All Topics  
17th century

 
17th Century

 
   Email Print
   Bookmark   Link
 

 

17th century
 
 
  Topics 17th century Topic Home

As a means of recording the passage of time
Time

Time is a component of the measurement used to sequence events, to compare the durations of events and the intervals between them, and to quantify the motions of objects....
, the 17th Century was that century
Century

A century is one hundred consecutive years.Centuries are numbered names of numbers in English#Ordinal_numbers in English and many other languages ....
 which lasted from 1601-1700 in the Gregorian calendar
Gregorian calendar

The Gregorian calendar is the internationally accepted civil calendar. It was first proposed by the Calabrian doctor Aloysius Lilius, and decreed by Pope Gregory XIII, after whom it was named, on 24 February 1582 by the papal bull Inter gravissimas....
.

The 17th Century falls into the Early Modern period of Europe and was characterized by the Baroque
Baroque

In the the arts, the Baroque was a Western cultural Epoch , starting roughly at the beginning of the 17th century in Rome, Italy. It was exemplified by drama and grandeur in Baroque sculpture, Baroque painting, literature, Baroque dance, and Baroque music....
 cultural movement, the French Grand Siècle dominated by Louis XIV, and the beginning of modern science and philosophy
Scientific revolution

The period which many History of science call the Scientific Revolution is commonly viewed as the foundation and origin of modern science.It was a time roughly coinciding with the later part of the Middle Ages and through the Renaissance in which scientific ideas in physics, astronomy, and biology evolved rapidly....
, including the contributions by warfare throughout the century, by the Thirty Years' War
Thirty Years' War

The Thirty Years' War was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history. The war was fought primarily in Germany and at various points involved most of the countries of Europe....
, the Great Turkish War
Great Turkish War

The Great Turkish War refers to a series of conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and contemporary European powers, then joined into a Holy League, during the second half of the 17th century....
, the end of the Dutch Revolt
Dutch Revolt

The Dutch Revolt, Eighty Years' War or the Revolt of the Netherlands , was the successful revolt of the Seventeen Provinces in the Low Countries against the Spanish Empire....
 and the English Civil War
English Civil War

The English Civil War was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Roundhead and Cavalier. The First English Civil War and Second English Civil War civil wars pitted the supporters of Charles I of England against the supporters of the Long Parliament, while the Third English Civil War saw fighting between supporters...
 among others, while European colonization of the Americas
European colonization of the Americas

The start of the European colonization of the Americas is typically dated to 1492, although there was at least one earlier colonization effort....
 began in earnest.

In the east, the 17th Century saw the flowering of the Ottoman
Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire , also known by its contemporaries as the Turkish Empire or Turkey , was an empire that lasted from 1299?1923. It was Treaty of Lausanne by the Republic of Turkey, which was officially proclaimed on October 29, 1923....
, Persian and Mughal
Mughal Empire

The Mughal Empire was a Muslim imperial power of the Indian subcontinent which began in 1526, ruled most of the Indian Subcontinent by the late 17th and early 18th centuries, and ended in the mid-19th century....
 empires, the beginning of the Edo period
Edo period

The , or , is a division of History of Japan running from 1603 to 1868. The period marks the governance of the Edo or Tokugawa shogunate, which was officially established in 1603 by the first Edo shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu....
 in feudal Japan, and the violent transition from the Ming
Ming Dynasty

The Ming Dynasty , or Empire of the Great Ming , was the ruling Dynasties in Chinese history of China from 1368 to 1644, following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty....
 to the Qing Dynasty
Qing Dynasty

The Qing Dynasty , also known as the Manchu Dynasty, followed the Ming Dynasty in History of China, and was the last ruling Chinese Dynasties of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 ....
 in China.








Discussion
Ask a question about '17th century'
Start a new discussion about '17th century'
Answer questions from other users
Full Discussion Forum



Recent Posts

At the beginning of the seventeenth century, Spain controlled territory on which continents?








Encyclopedia


Battle of Nordlingen
As a means of recording the passage of time
Time

Time is a component of the measurement used to sequence events, to compare the durations of events and the intervals between them, and to quantify the motions of objects....
, the 17th Century was that century
Century

A century is one hundred consecutive years.Centuries are numbered names of numbers in English#Ordinal_numbers in English and many other languages ....
 which lasted from 1601-1700 in the Gregorian calendar
Gregorian calendar

The Gregorian calendar is the internationally accepted civil calendar. It was first proposed by the Calabrian doctor Aloysius Lilius, and decreed by Pope Gregory XIII, after whom it was named, on 24 February 1582 by the papal bull Inter gravissimas....
.

The 17th Century falls into the Early Modern period of Europe and was characterized by the Baroque
Baroque

In the the arts, the Baroque was a Western cultural Epoch , starting roughly at the beginning of the 17th century in Rome, Italy. It was exemplified by drama and grandeur in Baroque sculpture, Baroque painting, literature, Baroque dance, and Baroque music....
 cultural movement, the French Grand Siècle dominated by Louis XIV, and the beginning of modern science and philosophy
Scientific revolution

The period which many History of science call the Scientific Revolution is commonly viewed as the foundation and origin of modern science.It was a time roughly coinciding with the later part of the Middle Ages and through the Renaissance in which scientific ideas in physics, astronomy, and biology evolved rapidly....
, including the contributions by warfare throughout the century, by the Thirty Years' War
Thirty Years' War

The Thirty Years' War was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history. The war was fought primarily in Germany and at various points involved most of the countries of Europe....
, the Great Turkish War
Great Turkish War

The Great Turkish War refers to a series of conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and contemporary European powers, then joined into a Holy League, during the second half of the 17th century....
, the end of the Dutch Revolt
Dutch Revolt

The Dutch Revolt, Eighty Years' War or the Revolt of the Netherlands , was the successful revolt of the Seventeen Provinces in the Low Countries against the Spanish Empire....
 and the English Civil War
English Civil War

The English Civil War was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Roundhead and Cavalier. The First English Civil War and Second English Civil War civil wars pitted the supporters of Charles I of England against the supporters of the Long Parliament, while the Third English Civil War saw fighting between supporters...
 among others, while European colonization of the Americas
European colonization of the Americas

The start of the European colonization of the Americas is typically dated to 1492, although there was at least one earlier colonization effort....
 began in earnest.

In the east, the 17th Century saw the flowering of the Ottoman
Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire , also known by its contemporaries as the Turkish Empire or Turkey , was an empire that lasted from 1299?1923. It was Treaty of Lausanne by the Republic of Turkey, which was officially proclaimed on October 29, 1923....
, Persian and Mughal
Mughal Empire

The Mughal Empire was a Muslim imperial power of the Indian subcontinent which began in 1526, ruled most of the Indian Subcontinent by the late 17th and early 18th centuries, and ended in the mid-19th century....
 empires, the beginning of the Edo period
Edo period

The , or , is a division of History of Japan running from 1603 to 1868. The period marks the governance of the Edo or Tokugawa shogunate, which was officially established in 1603 by the first Edo shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu....
 in feudal Japan, and the violent transition from the Ming
Ming Dynasty

The Ming Dynasty , or Empire of the Great Ming , was the ruling Dynasties in Chinese history of China from 1368 to 1644, following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty....
 to the Qing Dynasty
Qing Dynasty

The Qing Dynasty , also known as the Manchu Dynasty, followed the Ming Dynasty in History of China, and was the last ruling Chinese Dynasties of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 ....
 in China.

Events

Tokugawa 1
Albrecht Wallenstein
Jamesiengland
Miyamoto Musashi Painting
Europe Map 1648

1600–1609

  • 1600: Giordano Bruno
    Giordano Bruno

    Giordano Bruno, born Filippo Bruno , was an Italy philosopher best-known as a proponent of heliocentrism and the infinity of the universe. In addition to his cosmological writings, he also wrote extensive works on the art of memory, a loosely-organized group of mnemonic techniques and principles....
     is burned at the stake for heresy
    Christian heresy

    Heresy is the rejection of one or more established beliefs of a religious body, or adherence to "other beliefs." Christian heresy refers to unorthodox practices and beliefs that were deemed to be heretical by one or more of the Christian churches....
     in Rome
    Rome

    Rome is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city, with 2,724,347 residents in an urban area of some ....
    .
  • 1600: Battle of Sekigahara
    Battle of Sekigahara

    The , popularly known as the , was a decisive battle on October 21, 1600 which cleared the path to the Shogunate for Tokugawa Ieyasu. Though it would take three more years for Ieyasu to consolidate his position of power over the Toyotomi clan and the daimyo, Sekigahara is widely considered to be the unofficial beginning of the Tokugawa shogunate,...
     in Japan
    Japan

    Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, People's Republic of China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south....
    . End of the Warring States period
    Warring States Period

    The Warring States Period , also known as the Era of Warring States, covers the period from 476 BCE to the unification of China by the Qin Dynasty in 221 BCE....
     and beginning of the Edo period
    Edo period

