1800s

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Events and trends

Technology

• Invention of the Jacquard loom
  Jacquard loom
  
  The Jacquard Loom is a mechanical loom, invented by Joseph Marie Jacquard in 1801, that simplifies the process of manufacturing textiles with complex patterns such as brocade, damask, and matelasse....
   in 1801.
• Ultraviolet radiation
  Ultraviolet
  
  Ultraviolet light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength shorter than that of visible light, but longer than x-rays, in the range 400 nanometer to 10 nm, and energies from 3 Electron volt to 124 eV....
   is discovered by Johann Wilhelm Ritter
  Johann Wilhelm Ritter
  
  Johann Wilhelm Ritter was a Germany chemist and physicist. He was born in Chojn?w, Silesia .Ritter made very important discoveries regarding electrochemistry and ultraviolet light....
   in 1801.
• Flag semaphore
  Flag semaphore
  
  Modern semaphore The newer flag semaphore system uses two short poles with square flags, which a signalman holds in different positions to signal letters of the alphabet and numbers....
   is gradually adopted by various navies
  Navy
  
  A navy is the branch of a nation's military forces principally designated for naval warfare and amphibious warfare; namely, lake- or ocean-borne combat operations and related functions....
   of the world.
• Morphine
  Morphine
  
  Morphine is a highly potent opiate analgesic Medication, is the principal active agent in opium, and is considered to be the prototypical opioid....
   is isolated from opium
  Opium
  
  Opium is a narcotic formed from the latex released by lacerating the immature seed pods of Opium poppy . It contains up to 12% morphine, an opiate alkaloid, which is most frequently processed chemically to produce heroin for the illegal drug trade....
   for the first time in 1804.
• Nicolas Appert
  Nicolas Appert
  
  Nicolas Appert , born in Ch?lons en Champagne was the France inventor of airtight food preservation. Appert, known as the "father of canning," was a confectioner....
   develops a method to preserve food by means of canning
  Canning
  
  File:Berthold Weiss Canned Foods.jpgFile:Canned food factory .jpgCanning is a method of food preservation in which the food is processed and sealed in an airtight container....
   in 1809.
• John Dalton
  John Dalton
  
  John Dalton Fellow of the Royal Society was an England chemist, meteorologist and physicist. He is best known for his pioneering work in the development of modern atomic theory, and his research into Color blindness ....
   publishes his atomic theory 1803.

Astronomy

• The first known asteroids are discovered in this decade:
• Ceres (1801-01-02). Ceres is reclassified as a dwarf planet
  Dwarf planet
  
  A dwarf planet, as defined by the International Astronomical Union , is a celestial body orbiting the Sun that is massive enough to be rounded by its own gravity but has not Clearing the neighbourhood of planetesimals and is not a natural satellite....
   in 2006.
• Pallas
  2 Pallas
  
  '2 Pallas' is one of the largest asteroids and is located in the main asteroid belt. It was the second asteroid to be discovered, by astronomy Heinrich Wilhelm Matth?us Olbers on March 28, 1802....
   (1802-03-28)
• Juno
  3 Juno
  
  Juno , formal designation 3 Juno in the Minor Planet Center catalogue system, was the third asteroid to be discovered and is one of the larger main belt asteroids, being one of the two largest stony asteroids, along with 15 Eunomia....
   (1804-09-01)
• Vesta
  4 Vesta
  
  4 Vesta is the second most massive object in the asteroid belt, with a mean diameter of about 530 km and an estimated mass of 9% of the mass of the entire asteroid belt....
   (1807-03-29)

War, peace and politics

• End of the Quasi-War
  Quasi-War
  
  The Quasi-War was an undeclared war fought entirely at sea between the United States and France from 1798 to 1800. In the United States, the conflict is sometimes also referred to as the Undeclared War with France, The Pirate Wars, or the Half-War....
   (1800).
• The First Barbary War
  First Barbary War
  
