ghanaian diplomat who served as the seventh Secretary-General of the UN from 1 January 1997 to 31 December 2006...
, announced the composition of the Commission in charge of the Loya Jirga on 21 January 2002; it was to be chaired by Ismail Qasimyar, a legal and constitutional expert. One of his two deputies was Mahboba Hoqomal, a female lecturer in political science. The commission decided that the Loya Jirga would be open for 1450, of which 1051 would be chosen by an indirect elections. Each district elected 20 people, who then held a secret vote to select one person to represent the whole district. Each of the country's 362 districts had at least one seat, with further seats allotted for every 22,000 people. The commission would reserve another 100 seats for refugees, 25 for nomads, 53 seats for members of the interim administration and the commission and 160 seats for women. It was the first time in the history of Afghanistan that women attended a loya jirga.
In may concern was being expressed that the armed factions in several provinces were influencing the selection of the members of the Loya Jirga and the Commission had received numerous complaints of intimidation and also of violence.
Delay
The Loya Jirga meets in a giant, air conditioned and carpeted tent at the Polytechnic University campus in KabulKabul
Kabul , spelt Caubul in some classic literatures, is the capital and largest city of Afghanistan. It is also the capital of the Kabul Province, located in the eastern section of Afghanistan...
. Some 2,000 delegates, 500 more than the number invited including , arrived begin June. These included 50 additional delegates added to satisfy the demands of various warlords.
The most important thing the Loya Jirga had to do was to choose a president for the Afghan Transitional Administration
Afghan Transitional Administration
The Afghan Transitional Administration was the name of a temporary administration of Afghanistan put in place by the 2002 Loya Jirga and followed the Afghan Interim Administration which was installed after the Bonn Conference.-Background:Following the US Invasion in Afghanistan, a UN sponsored...
who would lead the country until the official presidential elections in 2004. At the beginning there were two candidates who had declared to run: former president of Afghanistan Burhanuddin Rabbani
Burhanuddin Rabbani
Professor Burhanuddin Rabbani was President of the Islamic State of Afghanistan from 1992 to 1996. After the Taliban government was toppled during Operation Enduring Freedom, Rabbani returned to Kabul and served as a temporary President from November to December 20, 2001, when Hamid Karzai was...
and the US-backed chairman of the Afghan Interim Administration
Afghan Interim Administration
The Afghan Interim Administration was the first administration of Afghanistan after the fall of the Taliban regime and was the highest authority of the country from 22 December 2001 until 13 July 2003.-Background:...
Hamid Karzai
Hamid Karzai
Hamid Karzai, GCMG is the 12th and current President of Afghanistan, taking office on 7 December 2004. He became a dominant political figure after the removal of the Taliban regime in late 2001...
. Karzai was also supported by Abdullah Abdullah
Abdullah Abdullah
Abdullah Abdullah is an Afghan politician and a doctor of medicine. He was an adviser and friend to Ahmad Shah Massoud, legendary anti-Taliban leader and commander known as the "Lion of Panjshir". After the fall of the Taliban regime, Dr. Abdullah served as Afghanistan's Foreign Minister from 2001...
and Mohammad Fahim, two important leaders of the Northern Alliance
Northern Alliance
The Afghan Northern Alliance is a military-political umbrella organization created by the Islamic State of Afghanistan in 1996.Northern Alliance may also refer to:*Northern Alliance , a Canadian white supremacist group...
.
A third possible candidate was Zahir Shah, former king of Afghanistan until 1973. He had spend years living in Rome but had returned to Afghanistan after the fall of the Taliban regime. Already at the Bonn Conference which installed the interim administration there was a group of supporters of Zahir Shah, called the Rome-group, who wanted to take the former king to take up the position of head of state.