    The , or , is a division of History of Japan running from 1603 to 1868. The period marks the governance of the Edo or Tokugawa shogunate, which was officially established in 1603 by the first Edo shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu....
    .
  • 1601: Battle of Kinsale, one of the most important battles in Irish history, fought.
  • 1601 -- 1603: The Russian famine of 1601 - 1603 kills perhaps a third of Russia
    Russia

    Russia , or the Russian Federation , is a list of countries spanning more than one continent country extending over much of northern Eurasia....
    .
  • 1602: Dutch East India Company
    Dutch East India Company

    The Dutch East India Company was a trading company, which was established in 1602, when the States-General of the Netherlands granted it a 21-year monopoly to carry out colonial activities in Asia....
     founded. Its success contributes to the Dutch Golden Age
    Dutch Golden Age

    The Golden Age was a period in Netherlands history, roughly spanning the 17th century, in which Dutch trade, science, and art were among the most acclaimed in the world....
    .
  • 1603: Elizabeth I of England
    Elizabeth I of England

    Elizabeth I was List of English monarchs and Queen of Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death. Sometimes called The Virgin Queen, Gloriana, or Good Queen Bess, Elizabeth was the fifth and last monarch of the House of Tudor....
     dies and is succeeded by her cousin King James VI of Scotland, uniting the crowns of Scotland
    Scotland

    conventional_long_name = ScotlandAlba|common_name= Scotland|image_flag = Flag of Scotland.svg|flag_width = 130px...
     and England
    England

    native_name =|conventional_long_name = England|common_name = England|image_flag = Flag of England.svg|image_coat = England COA.svg|symbol_type = Royal Coat of Arms...
    .
  • 1603: Tokugawa Ieyasu
    Tokugawa Ieyasu

    Japanese name|Tokugawa}} was the founder and first shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan which ruled from the Battle of Sekigahara  in 1600 until the Meiji Restoration in 1868....
     seizes control of Japan
    Japan

    Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, People's Republic of China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south....
     and establishes the Tokugawa Shogunate
    Tokugawa shogunate

    The Tokugawa shogunate, also known as the , and the , was a feudalism regime of Japan established by Tokugawa Ieyasu and ruled by the shoguns of the Tokugawa family....
     which rules the country until 1868.
  • 1603-1623: After modernizing his army, Abbas I expands the Persian Empire by capturing territory from the Ottomans
    Ottoman Empire

    The Ottoman Empire , also known by its contemporaries as the Turkish Empire or Turkey , was an empire that lasted from 1299?1923. It was Treaty of Lausanne by the Republic of Turkey, which was officially proclaimed on October 29, 1923....
     and the Portuguese
    Portuguese Empire

    The Portuguese Empire was the first global empire in history and also the earliest and longest lived of the modern European Colonialism empires, spanning almost six centuries, from the capture of Ceuta in 1415 to the handover of Macau in 1999....
    .
  • 1605: Gunpowder Plot
    Gunpowder Plot

    The Gunpowder Conspiracy of 1605, or the Powder Treason or Gunpowder Plot, as it was then known, was a failed assassination attempt by a group of provincial English Roman Catholic Church against King James I of England....
     failed in England
    England

    native_name =|conventional_long_name = England|common_name = England|image_flag = Flag of England.svg|image_coat = England COA.svg|symbol_type = Royal Coat of Arms...
    .
  • 1605: The fortresses of Veszprém
    Veszprém

    Veszpr?m one of the oldest towns in Hungary, is now a city with county rights and lies approximately north of Lake Balaton. It is the capital city of the administrative county of the same name....
     en Visegrad
    Visegrád

    Visegr?d is a small castle town in Pest , Hungary.Situated north of Budapest on the right bank of the Danube in the Danube Bend, Visegr?d has a population 1,654 as of 2001....
     are retaken by the Ottomans.
  • 1606: The Long War
    Long War (Ottoman wars)

    The Long War or Thirteen Years' War was one of the numerous wars between the Habsburg Monarchy and the Ottoman Empire that took place after the Battle of Moh?cs....
     between the Ottoman Empire
    Ottoman Empire

    The Ottoman Empire , also known by its contemporaries as the Turkish Empire or Turkey , was an empire that lasted from 1299?1923. It was Treaty of Lausanne by the Republic of Turkey, which was officially proclaimed on October 29, 1923....
     and Austria
    Habsburg Monarchy

    The Habsburg Monarchy covered the territories ruled by the junior Austria branch of the House of Habsburg , and then by the successor House of Habsburg-Lorraine , between 1526 and 1867/1918....
     is ended with the Peace of Zsitvatorok.
  • 1606: Captain Willem Janszoon
    Willem Janszoon

    Willem Janszoon , Netherlands navigator and colonial governor, is the first European known to have seen the coast of Australia. His name is sometimes abbreviated to Willem Jansz. ....
     and his crew aboard the Dutch East India Company ship Duyfken
    Duyfken

    Duyfken was a small Dutch ship built in the Netherlands. She was a fast, lightly-armed ship probably intended for undeep water, small valuable cargoes, bringing messages, sending provisions, or privateering....
     becomes the first recorded Europeans to sight and make landfall in Australia
    Australia

    Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the southern hemisphere comprising the Australia of the world's smallest continent, the major island of Tasmania, and numerous list of islands of Australia in the Indian Ocean and Pacific Oceans....
    .
  • 1607: Jamestown, Virginia
    Jamestown, Virginia

    Jamestown, located on Jamestown Island in the Virginia Colony, was founded on May 14, 1607. It is commonly regarded as the first permanent England settlement in what is now the United States of America, following several earlier failed attempts....
    , is settled as what would become the first permanent English
    England

    native_name =|conventional_long_name = England|common_name = England|image_flag = Flag of England.svg|image_coat = England COA.svg|symbol_type = Royal Coat of Arms...
     colony in North America
    North America

    North America is the northern continent of the Americas, situated in the Earth's northern hemisphere and almost totally in the western hemisphere....
    .
  • 1608: Quebec City
    Quebec City

    Qu?bec or Quebec, also Quebec City or Qu?bec City , is the Capital of the Canada Provinces and territories of Canada of Quebec and is located within the Capitale-Nationale region....
     founded by Samuel de Champlain
    Samuel de Champlain

    Samuel de Champlain, , , "The Father of New France", was a French navigator, geographer, cartographer, draughtsman, soldier, explorer, ethnologist, diplomat, chronicler, and the founder of Quebec City on July 3, 1608, of which he was the administrator for the rest of his life....
     in New France
    New France

    The Viceroyalty of New France was the area French colonization of the Americas by France in North America during a period extending from the exploration of the Saint Lawrence River, by Jacques Cartier in 1534, to the cession of New France to Spain and Kingdom of Great Britain in 1763....
     (present-day Canada
    Canada

    Canada is a country occupying most of northern North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean....
    ).
  • 1609: The Netherlands
    Netherlands

    The Netherlands is a country that is part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a parliamentary democratic constitutional monarchy. The Netherlands is located in North-West Europe, and bordered by the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east....
     and Spain
    Spanish Empire

    The Spanish Empire was one of the largest empires in world history, and one of the first global empires. It included territories and colonies ruled by Spain in Europe, the Americas, Africa, Asia and Oceania between the 15th and late 19th centuries....
     agree to a Twelve Years' Truce
    Twelve Years' Truce

    The Twelve Years' Truce was the name, given later, to the 12-year period ofceasefire within the Eighty Years' War in the Low Countriesfrom March 1609-1621,...
     in the Eighty Years' War.
  • 1609: Pedro de Peralta, a later governor of New Mexico
    Spanish governors of New Mexico

    The following is a list of governors of the Santa Fe de Nuevo M?xico under the Viceroyalty of New Spain.*Juan de O?ate *Crist?bal de O?ate *Pedro de Peralta ...
    , establishes the settlement of Santa Fe
    Santa Fe, New Mexico

    Santa Fe is the Capital of the U.S. state of New Mexico. It is the List of cities in New Mexico and is the county seat of . Santa Fe had a population of 62,203 at the United States Census, 2000; the estimate for July 1, 2006, is 72,056....
    .
  • 1609: Maximilian of Bavaria
    Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria

    Maximilian I, Duke/Elector of Bavaria , called "the Great", was a Wittelsbach ruler of Bavaria and a prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire. His reign was marked by the Thirty Years' War ....
     establishes the Catholic League
    Catholic League (German)

    The German Catholic League was initially a loose confederation of Roman Catholic Church German states formed on July 10, 1609 to counteract the Protestant Union , whereby the participating states concluded an alliance "for the defence of the Catholic religion and peace within the Empire." Modeled loosely on the more intransigent ultra-Catho...
    .


1610s
1610s

Events and trends* Start of the Dutch Golden Age.* Beginning of Netherlands colonization of North America* Beginning of Thirty Years' War ...
 