  The First Barbary War , also known as the Barbary Coast War or the Tripolitan War, was the first of two Barbary Wars fought between the United States and the North African states known collectively as the Barbary States....
   (1801–1805) is fought between the United States
  United States
  
  The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U...
   and the Barbary States of North Africa
  North Africa
  
  North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan Africa.Geopolitically, the United Nations subregion of Northern Africa includes the following seven countries or territories:...
  .
• The Kingdom of Great Britain
  Kingdom of Great Britain
  
  The Kingdom of Great Britain, also known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain, was a country in North-West Europe, in existence from 1707 to 1801....
   and the Kingdom of Ireland
  Kingdom of Ireland
  
  The Kingdom of Ireland was the name given to the Irish state from 1541, by the Crown of Ireland Act 1542 of the Parliament of Ireland. It was based on the contested legitimacy of the right of conquest....
   merge into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
  United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
  
  The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name and the state form of the United Kingdom from 1 January 1801 until 12 April 1927....
   in 1801.
• In 1803, the US acquired the Louisiana Territories
  Louisiana Purchase
  
  The Louisiana Purchase was the acquisition by the United States of America of of the French territory Louisiana in 1803. The U.S. paid 60 million French franc plus cancellation of debts worth 18 million francs , a total cost of $15,000,000 for the Louisiana territory....
   from France
  France
  
  France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France....
  .
• The Second Anglo-Maratha War
  Second Anglo-Maratha War
  
  The Second Anglo-Maratha War was the second conflict between the British East India Company and the Maratha Empire in India....
   (1803-1805) is fought between the Maratha Peshwa
  Peshwa
  
  The Peshwa were Brahmin Prime Ministers to the Maratha Chattrapatis , who began commanding Maratha armies and later became the hereditary rulers of the Maratha empire of central India from 1749 to 1818....
   on one side and minor chieftains of the Maratha Confederacy Sindhia,Bhonsle
  Bhonsle
  
  The Bhosle or Bhosale were a prominent Maratha clan who served as rulers of several states in India .The most prominent member of the clan was Shivaji, the founder of the Maratha empire....
   and Holkar
  Holkar
  
  The Holkar were a prominent Dhangar family, who ruled as Rajas and later Maharajas of Indaur in Central India as an independent member of the Maratha Confederacy until 1818, and afterwards as a princely state -under protectorate- of British India with a 19-guns salute until India's independence, when the state acceded to the Indian governm...
   on the other resulting in a crushing defeat of the rebel chieftains and the breakup of the Maratha confederacy.
• Haiti
  Haiti
  
  Haiti , officially the Republic of Haiti , is a Haitian Creole language- and French language-speaking Caribbean country. Along with the Dominican Republic, it occupies the island of Hispaniola, in the Greater Antilles archipelago....
   gains independence
  Independence
  
  Independence is the self-government of a nation, country, or state by its residents and population, or some portion thereof, generally exercising sovereignty....
   from France on 1804-01-01, becoming the first black
  Black people
  
  Black people is a term usually referring to a Race of humans with a dark skin color, but the term has also been used to categorise a number of diverse populations into one common group....
   republic
  Republic
  
  A republic is a state or country that is not led by a hereditary monarch but in which the people have an impact on its government. The word originates from the Latin term res publica....
  .
• The Fulani War
  Fulani War
  
  The Fulani War of 1804-1810, also known as the Fulani Jihad or Jihad of Usman dan Fodio, was a military conquest in present day Nigeria and Cameroon....
   (1804–1810) is fought in present day Nigeria
  Nigeria
  
  Nigeria, officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federation constitutional republic comprising States of Nigeria and one Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria....
   and Cameroon
  Cameroon
  
  The Republic of Cameroon is a unitary state of central and western Africa. It is bordered by Nigeria to the west; Chad to the northeast; the Central African Republic to the east; and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and the Republic of the Congo to the south....
  .
• The First Serbian Uprising
  First Serbian Uprising
  