Upon arrival in Kabul, more than 800 delegates signed a petition urging the nomination of Zahir Shah as Head of State, if only as a figurehead. In view of the speculation, which the petition aroused, US and UN representatives pressed the former King to withdraw. The start of the Loya Jirga was delayed from 10 to 11 June because of "logistical and preparatory problems." On 10 June the US representative Zalmay Khalilzad
Zalmay Khalilzad
Zalmay Mamozy Khalilzad is a counselor at the Center for Strategic and International Studies and president of Khalilzad Associates, an international business consulting firm based in Washington, DC. He was the United States Ambassador to the United Nations under President George W. Bush...
gave a press conference in which he declared that Zahir Shah was not a candidate. The same day, in a press conference of Zahir Shah the former king confirmed this and said "I have no intention of restoring the monarchy. I am not a candidate for any position in the Loya Jirga." Hamid Karzai, who sat next to Zahir Shah at the press conference called Zahir Shah the "father of the nation" and thanked him for the "confidence His Majesty has put in me."
Opening Session
The Loya Jirga was formally opened by Zahir Shah. Also Hamid Karzai played an great role in the opening session and called Zahir Shah again the father of the nation. Karzai proclaimed him Honorary Chairman of the National Assembly which would give the former king a supervisory role in writing the new constitution and would give him the position to preside over national celebrations.The interim government was for a great deal dominated by Tajik warlords from the Northern Alliance
Northern Alliance
The Afghan Northern Alliance is a military-political umbrella organization created by the Islamic State of Afghanistan in 1996.Northern Alliance may also refer to:*Northern Alliance , a Canadian white supremacist group...
, so the Pasthun
Pashtun people
Pashtuns or Pathans , also known as ethnic Afghans , are an Eastern Iranic ethnic group with populations primarily between the Hindu Kush mountains in Afghanistan and the Indus River in Pakistan...
majority wanted the following transitional administration to be more representative. Because of this issue, Yunus Qanuni
Yunus Qanuni
Yunus Qanuni is a politician in Afghanistan. An ethnic Tajik from the Panjshir Valley in Afghanistan, Qanuni is the leader of the Afghanistan e Naween political party and former Speaker of the House of the People .-Pre Election...
, one of the important Northern Alliance leaders, told the opening session he would be resigning as minister of the important post of interior so Karzai could strengthen the national government
by broadening its ethnic mix, while former President Burhanuddin Rabbani
Burhanuddin Rabbani
Professor Burhanuddin Rabbani was President of the Islamic State of Afghanistan from 1992 to 1996. After the Taliban government was toppled during Operation Enduring Freedom, Rabbani returned to Kabul and served as a temporary President from November to December 20, 2001, when Hamid Karzai was...
withdrew his candidacy for Head of State in favour of Hamid Karzai "for the sake of national unity"
So it looked like Karzai would go into the race for head of government uncontested, but two other candidates emerged. To be on the ballot at the Loya Jirga a candidate had to submit 150 signatures for his candidacy. Glam Fareq Majidi gathered only 101 signatures, so he was disqualified as candidate. Former mujahedeen fighter, Mohammed Asef Mohsoni submitted a list with 1,050 names for Karzai and also Masooda Jalal, a woman doctor working with the World Food Programme, and Mahfoz Nadai, an Uzbek army officer, poet and a deputy government minister gathered enough signatures to be on the ballot.
Electing the head of state
During the first day, several bodyguards, including aides of Ahmad Wali Masood, were arrested, after aiming weapons at international security forces guarding the compound. The second day saw 60 to 70 delegates stage a walk out. They were disillusioned about the political maneuvering surrounding the loya jirga and frustrated over what they believed to be the lack of a free vote on the country's future.The election for president of the transitional administration was held by secret ballot on 13 June — with black-and-white photos of the candidates adjacent to their names. Hamid Karzai
Hamid Karzai
Hamid Karzai, GCMG is the 12th and current President of Afghanistan, taking office on 7 December 2004. He became a dominant political figure after the removal of the Taliban regime in late 2001...
was chosen with an overwhelming majority of 83% and stayed in office as President.