  • 1613: The Time of Troubles
    Time of Troubles

    The Time of Troubles was a period of History of Russia comprising the years of interregnum between the death of the last Tsardom of Russia Tsar Feodor I of Russia of the Rurik Dynasty in 1598 and the establishment of the Romanov Dynasty in 1613....
     in Russia
    Russia

    Russia , or the Russian Federation , is a list of countries spanning more than one continent country extending over much of northern Eurasia....
     ends with the establishment of the House of Romanov
    Romanov

    The House of Romanov was the second and last monarchy dynasty of Russia, which ruled the country from 1613 to 1917. From 1762 until the February Revolution of 1917, the Russian Empire was ruled for five generations by a line of the House of Oldenburg descended from the marriage of a Romanov grand duchess to the Duke of Holstein-Gottorp....
     which rules until 1917.
  • 1613-1617: Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth is invaded by the Tatars
    Crimean Khanate

    The Crimean Khanate or the Khanate of Crimea was a Crimean Tatars state from 1441 to 1783. Its native name was Crimean Yurt . The khanate was by far the longest-lived of the Turkic peoples khanates that succeeded the empire of the Golden Horde....
     dozens of times.
  • 1616: The last remaining Morisco
    Morisco

    A morisco or mourisco was any Muslim of Spain or Portugal who converted to Catholicism during the reconquista of Spain. The term also became a pejorative applied to those who had converted but were suspected of secretly practicing Islam....
    s (Moors who had nominally converted to Christianity) in the Spain
    Spain

    Spain or the Kingdom of Spain , is a country located in Southern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.The Spanish constitution does not establish any official denomination of the country, even though Espa?a , Estado espa?ol and Naci?n espa?ola are used interchangeably....
     are expelled.
  • 1616: Shakespeare dies
  • 1618: The Bohemian Revolt
    Thirty Years' War

    The Thirty Years' War was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history. The war was fought primarily in Germany and at various points involved most of the countries of Europe....
     precipitates the Thirty Years' War
    Thirty Years' War

    The Thirty Years' War was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history. The war was fought primarily in Germany and at various points involved most of the countries of Europe....
     which devastates Europe
    Europe

    Europe is, conventionally, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally divided from Asia to its east by the water divide of the Ural Mountains, the Ural , the Caspian Sea, and by the Caucasus Mountains to the southeast....
     in the years 1618-48
    1648

    Year 1648 was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar ....
    .
  • 1618: Bethlen Gabor, Prince of Transylvania
    Transylvania

    Transylvania is a historical region in the central part of Romania. Bounded on the east and south by the Carpathian mountains, historical Transylvania extended in the west to the Apuseni Mountains; however, the term frequently encompasses not only Transylvania proper, but also the historical regions of Crisana, Maramures, and Banat....
     joins Protestant Rebels.
  • 1618: The Manchu
    Manchu

    The Manchu people are a Tungusic peoples who originated in Manchuria . During their rise in the seventeenth century, with the help of Ming rebels , they conquered the Ming Dynasty and founded the Qing Dynasty, which ruled China until its abolition in 1911 after the Xinhai Revolution, which established Republic of China in its place....
    s start invading China. Their conquest
    Manchu conquest

    The Seven Grievances was a manifesto announced by Nurhaci on April 13, 1618. It effectively declaring war against the Ming Dynasty, and starting the Manchu conquest of China....
     eventually topples the Ming Dynasty
    Ming Dynasty

    The Ming Dynasty , or Empire of the Great Ming , was the ruling Dynasties in Chinese history of China from 1368 to 1644, following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty....
    .
  • 1619: Bethlen Gabor is defeated outside Vienna
    Vienna

    Vienna is the Capital of Republic of Austria and also one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's primary city, with a population of about 1.7 million...
    .


1620s
1620s

Events and trends* Permanent Netherlands settlement of New York Bay and the Hudson River.* Permanent England settlements in Massachusetts and Virginia....
 

  • 1620: Emperor Ferdinand II
    Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor

    Ferdinand II , of the House of Habsburg, Holy Roman Emperor , King of Bohemia , King of Hungary ....
     defeats the Bohemian rebels in the Battle of White Mountain
    Battle of White Mountain

    The Battle of White Mountain, November 8, 1620 was an early battle in the Thirty Years' War in which an army of 15,000 Bohemians and mercenaries under Christian of Anhalt were routed by 27,000 men of the combined armies of Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor under Karel Bonaventura Buquoy and of the Catholic League under Johann Tserclaes, Co...
    .
  • 1620: The Puritan
    Puritan

    A Puritan of 16th and 17th century England was an associate of any number of religious groups advocating for more "purity" of worship and doctrine, as well as personal and group pietism....
     Pilgrims
    Pilgrims

    Pilgrims, or Pilgrim Fathers , is a name commonly applied to the early settlers of the Plymouth Colony in present-day Plymouth, Massachusetts....
     arrive in the Mayflower at Plymouth Rock
    Plymouth Rock

    Plymouth Rock is the traditional site of disembarkation of William Bradford and the Mayflower Pilgrims who founded Plymouth Colony in 1620, in what would become the United States....
    , Cape Cod
    Cape Cod

    Cape Cod, often referred to as simply the Cape, is a peninsula in the easternmost portion of the state of Massachusetts, in the Northeastern United States....
    .
  • 1620-1621: Polish-Ottoman War
    Polish-Ottoman War (1620–1621)

    The Polish-Ottoman War or First Polish-Ottoman War was a conflict between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire over the control of Principality of Moldavia....
     over Moldavia
    Moldavia

    Moldavia is a geographic and historical region and former principality in Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between the Eastern Carpathians and the Dniester river....
    .
  • 1620: Bethlen Gabor allies with the Ottomans and an invasion of Moldavia
    Moldavia

    Moldavia is a geographic and historical region and former principality in Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between the Eastern Carpathians and the Dniester river....
     takes place. The Polish suffer a disaster at Cecora on the River Prut
    Prut

    Prut, or Pruth, is a 953 Kilometre long river in Eastern Europe. It was known in classical antiquity as Pyretus or Porata or Gerasius....
    .
  • 1621: The Battle of Chocim: Poles and Cossacks under Jan Karol Chodkiewicz
    Jan Karol Chodkiewicz

    Jan Karol Chodkiewicz was a famous Polish-Lithuanian commonwealth military commander and one of the most prominent 17th century szlachcic of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth....
     defeat the Ottomans.
  • 1622: Jamestown massacre: Algonquian natives kill 347 English
    England

    native_name =|conventional_long_name = England|common_name = England|image_flag = Flag of England.svg|image_coat = England COA.svg|symbol_type = Royal Coat of Arms...
     settlers outside Jamestown, Virginia
    Jamestown, Virginia

    Jamestown, located on Jamestown Island in the Virginia Colony, was founded on May 14, 1607. It is commonly regarded as the first permanent England settlement in what is now the United States of America, following several earlier failed attempts....
     (1/3 of the colony's population) and burn the Henricus
    Henricus

    The "Citie of Henricus" , also known as Henricopolis or Henrico Town, was a city founded by Sir Thomas Dale in 1611 as an alternative to the swampy and dangerous area around Jamestown Settlement, Virginia....
     settlement.
  • 1624-1642: As chief minister, Cardinal Richelieu
    Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal Richelieu

    Armand Jean du Plessis de Richelieu, Cardinal-Duc de Richelieu , was a France clergyman, nobility, and statesman.Consecrated as a bishop in 1608, he later entered politics, becoming a Secretary of State in 1616....
     centralizes power in France.
  • 1625: New Amsterdam
    New Amsterdam

    New Amsterdam was a 17th-century Dutch colonization of the Americas settlement that later became New York City.The town developed outside of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island in the New Netherland Territory which was situated between 38 and 42 degrees latitude as a provincial extension of the Dutch Republic as of 1624....
     founded by the Dutch West India Company
    Dutch West India Company

    Dutch West India Company was a company of The Netherlands merchants. Among its founding fathers was Willem Usselincx . On June 3, 1621, it was granted a chartered company for a trade monopoly in the West Indies by the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands and given jurisdiction over the African slave trade, Brazil, the Caribbean, and...
     in North America.
  • 1626: St. Peter's Basilica
    St. Peter's Basilica

    The Basilica of Saint Peter , officially known in Italian language as the Basilica di San Pietro in Vaticano and commonly known as St. Peter's Basilica, is located within the Vatican City....
     in the Vatican completed.
  • 1627: Cardinal Richelieu
    Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal Richelieu

    Armand Jean du Plessis de Richelieu, Cardinal-Duc de Richelieu , was a France clergyman, nobility, and statesman.Consecrated as a bishop in 1608, he later entered politics, becoming a Secretary of State in 1616....
     lays siege to Protestant La Rochelle
    La Rochelle

    La Rochelle is a city in western France and a seaport on the Bay of Biscay, a part of the Atlantic Ocean. It is the capital of the Charente-Maritime Departments of France....
     which eventually capitulates.
  • 1629: Cardinal Richelieu
    Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal Richelieu

    Armand Jean du Plessis de Richelieu, Cardinal-Duc de Richelieu , was a France clergyman, nobility, and statesman.Consecrated as a bishop in 1608, he later entered politics, becoming a Secretary of State in 1616....
     allies with Swedish Protestant forces in the Thirty Years' War
    Thirty Years' War

    The Thirty Years' War was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history. The war was fought primarily in Germany and at various points involved most of the countries of Europe....
     to counter Ferdinand II's
    Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor

    Ferdinand II , of the House of Habsburg, Holy Roman Emperor , King of Bohemia , King of Hungary ....
     expansion.