  The First Serbian Uprising was the first stage of the Serbian revolution which lasted for nine years and approximately nine months , during which Serbia perceived itself as an independent state for the first time after 400 years of History of Ottoman Serbia and short-lasting Treaty of Belgrade....
   (1804-1813) marks the first time in 300 years Serbia
  Serbia
  
  Serbia , officially the Republic of Serbia , is a country in Central Europe and Balkans Europe, covering the southern part of the Pannonian Plain and the central part of the Balkans....
   perceives itself an independent state.
• End of the French Revolutionary Wars
  French Revolutionary Wars
  
  The French Revolutionary Wars were a series of major conflicts, from 1792 until 1802, fought between the French Revolutionary government and several European states....
   (1792-1802).
• Beginning of the Napoleonic Wars
  Napoleonic Wars
  
  The Napoleonic Wars were a series of conflicts involving Napoleon I of France First French Empire and changing sets of European allies and opposing coalitions that ran from 1803 to 1815....
   (1803–1815).
• Beginning of the Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812) between Russia
  Russia
  
  Russia , or the Russian Federation , is a list of countries spanning more than one continent country extending over much of northern Eurasia....
   and the Ottoman Empire
  Ottoman Empire
  
  The Ottoman Empire , also known by its contemporaries as the Turkish Empire or Turkey , was an empire that lasted from 1299?1923. It was Treaty of Lausanne by the Republic of Turkey, which was officially proclaimed on October 29, 1923....
  .

World leaders

• First Consul/Emperor Napoleon I
  Napoleon I of France
  
  Napoleon Bonaparte later known as Emperor Napoleon I, was a military and political leader of France whose actions shaped European politics in the early 19th century....
   (First French Republic/First French Empire
  First French Empire
  
  The Empire of the French , also known as the Greater French Empire or First French Empire, but more commonly known as the Napoleonic Empire, was the empire of Napoleon I of France in France....
  )
• Emperor Francis II
  Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor
  
  Francis II was the last Holy Roman Emperor, ruling from 1792 until 6 August 1806, when he dissolved the Holy Roman Empire after the disastrous defeat of the Third Coalition by Napoleon I of France at the Battle of Austerlitz....
   (Holy Roman Empire
  Holy Roman Empire
  
  The Holy Roman Empire was a union of territories in Central Europe during the Middle Ages and the Early modern Europe under a Holy Roman Emperor....
  )
• Frederick William III of Prussia
  Frederick William III of Prussia
  
  Frederick William III was king of Kingdom of Prussia from 1797 to 1840....
   (Prussia
  Prussia
  
  Prussia was, most recently, a historic state originating out of the Duchy of Prussia and the Margraviate of Brandenburg. This state had for centuries substantial influence on Germany and European history....
  )
• Pope Pius VII
  Pope Pius VII
  
  Pope Pius VII, Order of Saint Benedict , born Count Barnaba Niccol? Maria Luigi Chiaramonti, was Pope from March 14, 1800 to August 20, 1823....
  
• Tsar
  Tsar
  
  Tsar or czar , occasionally spelled csar or tzar in English language, is a slavs term designating certain monarchs.Originally, the title Czar meant Emperor in the European medieval sense of the term, that is, a ruler who has the same rank as a Ancient Rome or Byzantine emperor due to recognition by another emperor or...
   Paul I
  Paul I of Russia
  
  Paul was the Emperor of Russia between 1796 and 1801....
   (Russia
  Russia
  
  Russia , or the Russian Federation , is a list of countries spanning more than one continent country extending over much of northern Eurasia....
  )
• Tsar Alexander I
  Alexander I of Russia
  
  Alexander I of Russia , also known as Alexander the Blessed served as Tsar of Russia from 23 March 1801 to 1 December 1825 and Ruler of Poland from 1815 to 1825, as well as the first Russian Grand Duke of Finland....
   (Russia)
• King Charles IV
  Charles IV of Spain
  