Elections for President of Transitional Administration, by the 2002 Loya Jirga
|-
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left|Candidates
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|Votes
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right|%
|-
|align="left" |Hamid Karzai
Hamid Karzai
Hamid Karzai, GCMG is the 12th and current President of Afghanistan, taking office on 7 December 2004. He became a dominant political figure after the removal of the Taliban regime in late 2001...
|align="right" |1,295
|align="right" |83%
|-
|align="left" |Masooda Jalal
|align="right" |171
|align="right" |11%
|-
|align="left" |Mahfoz Nadai
|align="right" |89
|align="right" |6%
|-
|align="left" |Total Votes
|align="right" |1555
|align="right" |100%
|}
Intimidation by Warlords
After pressure, Northern Alliance-controlled members of the National Directorate of Security were permitted free access to the Loya Jirga deliberations, even without being a delegate. As a response, delegates to the Loya Jirga were subjected to intimidation and surveillance by Afghan warlords and intelligence services, said Human Rights Watch: "Warlords not appointed to the assembly were allowed inside the tent where the Loya Jirga is in session, mingling with the delegates and threatening those who called for their exclusion or opposed their agenda" According to delegates interviewed by Human Rights Watch, "A number of the most prominent warlords gathered Monday night to divide power in the next government."Selecting the members for the transitional administration
On 19 June, Hamid Karzai announced the to the Loya Jirga the names of 14 ministers of the furute Afghan transitional administrationAfghan Transitional Administration
The Afghan Transitional Administration was the name of a temporary administration of Afghanistan put in place by the 2002 Loya Jirga and followed the Afghan Interim Administration which was installed after the Bonn Conference.-Background:Following the US Invasion in Afghanistan, a UN sponsored...
, as well as three Deputy Presidents and a Chief Justice. The same day he was sworn in as President.
All three posts of Vice-President were given to commanders of the Northern Alliance commanders though Karzai was careful to make sure none of the vice-presidents were from the same ethnic background. After Mr Karzai had announced his list, he asked for approval by a show of hands. He then continued speaking with hardly a pause.
At the same day the loya jirga was closed. The reports about the loya jirga were positive. "Delegates from all backgrounds - Pashtuns, Tajiks, Hazaras and Uzbeks, urban and rural, Sunni and Shiite - sat together as if we belonged to a single village" delegates Omar Zakhilwal
Omar Zakhilwal
Dr. Omar Zakhilwal , is an economist and a prominent politician in Afghanistan. He is the current Finance Minister as well as the Chief Economic Advisor to the President of Afghanistan. He is also the president of the Afghanistan Cricket Board.-Early life:...
and Adeena Niazi the International Herald Tribune wrote. However, they were disappointed about the outcomes since the power of the warlords wasn't reduced in the new government. The move to promote Zahir Shah as Head of State had been an attempt to have someone independent enough to face up to the warlords.
Aftermath: extra ministers
After the Loya Jirga there was some controversies about the government Karzai had named and several names were added to the list before the actual cabinet was sworn in on 24 June. Yunus Qanuni, the former Interior minister, was unhappy with the post of Education Minister he had been assigned, since he had expected to become something like prime minister. Wanuni said he considered not joining the government at all. Kabul's traffic police staged two days of strikes, on 20 and 21 June, to express theiroffence at Yunus Qanuni's apparent demotion and the staff of the Interior Ministry initially refused to allow Mr Wardak to enter the ministry building. After Karzai appointed Qanuni special adviser on security he decided to join the administration anyway, but he also formed a party outside of the government and run for president in the next elections.
there was also controversy around the post of minister for woman's affairs: Sima Samar had been very outspoken and threats made against her as well as complaints by the supreme court who eventually decided not to charge her with blasphemy
Blasphemy
Blasphemy is irreverence towards religious or holy persons or things. Some countries have laws to punish blasphemy, while others have laws to give recourse to those who are offended by blasphemy...
. Because Samar wasn't on the list there was no minister appointed for woman's affairs. Karzai later appointed Government Mahbuba Huquqmal as
Representative in the Women's Affairs Ministry.