1630s
1630s

Events and trends* The Puritans engaged in the Great Migration .* Thirty Years' War was in full swing in Europe* 1632 - Just a couple of months before his death in battle, Swedish king Gustav II Adolf The Great ratified the establishment of the University of Tartu, the second university in the Swedish Empire....
 

  • 1631: Mount Vesuvius
    Mount Vesuvius

    Mount Vesuvius is an stratovolcano east of Naples Italy. It is the only volcano on the European mainland to have erupted within the last hundred years, although it is not currently eruption....
     erupts
  • 1632: Battle of Lützen
    Battle of Lützen (1632)

    The Battle of L?tzen was one of the most decisive battles of the Thirty Years' War. It was a Protestant victory, but cost the life of one of the most important leaders of the Protestant alliance, Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, causing the Protestant campaign to lose direction....
    , death of king of Sweden
    Swedish Empire

    Sweden was, between 1611 and 1718, one of the great powers of Europe. In modern historiography this period is known as the Swedish Empire, or stormaktstiden ....
     Gustav II Adolf.
  • 1633: Galileo Galilei
    Galileo Galilei

    Galileo Galilei was a Grand Duchy of Tuscany physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution....
     arrives in Rome
    Rome

    Rome is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city, with 2,724,347 residents in an urban area of some ....
     for his trial before the Inquisition
    Inquisition

    The term Inquisition can refer to any one of several institutions charged with trying and convicting Christian heresy within the Roman Catholic Church....
    .
  • 1634: Battle of Nördlingen
    Battle of Nördlingen (1634)

    The Battle of N?rdlingen was fought on 27 August or 6 September , 1634 during the Thirty Years' War. The Roman Catholic Church Holy Roman Empire army, bolstered by 18,000 professional Habsburg Spain troops won a great victory in the battle over the combined Protestantism armies of Sweden and their German allies ....
     results in Catholic victory.
  • 1636: Harvard University
    Harvard University

    Harvard University is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Massachusetts, United States, and a member of the Ivy League. Founded in 1636 by the colonial Massachusetts legislature, Harvard is the Colonial Colleges institution of higher learning in the United States....
     is founded in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
  • 1639: Naval Battle of the Downs
    Battle of the Downs

    The naval Battle of the Downs took place on 31 October 1639 , during the Eighty Years' War and was a decisive defeat of the Spanish Empire, commanded by Admiral Antonio de Oquendo, by the Dutch Republic, commanded by Lieutenant-Admiral Maarten Tromp....
     - Republic of the United Provinces fleet decisevely defeats a Spanish
    Spain

    Spain or the Kingdom of Spain , is a country located in Southern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.The Spanish constitution does not establish any official denomination of the country, even though Espa?a , Estado espa?ol and Naci?n espa?ola are used interchangeably....
     fleet in English waters.
  • 1639-1651: Wars of the Three Kingdoms
    Wars of the Three Kingdoms

    The Wars of the Three Kingdoms formed an intertwined series of conflicts that took place in Scotland, Ireland, and England between 1639 and 1651 after these three countries had come under the "Personal Rule" of the same monarch....
    , civil wars throughout Scotland
    Scotland

    conventional_long_name = ScotlandAlba|common_name= Scotland|image_flag = Flag of Scotland.svg|flag_width = 130px...
    , Ireland
    Ireland

    Ireland is the List of islands by area in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world. It lies to the north-west of continental Europe and is surrounded by hundreds of islands and islet....
    , and England
    English Civil War

    The English Civil War was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Roundhead and Cavalier. The First English Civil War and Second English Civil War civil wars pitted the supporters of Charles I of England against the supporters of the Long Parliament, while the Third English Civil War saw fighting between supporters...
    .


1640s
1640s

Events and trends* 1640 - The Reaper's War began in Catalonia between the Generalitat de Catalunya and the Spain, after the uprising known as Body of Blood amidst the unrest caused by the presence of Castile troops in Catalan territory during the Thirty Years' War....
 

  • 1640: King Charles was compelled to summon Parliament due to the revolt of the Scots.
  • 1640-1668: The Portuguese Restoration War
    Portuguese Restoration War

    Portuguese Restoration War was the name given after the 19th century by Romantic nationalism historians to the war between Portugal and Crown of Castile after the revolution of 1640, that ended the sixty years period of the dual monarchy between Portugal and Spain under the Philippine Dynasty....
     led to the end of the Iberian Union
    Iberian Union

    Iberian Union is a modern day term that refers to the historical political unit that governed all of the Iberian peninsula south of the Pyrenees from 1580?1640, through a personal union....
    .
  • 1640: Torture
    Torture

    Torture, according to the United Nations Convention Against Torture, is:In addition to state-sponsored torture, individuals or groups may be motivated to inflict torture on others for similar reasons to those of a state; however, the motive for torture can also be for the sadism gratification of the torturer, as was the case in the Moors M...
     is outlawed in England
    England

    native_name =|conventional_long_name = England|common_name = England|image_flag = Flag of England.svg|image_coat = England COA.svg|symbol_type = Royal Coat of Arms...
    .
  • 1641: The Tokugawa Shogunate
    Tokugawa shogunate

    The Tokugawa shogunate, also known as the , and the , was a feudalism regime of Japan established by Tokugawa Ieyasu and ruled by the shoguns of the Tokugawa family....
     institutes Sakoku
    Sakoku

    was the foreign relations policy of Japan under which no foreigner could enter or Japanese could leave the country on penalty of death. The policy was enacted by the Tokugawa shogunate under Tokugawa Iemitsu through a number of edicts and policies from 1633-1639 and remained in effect until 1853 with the arrival of Matthew C....
    - foreigners are expelled and no one is allowed to enter or leave Japan.
  • 1641: The Irish Rebellion
    Irish Rebellion of 1641

    The Irish Rebellion of 1641 began as an attempted coup d'?tat by Irish Roman Catholic Church gentry, but developed into inter communal violence between native Irish people and England and Scotland Protestant settlers, starting a conflict known as the Irish Confederate Wars....
    .
  • 1641: René Descartes
    René Descartes

    Ren? Descartes , , also known as Renatus Cartesius , was a French philosophy, mathematician, scientist, and writer who spent most of his adult life in the Dutch Republic....
     publishes Meditationes de prima philosophia Meditations on First Philosophy
    Meditations on First Philosophy

    Meditations on First Philosophy is a philosophy treatise written by Ren? Descartes first published in Latin language in 1641. The French language translation was made by the Duke of Luynes with the supervision of Descartes and was published in 1647 with the title M?ditations Metaphysiques....
    .
  • 1642: Dutch explorer Abel Janszoon Tasman achieves the first recorded European sighting of New Zealand
    New Zealand

    New Zealand is an island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses , and numerous Islands of New Zealand, most notably Stewart Island/Rakiura and the Chatham Islands....
    .
  • 1642-1649: Civil War in England; Charles I is beheaded by Cromwell
  • 1644: The Manchu
    Manchu

    The Manchu people are a Tungusic peoples who originated in Manchuria . During their rise in the seventeenth century, with the help of Ming rebels , they conquered the Ming Dynasty and founded the Qing Dynasty, which ruled China until its abolition in 1911 after the Xinhai Revolution, which established Republic of China in its place....
     conquer China
    China

    China is a Culture of China, an ancient civilization, and, depending on perspective, a national or multinational entity extending over a large area in East Asia....
     ending the Ming Dynasty
    Ming Dynasty

    The Ming Dynasty , or Empire of the Great Ming , was the ruling Dynasties in Chinese history of China from 1368 to 1644, following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty....
    . The subsequent Qing Dynasty
    Qing Dynasty

    The Qing Dynasty , also known as the Manchu Dynasty, followed the Ming Dynasty in History of China, and was the last ruling Chinese Dynasties of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 ....
     rules until 1912.
  • 1644-1674: The Mauritanian Thirty-Year War.
  • 1645: The death of Miyamoto Musashi
    Miyamoto Musashi

    , also known as Shinmen Takezo, Miyamoto Bennosuke, or by his Buddhist name Niten Doraku, was a Japanese people swordsman famed for his duels and distinctive style....
    , legendary Japanese Samurai warrior of natural causes.
  • 1645-1669: Ottoman war with Venice
    Venice

    Venice is a city in northern Italy, the capital city of the Italian regions Veneto, a population of 271,251 . Together with Padua, Italy, the city is included in the Padua-Venice Metropolitan Area ....
    . The Ottomans invade Crete
    Crete

    Crete is the largest of the Greek islands and the List of islands in the Mediterranean largest island in the Mediterranean Sea at 8,336 km? ....
     and capture Canea.
  • 1647: Seven-year-old Mehmed IV
    Mehmed IV

    Mehmed IV was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1648 to 1687. Taking the throne at age seven, his reign was significant as he changed the nature of the Sultan's position forever by giving up most of his executive power to his Grand Vizier....
     becomes sultan.
  • 1647-1652: The Great Plague of Seville
    Great Plague of Seville