  Charles IV was list of Spanish monarchs from December 14, 1788 until his abdication on March 19, 1808....
   (Spain
  Spain
  
  Spain or the Kingdom of Spain , is a country located in Southern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.The Spanish constitution does not establish any official denomination of the country, even though Espa?a , Estado espa?ol and Naci?n espa?ola are used interchangeably....
  )
• King Gustavus IV Adolphus (Sweden
  Sweden
  
  Sweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic countries on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden has land borders with Norway to the west and Finland to the northeast, and it is connected to Denmark by the ?resund Bridge in the south....
  )
• King Charles XIII (Sweden
  Sweden
  
  Sweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic countries on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden has land borders with Norway to the west and Finland to the northeast, and it is connected to Denmark by the ?resund Bridge in the south....
  )
• King George III
  George III of the United Kingdom
  
  George III was Kingdom of Great Britain and Kingdom of Ireland from 25 October 1760 until the union of these two countries on 1 January 1801, after which he was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until his death....
  , (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
  United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
  
  The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name and the state form of the United Kingdom from 1 January 1801 until 12 April 1927....
  )
• President
  President of the United States
  
  The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in the United States by influence and recognition....
   John Adams
  John Adams
  
  John Adams was an Politics of the United States and the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States , after being the List of Vice Presidents of the United States Vice President of the United States for two terms....
   (United States
  United States
  
  The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U...
  )
• President Thomas Jefferson
  Thomas Jefferson
  
  Thomas Jefferson was the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States , the principal author of the United States Declaration of Independence , and one of the most influential Founding Fathers of the United States for his promotion of the ideals of republicanism in the United States....
   (United States)
• Fath Ali Shah of Qajar dynasty
  Qajar dynasty
  
  The Qajar dynasty is a common term to describe Iran under the ruling Qajar royal family that ruled Iran from 1794 to 1925. In 1794 the Qajar family took full control of Iran as they had eliminated all their rivals, including Lotf 'Ali Khan, the last of the Zand dynasty, and had reasserted Persian sovereignty over the former Iranian terr...
   (Persia)
• Jiaqing Emperor
  Jiaqing Emperor
  
  The Jiaqing Emperor was the sixth Emperor of China of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty, and the fifth Qing emperor to rule over China, from 1796 to 1820....
   of China
  China
  
  China is a Culture of China, an ancient civilization, and, depending on perspective, a national or multinational entity extending over a large area in East Asia....
   (Qing Dynasty
  Qing Dynasty
  
  The Qing Dynasty , also known as the Manchu Dynasty, followed the Ming Dynasty in History of China, and was the last ruling Chinese Dynasties of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 ....
  )
• Mughal Empire
  Mughal Empire
  
  The Mughal Empire was a Muslim imperial power of the Indian subcontinent which began in 1526, ruled most of the Indian Subcontinent by the late 17th and early 18th centuries, and ended in the mid-19th century....
  
• Shah Alam II
  Shah Alam II
  
  Shah Alam II also known as Ali Gauhar was a Mughal emperor of India . He inherited the throne from his father, Alamgir II as Shah Alam II ....
   1759-1806
• Akbar II 1806-1837
• Baji Rao II
  Baji Rao II
  
  Baji Rao II, also known as palputta Bajirao, was the last Peshwa of the Maratha Confederacy, and governed from 1796 to 1818. His reign was marked by confrontations with the British India....
  (Peshwa
  Peshwa
  
  The Peshwa were Brahmin Prime Ministers to the Maratha Chattrapatis , who began commanding Maratha armies and later became the hereditary rulers of the Maratha empire of central India from 1749 to 1818....
   of the Marathas
  Maratha Empire
  
  The Maratha Empire or the Maratha Confederacy was a Hindu state located in present-day India. It existed from 1674 to 1818. At its peak, the empire's territories covered much of South Asia....
  )
• Maharaja Ranjit Singh (Sikh Empire, Punjab) 1801-1839