    The Great Plague of Seville was a massive outbreak of disease in Spain that killed up to a quarter of Seville's population.Unlike the plague of 1596?1602 which claimed 600,000 to 700,000 lives, or a little under 8% of the population, and initially struck northern and central Spain and Andaluc?a in the south, the Great Plague, which may hav...
    .
  • 1648: The Peace of Westphalia
    Peace of Westphalia

    The term Peace of Westphalia refers to the two Peace treaty of Osnabr?ck and M?nster, signed on May 15 and October 24, 1648, respectively, and written in Latin, that ended both the Thirty Years' War in the Holy Roman Empire and the Dutch Revolt between Spain and the Dutch Republic....
     ends the Thirty Years' War
    Thirty Years' War

    The Thirty Years' War was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history. The war was fought primarily in Germany and at various points involved most of the countries of Europe....
     and the Eighty Years' War and marks the ends of Spain
    Spain

    Spain or the Kingdom of Spain , is a country located in Southern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.The Spanish constitution does not establish any official denomination of the country, even though Espa?a , Estado espa?ol and Naci?n espa?ola are used interchangeably....
     and the Holy Roman Empire
    Holy Roman Empire

    The Holy Roman Empire was a union of territories in Central Europe during the Middle Ages and the Early modern Europe under a Holy Roman Emperor....
     as major European powers.
  • 1648-1653: Fronde
    Fronde

    The Fronde was a civil war in France, occurring in the midst of the Franco-Spanish War , which had begun in 1635. The word fronde means sling , with which the windows of supporters of Jules Cardinal Mazarin were broken with stones by Parisian Crowds....
     civil war
    Civil war

    A civil war is a war between organized groups to take control of a nation or region, or to change government policies. It is high-intensity conflict, often involving Regular Army, that is sustained, organized and large-scale....
     in France.
  • 1648-1667: The Deluge
    The Deluge (Polish history)

    In the history of Poland and History of Lithuania, the Deluge commonly refers to a series of wars in the mid-to-late 17th century which left the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in ruins....
     wars leave Poland
    Poland

    Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe. Poland is bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian Enclave and exclave, to the north....
     in ruins.
  • 1648-1669: The Ottomans
    Ottoman Empire

    The Ottoman Empire , also known by its contemporaries as the Turkish Empire or Turkey , was an empire that lasted from 1299?1923. It was Treaty of Lausanne by the Republic of Turkey, which was officially proclaimed on October 29, 1923....
     capture Crete
    Crete

    Crete is the largest of the Greek islands and the List of islands in the Mediterranean largest island in the Mediterranean Sea at 8,336 km? ....
     from the Venetians
    Republic of Venice

    The Most Serene Republic of Venice or Venetian Republic was a state originating from the city of Venice . It existed for over a millennium, from the late 7th century AD until the year 1797....
     after the Siege of Candia
    Siege of Candia

    The Siege of Candia was a military conflict in which Ottoman Empire forces besieged the Republic of Venice-ruled city and were ultimately victorious....
    .
  • 1649-1653: The Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
    Cromwellian conquest of Ireland

    The Cromwellian conquest of Ireland refers to the re-conquest of Ireland by the forces of the English Parliament, led by Oliver Cromwell during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms....
    .


1650s
1650s

Significant events and trends* Cape Town was founded by the Dutch East India Company in South Africa.* The Anglo-Dutch Wars began.* Oliver Cromwell took over England during an interregnum....
 

  • 1652: Cape Town
    Cape Town

    Cape Town is the second most populous city in South Africa, forming part of the metropolitan municipality of the City of Cape Town. It is the provincial Capital of the Western Cape, as well as the legislature capital of South Africa, where the Parliament of South Africa and many government offices are located....
     founded by the Dutch East India Company in South Africa
    South Africa

    The Republic of South Africa, also known by Official names of South Africa, is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa....
    .
  • 1652: Anglo-Dutch Wars
    Anglo-Dutch Wars

    The Anglo-Dutch Wars were fought in the 17th and 18th centuries between Kingdom of England and the Republic of the Seven United Provinces of the Netherlands for control over the seas and trade routes....
     begin.
  • 1654-1661: Mehmed Köprülü is Grand Vizier
    Grand Vizier

    Grand Vizier, in Turkish language Sadr-i Azam or Serdar-i Ekrem , deriving from the Arabic language word wazir 'vizier' , was the greatest minister of the Sultan, with absolute power of attorney and, in principle, dismissable only by the Sultan himself....
    .
  • 1655-1661: The Northern Wars
    Northern Wars

    The Northern Wars is a name sometimes used for the series of conflicts between Sweden and its adversaries Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , Russia , Prussia , the Holy Roman Empire and Denmark-Norway ....
     cement Sweden's
    Swedish Empire

    Sweden was, between 1611 and 1718, one of the great powers of Europe. In modern historiography this period is known as the Swedish Empire, or stormaktstiden ....
     rise as a Great Power
    Rise of Sweden as a Great Power

    During the 17th century, despite having scarcely more than 1 million inhabitants, Sweden emerged to have greater foreign influence, after winning wars against Denmark?Norway, The Holy Roman Empire, Russia, and Poland....
    .
  • 1658: After his father Shah Jahan
    Shah Jahan

    Shihab-ud-din Muhammad Shah Jahan I , was the ruler of the Mughal Empire in the Indian subcontinent from 1628 until 1658. The name Shah Jahan comes from Persian meaning "King of the World." He was the fifth Mughal ruler after Babur, Humayun, Akbar, and Jahangir....
     completes the Taj Mahal
    Taj Mahal

    The Taj Mahal is a mausoleum located in Agra, India, built by Mughal Empire list of Mughal emperors Shah Jahan in memory of his favorite wife, Mumtaz Mahal....
    , his son Aurangzeb
    Aurangzeb

    Aurangzeb Aurangzeb ruled India for 48 years, bringing a larger area under Mughal rule than ever before . He is generally regarded as the last Great Mughal ruler....
     deposes him as ruler of the Mughal Empire
    Mughal Empire

    The Mughal Empire was a Muslim imperial power of the Indian subcontinent which began in 1526, ruled most of the Indian Subcontinent by the late 17th and early 18th centuries, and ended in the mid-19th century....
    .


1660s
1660s

Events and trends* Samuel Pepys began his famous diary in 1660, but he ended it, due to failing eyesight, in 1669.* The French East India Company was founded in 1664....
 

  • 1660: The Commonwealth of England
    Commonwealth of England

    The Commonwealth of England was the republic which ruled first Kingdom of England and Wales, and then Kingdom of Ireland and Kingdom of Scotland from 1649 to 1660....
     ends and the monarchy is brought back during the English Restoration
    English Restoration

    The English Restoration, or simply The Restoration began in 1660 when the English monarchy, Scottish monarchy and Irish monarchy were restored under Charles II of England after the Interregnum that followed the English Civil War....
    .
  • 1660: Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge founded.
  • 1661: Mehmed Köprülü dies and is succeeded by his son Ahmed.
  • 1661: The reign of the Kangxi Emperor
    Kangxi Emperor

    The Kangxi Emperor was the third Emperor of China of the Manchu-led Qing Dynasty and the second Qing emperor to rule over China proper, from 1661 to 1722....
     of China
    China

    China is a Culture of China, an ancient civilization, and, depending on perspective, a national or multinational entity extending over a large area in East Asia....
     begins.
  • 1662: Koxinga
    Koxinga

    Koxinga is the traditional Western spelling of the popular appellation of Zheng Chenggong , who was a List of famous military commanders at the end of the China Ming Dynasty....
     captures Taiwan
    Taiwan

    Taiwan is an island in East Asia. "Taiwan" is also commonly used to refer to the country governed by the Republic of China and to the ROC itself, which governs the island of Taiwan, Orchid Island and Green Island, Taiwan in the Pacific Ocean off the Taiwan coast, the Penghu islands in the Taiwan Strait, and Kinmen and the Matsu Islands...
     from the Dutch
    Netherlands

    The Netherlands is a country that is part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a parliamentary democratic constitutional monarchy. The Netherlands is located in North-West Europe, and bordered by the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east....
     and founds the Kingdom of Tungning
    Kingdom of Tungning

    The Kingdom of Tungning was a Han Chinese government which ruled Taiwan, between 1661 and 1683. It was a pro-Ming Dynasty kingdom, and was founded by Koxinga, after the destruction of Ming Dynasty power by the Manchu....
     which rules until 1683.
  • 1662: Jacques Aymar-Vernay
    Jacques Aymar-Vernay

    Jacques Aymar-Vernay was a stonemason from the village of Saint Marcellin in Dauphin?, France, who reintroduced dowsing with a divining rod into popular usage in Europe....
    , who later reintroduced Dowsing
    Dowsing

    Dowsing, sometimes called divining, doodlebugging , or water finding or water witching, is a practice that attempts to locate hidden water wells, buried metals or ores, gemstones, or other objects as well as currents of earth radiation without the use of scientific apparatus....
     into popular use in Europe
    Europe

    Europe is, conventionally, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally divided from Asia to its east by the water divide of the Ural Mountains, the Ural , the Caspian Sea, and by the Caucasus Mountains to the southeast....
    , is born.
  • 1663: Ottoman war against Habsburg Hungary.
  • 1663: France takes full political and military control over its colonial possessions in New France
    New France

    The Viceroyalty of New France was the area French colonization of the Americas by France in North America during a period extending from the exploration of the Saint Lawrence River, by Jacques Cartier in 1534, to the cession of New France to Spain and Kingdom of Great Britain in 1763....
    . Hooke's microscope discovers cells.
  • 1664: The Battle of St. Gotthard: count Raimondo Montecuccoli
    Raimondo Montecuccoli

    Raimondo, Count of Montec?ccoli or Montecucculi was an Italyn general who served as general for the Austrians, and was also prince of the Holy Roman Empire and Naples duke of Melfi....
     defeats the Ottomans. The Peace of Vasvar
    Peace of Vasvár

    The Peace of Vasv?r was a treaty between the Austrian Habsburg Monarchy and the Ottoman Empire which followed the Battle of Saint Gotthard of August 1, 1664....
     - intended to keep the peace for 20 years.
  • 1664: British troops capture New Amsterdam
    New Amsterdam

    New Amsterdam was a 17th-century Dutch colonization of the Americas settlement that later became New York City.The town developed outside of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island in the New Netherland Territory which was situated between 38 and 42 degrees latitude as a provincial extension of the Dutch Republic as of 1624....
     and rename it New York
    New York City

    The City of New York is the List of United States cities by population in the United States, while the New York metropolitan area ranks among the List of urban areas by population....
    .


  • 1664: John Evelyn's
    John Evelyn

    John Evelyn was an England writer, gardener and diarist.Evelyn's diary or Memoirs are largely contemporaneous with those of the other noted diarist of the time, Samuel Pepys, and cast considerable light on the art, culture and politics of the time ....
     forestry book, Sylva, is published in England.


  • 1665: The Great Plague of London
    Great Plague of London

    The Great Plague was a massive outbreak of disease in England that killed an estimated 100,000 people, a third of London's population. The disease was historically identified as bubonic plague, an infection by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, transmitted through a flea vector ....
    .
  • 1665: Portugal
    Portuguese Empire

    The Portuguese Empire was the first global empire in history and also the earliest and longest lived of the modern European Colonialism empires, spanning almost six centuries, from the capture of Ceuta in 1415 to the handover of Macau in 1999....
     defeats the Kongo Empire.
  • 1666: The Great Fire of London
    Great Fire of London

    The Great Fire of London was a major conflagration that swept through the central parts of London, England, from Sunday, 2 September to Wednesday, 5 September 1666....
    .
  • 1667-1668: The War of Devolution
    War of Devolution

    The War of Devolution saw Louis XIV of France's France armies overrun the Habsburgcontrolled Southern Netherlands and the Franche-Comt?, but forced to give most of it back by a Triple Alliance of England, Sweden, and the Dutch Republic in the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ....
    ; France
    France

    France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France....
     invades the Netherlands
    Netherlands

    The Netherlands is a country that is part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a parliamentary democratic constitutional monarchy. The Netherlands is located in North-West Europe, and bordered by the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east....
    . The Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668) brings this to a halt.
  • 1667-1699: The Great Turkish War
    Great Turkish War

    The Great Turkish War refers to a series of conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and contemporary European powers, then joined into a Holy League, during the second half of the 17th century....
     halts the Ottoman Empire
    Ottoman Empire

    The Ottoman Empire , also known by its contemporaries as the Turkish Empire or Turkey , was an empire that lasted from 1299?1923. It was Treaty of Lausanne by the Republic of Turkey, which was officially proclaimed on October 29, 1923....
    's expansion into Europe.
  • 1668: Peace Treaty of Lisbon between Spain and Portugal recognizes Portugal as independent country.
  • 1669: The Ottomans capture Crete
    Crete

    Crete is the largest of the Greek islands and the List of islands in the Mediterranean largest island in the Mediterranean Sea at 8,336 km? ....
    .


1670s
1670s

Events and trends* Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz independently discovered calculus....
 

  • 1670: The Hudson's Bay Company
    Hudson's Bay Company

    The Hudson's Bay Company , abbreviated HBC, is the oldest commercial corporation in North America and is one of the oldest in the world. The company was incorporated by British royal charter in 1670 as The Governor and Company of Adventurers of England trading into Hudson's Bay; it is now domiciled in Canada and has adopted the mo...
     is founded in Canada
    Canada

    Canada is a country occupying most of northern North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean....
    .
  • 1672-1673: Ottoman campaign to help the Ukrainian
    Ukraine

    Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by Russia to the east; Belarus to the north; Poland, Slovakia, and Hungary to the west; Romania and Moldova to the southwest; and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south....
     Cossacks. John Sobieski defeats the Ottomans at the second battle of Khotyn
    Battle of Khotyn

    Battle of Khotyn can refer to several battles that took place near Khotyn:* Battle of Khotyn * Battle of Khotyn ...
     (1673).
  • 1672-1676: Polish-Ottoman War.
  • 1672: Rampjaar
    Rampjaar

    The rampjaar was the year 1672 in History of the Netherlands. In that year,the Dutch Republic was attacked by England, France, and the prince-electors Bernhard von Galen, Bishopric of M?nster and Maximilian Henry of Bavaria, the Bishopric of Cologne....
     in the Netherlands - Combined attack by France
    France

    France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France....
    , England
    England

    native_name =|conventional_long_name = England|common_name = England|image_flag = Flag of England.svg|image_coat = England COA.svg|symbol_type = Royal Coat of Arms...
     and two German
    Germany

    Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands....
     states on the Republic of the United Provinces.
  • 1672: Lynching of Johan de Witt
    Johan de Witt

    Johan de Witt, Lord of the manor Linschoten, Snelrewaard, Hekendorp and IJsselveere was a key figure in Netherlands politics at a time when the Republic of the Dutch Republic was one of the Great Powers in Europe, dominating trade routes and thus one of the wealthiest and mightiest nations in the world....
     and his brother Cornelis de Witt
    Cornelis de Witt

    Cornelis de Witt was a Dutch Republic politician....
     in the Hague
    The Hague

    The Hague is the third largest city in the Netherlands after Amsterdam and Rotterdam, with a population of 475,904 and an area of approximately 100 km?....
     - William III of Orange takes power.
  • 1672-1678: Franco-Dutch War
    Franco-Dutch War

    The Franco-Dutch War, often called simply the Dutch War was a war fought by the France, the Swedish Empire, the Bishopric of M?nster, the Archbishopric of Cologne and the Kingdom of England against the Dutch Republic, which was later joined by Holy Roman Emperor, Brandenburg and Spain to form a Quadruple Alliance....
    .
  • 1674: The Treaty of Westminster
    Treaty of Westminster

    Treaty of Westminster is the title of several treaties, including:*Treaty of Westminster , also known as the Treaty of Wallingford*Treaty of Westminster , also known as the Treaty of Westminster-Ardtornish...
     ends the war between England
    England

    native_name =|conventional_long_name = England|common_name = England|image_flag = Flag of England.svg|image_coat = England COA.svg|symbol_type = Royal Coat of Arms...
     and the Republic of the United Provinces.
  • 1674: Maratha Empire
    Maratha Empire

    The Maratha Empire or the Maratha Confederacy was a Hindu state located in present-day India. It existed from 1674 to 1818. At its peak, the empire's territories covered much of South Asia....
     founded in India
    India

    India, officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and outlying territories by total area country by geographical area, the List of countries by population country, and the most populous liberal democracy in the world....
     by Shivaji
    Shivaji

    Shivaji Bhosle , commonly known as Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj laid the foundations of the Maratha Empire. Shivaji was younger of the two sons of Shahaji and Jijabai....
    .
  • 1676: The Treaty of Zurawno brings Polish-Ottoman hostilities to a halt.
  • 1676: Kara Mustafa
    Kara Mustafa

    Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasa was an Ottoman Empire military leader and grand vizier who was a central character in the empire's last attempts at expansion into both Central Europe and Eastern Europe....
     becomes Grand Vizier
    Grand Vizier

    Grand Vizier, in Turkish language Sadr-i Azam or Serdar-i Ekrem , deriving from the Arabic language word wazir 'vizier' , was the greatest minister of the Sultan, with absolute power of attorney and, in principle, dismissable only by the Sultan himself....
    .
  • 1676-1681: Russia and the Ottoman Empire
    Ottoman Empire

    The Ottoman Empire , also known by its contemporaries as the Turkish Empire or Turkey , was an empire that lasted from 1299?1923. It was Treaty of Lausanne by the Republic of Turkey, which was officially proclaimed on October 29, 1923....
     commence the Russo-Turkish Wars.
  • 1678: The Treaty of Nijmegen ends the hostilities with France
    France

    France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France....
    .


1680s
1680s

Events and trends* The Treaty of Ratisbon between France and England in 1684 ended the Age of Buccaneers.* 1685: The China army attacked a Russian post at Albazin....
 

  • 1680: The Pueblo Revolt
    Pueblo Revolt

    The Pueblo Revolt of 1680 or Pop?'s Rebellion was an uprising of many pueblos of the Pueblo people against Spanish colonization of the Americas in the New Spain province of New Mexico....
     drives the Spanish out of New Mexico
    New Mexico

    New Mexico is a U. S. State located in the Southwestern United States of the United States. Inhabited by Native Americans in the United States populations for many centuries, it has also has been part of the Spanish Empire viceroyalty of New Spain, part of Mexico, and a U.S....
     until 1692.
  • 1681: The Pasha of Buda
    Buda

    Buda is the western part of the Hungary capital Budapest on the west bank of the Danube. The name Buda takes its name from the name of Bleda the Hun ruler, whose name is also Buda in Hungarian....
     supports Imre Thököly
    Imre Thököly

    Count Imrich T?k?ly de Kesmarkium was a Hungarian statesman, leader of an anti-Habsburg uprising, List of Transylvanian rulers of Transylvania....
    's rebellion in Hungary
    Hungary

    Hungary , officially in English the Republic of Hungary , is a landlocked country in the Carpathian Basin of Central Europe, bordered by Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, and Slovenia....
    .
  • 1682: Sultan Mehmed IV
    Mehmed IV

    Mehmed IV was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1648 to 1687. Taking the throne at age seven, his reign was significant as he changed the nature of the Sultan's position forever by giving up most of his executive power to his Grand Vizier....
    , advised by Kara Mustafa
    Kara Mustafa

    Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasa was an Ottoman Empire military leader and grand vizier who was a central character in the empire's last attempts at expansion into both Central Europe and Eastern Europe....
    , decides to disregard the existing peace treaty with Leopold I
    Leopold I

    Leopold I may refer to:*Leopold I, Margrave of Austria , first Margrave of Austria*Leopold I, Duke of Austria , co-Duke of Austria and Styria with Frederick I...
    , due to expire in 1684.
  • 1682-1683: The Ottomans make camp at Adrianople.
  • 1682: Peter the Great
    Peter I of Russia

    Peter I the Great or Pyotr Alexeyevich Romanov ruled Russia and later the Russian Empire from until his death, jointly ruling before 1696 with his weak and sickly half-brother, Ivan V of Russia....
     becomes joint ruler of Russia
    Russia

    Russia , or the Russian Federation , is a list of countries spanning more than one continent country extending over much of northern Eurasia....
     (sole tsar
    Tsar

    Tsar or czar , occasionally spelled csar or tzar in English language, is a slavs term designating certain monarchs.Originally, the title Czar meant Emperor in the European medieval sense of the term, that is, a ruler who has the same rank as a Ancient Rome or Byzantine emperor due to recognition by another emperor or...
     in 1696).
  • 1682: La Salle explores the length of the Mississippi River
    Mississippi River

    The Mississippi River is the longest river in the United States, with a length of from its source in Lake Itasca in Minnesota to its mouth in the Gulf of Mexico....
     and claims Louisiana
    Louisiana

    The State of Louisiana is a U.S. state located in the U.S. Southern States of the United States of America. Its capital is Baton Rouge and largest city is New Orleans....
     for France.
  • 1683: China
    China

    China is a Culture of China, an ancient civilization, and, depending on perspective, a national or multinational entity extending over a large area in East Asia....
     conquers the Kingdom of Tungning
    Kingdom of Tungning

    The Kingdom of Tungning was a Han Chinese government which ruled Taiwan, between 1661 and 1683. It was a pro-Ming Dynasty kingdom, and was founded by Koxinga, after the destruction of Ming Dynasty power by the Manchu....
     and annexes Taiwan
    Taiwan

    Taiwan is an island in East Asia. "Taiwan" is also commonly used to refer to the country governed by the Republic of China and to the ROC itself, which governs the island of Taiwan, Orchid Island and Green Island, Taiwan in the Pacific Ocean off the Taiwan coast, the Penghu islands in the Taiwan Strait, and Kinmen and the Matsu Islands...
    .
Taniec Tatarski
* 1683: A Habsburg
Habsburg

The House of Habsburg was an important royal house of Europe and is best known as supplying all of the formally elected Holy Roman Emperors between 1452 and 1740, as well as rulers of Spanish Empire and the Austrian Empire....
 council of war is held in Vienna
Vienna

Vienna is the Capital of Republic of Austria and also one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's primary city, with a population of about 1.7 million...
.
  • 1683: The Battle of Vienna
    Battle of Vienna

    The Battle of Vienna , Ukrainian language: ????????? ?????? took place on 12 September 1683 after Vienna had been besieged by the Ottoman Empire for two months....
     finishes the Ottoman Empire
    Ottoman Empire

    The Ottoman Empire , also known by its contemporaries as the Turkish Empire or Turkey , was an empire that lasted from 1299?1923. It was Treaty of Lausanne by the Republic of Turkey, which was officially proclaimed on October 29, 1923....
    's hegemony in south-eastern Europe.
  • 1685: Edict of Fontainebleau
    Edict of Fontainebleau

    The Edict of Fontainebleau was an edict issued by Louis XIV of France of France, also known as the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes of 1598, which had granted to the Huguenots the right to worship their religion without persecution from the state....
     outlaws Protestantism
    Protestantism

    Protestantism is a movement within Christianity that originated in the sixteenth-century Protestant Reformation. It is considered to be one of the three principal traditions of Christianity, together with Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy....
     in France. King Charles II dies
  • 1687: Isaac Newton
    Isaac Newton

    Sir Isaac Newton, Fellow of the Royal Society was an English people physicist, mathematician, Astronomy, Natural philosophy, Alchemy, and Theology and one of the the 100 in human history....
     publishes Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica
    Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica

    The Philosophi? Naturalis Principia Mathematica is a three-volume work by Isaac Newton published on 5 July 1687. It contains the statement of Newton's laws of motion forming the foundation of classical mechanics, as well as his Newton's law of universal gravitation and a derivation of Kepler's laws of planetary motion for the motion of...
    .
  • 1688-1689: The Glorious Revolution
    Glorious Revolution

    The Glorious Revolution, also called the Revolution of 1688, was the overthrow of British monarchy James II of England in 1688 by a union of Parliament of England with an invading army led by the Dutch Republic stadtholder William III of England , who as a result ascended the English throne as William III of England....
     starts with the Dutch Republic
    Dutch Republic

    The Republic of the Seven United Netherlands was a European republic between 1581 and 1795, in about the same location as the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands, which is the successor state....
     invading England, England becomes a constitutional monarchy
    Constitutional monarchy

    A constitutional monarchy is a form of constitutional government, where in either an elected or hereditary monarch is the head of state, unlike in an absolute monarchy, wherein the king or the queen is the sole source of political power, as he or she is not legally bound by the constitution....
    .
  • 1688-1697: The Grand Alliance
    Grand Alliance

    The Grand Alliance was a European coalition, consisting of Austria, Bavaria, Brandenburg, England, the Holy Roman Empire, the Electoral Palatinate of the Rhine, Portugal, Savoy, Saxony, Spain, Sweden, and the Dutch Republic....
     sought to stop French expansion during the Nine Years War.
  • 1689: The Treaty of Nerchinsk
    Treaty of Nerchinsk

    The Treaty of Nerchinsk was the first treaty between Russia and the Qing Empire. It was signed in Nerchinsk on August 27, 1689 as a result of the Russian-Manchu border conflicts over the region of Priamurye....
     established a border between Russia
    Russia

    Russia , or the Russian Federation , is a list of countries spanning more than one continent country extending over much of northern Eurasia....
     and China
    China

    China is a Culture of China, an ancient civilization, and, depending on perspective, a national or multinational entity extending over a large area in East Asia....
    .
  • 1689: The Battle of Killiecrankie
    Battle of Killiecrankie

    The Battle of Killiecrankie was fought between Highland Scottish clans supporting King James VII of Scotland and government troops supporting King William III of England on July 27, 1689, during the Glorious Revolution....
     is fought between Jacobite
    Jacobitism

    Jacobitism was the political movement dedicated to the restoration of the House of Stuart kings to the thrones of Kingdom of England, Kingdom of Scotland, and Kingdom of Ireland....
     and Williamite
    Williamite

    Williamite refers to the followers of King William III of England who deposed King James II of England in the Glorious Revolution. William, the Stadtholder of the Dutch Republic, replaced James with the support of English British Whig Party, to ensure England's entry into his League of Augsburg against France in the Nine Years War....
     forces in Highland Perthshire
    Perthshire

    Perthshire , officially the County of Perth, is a registration county in central Scotland. It extends from Strathmore, Angus and Perth & Kinross in the east, to the Pass of Drumochter in the north, Rannoch Moor and Ben Lui in the west, and Aberfoyle, Scotland in the south....


1690s
1690s

Events and Trends* Thomas Neale designed the roundabout of Seven Dials.* 1692: The Salem Witchcraft Trials were held in Massachusetts Bay Colony....
 

  • 1692: Salem witch trials
    Salem witch trials

    The Salem witch trials were a series of hearings before local magistrates followed by county court trials to prosecute people accused of witchcraft in Essex County, Massachusetts, Suffolk County, Massachusetts, and Middlesex County, Massachusetts Counties of colonial Massachusetts, between February 1692 and May 1693....
     in Massachusetts
    Massachusetts Bay Colony

    The Massachusetts Bay Colony was an English settlement on the east coast of North America in the 17th century, in New England, centered around the present-day cities of Salem, Massachusetts and Boston, Massachusetts....
    .
  • 1693-1694: Famine
    Famine

    A famine is a widespread shortage of food that may apply to any faunal species, which phenomenon is usually accompanied by regional malnutrition, starvation, epidemic, and increased death....
     in France
    France

    France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France....
     kills 2 million.
  • 1696-1697: Famine
    List of famines

    This is an incomplete list of known major famines, ordered by date....
     in Finland
    Finland

    Finland , officially the Republic of Finland , is a Nordic countries situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. It borders Sweden on the west, Russia on the east, and Norway on the north, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland....
     wipes out almost a third of the population.


Significant people

Galileo
Godfreykneller Isaacnewton 1689
* Anne of Austria
Anne of Austria

Anne of Austria was Queen consort of France and Navarre and regent for her son, Louis XIV of France. During her regency Jules Cardinal Mazarin served as France's Religious minister....
, Queen consort and regent of France (1601 - 1666)
  • Gustavus Adolphus
    Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden

    Gustav II Adolf, In the era, which was characterized by nearly endless warfare, he led his armies as Monarch of Sweden—from 1611, as a seventeen year old, until his death in battle while leading a charge during 1632 in the bloody Thirty Years' war—as Sweden rose from the status as a mere regional power and run-of-the-mill king...
    , King of Sweden
    Monarch of Sweden

    The monarch is the head of state of the Sweden. Sweden, being a constitutional monarchy with a representative democracy based on a parliamentary democracy has a largely ceremonial monarch, though officially he or she holds the highest public office in Sweden and the highest military rank....
     (1594-1632)
  • Françoise-Athénaïs, marquise de Montespan
    Françoise-Athénaïs, marquise de Montespan

    Fran?oise-Ath?na?s de Rochechouart de Mortemart, Marquess of Montespan , better known as Madame de Montespan, was one of the most celebrated Mistress of Louis XIV of France...
    , lover of Louis XIV (1641 - 1707)
  • Françoise d'Aubigné, Marquise de Maintenon
    Françoise d'Aubigné, marquise de Maintenon

    Fran?oise d'Aubign? Scarron, Marquise de Maintenon was the morganatic second wife of King Louis XIV of France. She was initially known as Madame Scarron, and later as Madame de Maintenon....
    , second wife of Louis XIV (1635 - 1719)
  • Guru Teg Bahadur
    Guru Teg Bahadur

    Guru Tegh Bahadur became the 9th Guru of Sikhism on 20 March 1665, following in the footsteps of his grand-nephew, Guru Har Krishan. Guru Tegh Bahadur was executed on the orders of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb in Delhi....
    , 9th Sikh Guru (1621 - 1675)
  • Gabriel Bethlen
    Gabriel Bethlen

    Gabriel Bethlen was a prince of Transylvania , duke of Opole and leader of an anti-Habsburg insurrection in the Habsburg Royal Hungary. His last armed intervention in 1626 was part of the Thirty Years' War....
    , Hungarian prince of Transylvania (1580-1629)
  • Shivaji Bhonsle
    Shivaji

    Shivaji Bhosle , commonly known as Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj laid the foundations of the Maratha Empire. Shivaji was younger of the two sons of Shahaji and Jijabai....
    , Hindu king, 1st Maratha ruler, established Hindavi Swaraj (1630-1680)
  • Queen Christina of Sweden
    Christina of Sweden

    Christina , later known as Christina Alexandra and sometimes Countess Dohna, was Monarch of Sweden of Sweden from 1632 to 1654. She was the only surviving legitimate child of King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden and his wife Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg....
    , high profile Catholic convert, matron of arts (1626 - 1689)
  • Charles I of England
    Charles I of England

    Charles I was List of English monarchs, List of monarchs of Scotland and King of Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his capital punishment on 30 January 1649....
     (1600 - 1649)
  • Charles II of England
    Charles II of England

    Charles II was the Monarchy of Kingdom of England, Kingdom of Scotland, and Kingdom of Ireland.His father Charles I of England Regicide#The regicide of Charles I of England at Palace of Whitehall on 30 January 1649, at the climax of the English Civil War....
     (1630 - 1685)
  • Oliver Cromwell
    Oliver Cromwell

    Oliver Cromwell was an English people Military history of the United Kingdom and Politics of England leader best known for his involvement in making England into a republican Commonwealth and for his later role as Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland....
    , Lord Protector
    Lord Protector

    Lord Protector is a particular British title for Heads of State, with two meanings at different periods of history.Feudal royal regent ...
     of England
    England

    native_name =|conventional_long_name = England|common_name = England|image_flag = Flag of England.svg|image_coat = England COA.svg|symbol_type = Royal Coat of Arms...
    , Scotland
    Scotland

    conventional_long_name = ScotlandAlba|common_name= Scotland|image_flag = Flag of Scotland.svg|flag_width = 130px...
     and Ireland
    Ireland

    Ireland is the List of islands by area in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world. It lies to the north-west of continental Europe and is surrounded by hundreds of islands and islet....
     (1599 - 1658)
  • Richard Cromwell
    Richard Cromwell

    Richard Cromwell was the third son of Oliver Cromwell, and was the second Lord Protector#Cromwellian_republican_Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland, for just under nine months, from 3 September 1658 until 25 May 1659....
    , Lord Protector
    Lord Protector

    Lord Protector is a particular British title for Heads of State, with two meanings at different periods of history.Feudal royal regent ...
     of England
    England

    native_name =|conventional_long_name = England|common_name = England|image_flag = Flag of England.svg|image_coat = England COA.svg|symbol_type = Royal Coat of Arms...
    , Scotland
    Scotland

    conventional_long_name = ScotlandAlba|common_name= Scotland|image_flag = Flag of Scotland.svg|flag_width = 130px...
     and Ireland
    Ireland

    Ireland is the List of islands by area in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world. It lies to the north-west of continental Europe and is surrounded by hundreds of islands and islet....
     (1626 - 1712)
  • Elizabeth I of England
    Elizabeth I of England

    Elizabeth I was List of English monarchs and Queen of Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death. Sometimes called The Virgin Queen, Gloriana, or Good Queen Bess, Elizabeth was the fifth and last monarch of the House of Tudor....
     (1533 - 1603)
  • Tokugawa Ieyasu
    Tokugawa Ieyasu

    Japanese name|Tokugawa}} was the founder and first shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan which ruled from the Battle of Sekigahara  in 1600 until the Meiji Restoration in 1868....
    , The founder and first shogun
    Shogun

    is a military rank and historical title for Hereditary Commanders in Chief of the Armed Forces of Japan. The Japanese word for "general", it is made up of two kanji characters: sho, meaning "commander", "general", or "admiral", and gun meaning military troops or warriors....
     of the Tokugawa shogunate
    Tokugawa shogunate

    The Tokugawa shogunate, also known as the , and the , was a feudalism regime of Japan established by Tokugawa Ieyasu and ruled by the shoguns of the Tokugawa family....
     of Japan
    Japan

    Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, People's Republic of China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south....
    , (1543 - 1616)
  • James I of England
    James I of England

    James VI and I was List of monarchs of Scotland as James VI, and List of English monarchs and King of Ireland as James I. He ruled in Kingdom of Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567, when he was only one year old, succeeding his mother Mary I of Scotland....
     (1566 - 1625)
  • James II of England
    James II of England

    James II and VII was List of English monarchs, List of Scottish monarchs, and King of Ireland from 6 February 1685. He was the last Roman Catholic Church monarch to reign over the Kingdoms of Kingdom of England, Kingdom of Scotland, and Kingdom of Ireland....
     (1633 - 1701)
  • Leopold I
    Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor

    Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor Habsburg , Holy Roman emperor, King of Hungary, King of Bohemia, was the second son of the emperor Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor and his first wife Maria Anna of Spain....
    , Holy Roman Emperor
    Holy Roman Emperor

    Image:HRR 14Jh.jpgThe Roman of the Emperor's title was a reflection of the translatio imperii principle that regarded the Holy Roman Emperors as the inheritors of the title of Emperor of the Western Roman Empire, a title left unclaimed in the West after the death of Julius Nepos in 480....
     (1640 - 1705)
  • Louis XIV
    Louis XIV of France

    Louis XIV ruled as List of French monarchs and of King of Navarre. He ascended the throne a few months before his fifth birthday, but did not assume actual personal control of the government until the death of his prime minister , the Italians Jules Cardinal Mazarin, in 1661....
    , King of France (1638 - 1715)
  • Mary II of England
    Mary II of England

    Mary II reigned as List of English monarchs, List of Scottish monarchs, and King of Ireland from 1689 until her death. Mary, a Protestantism, came to the thrones following the Glorious Revolution, which resulted in the deposition of her Roman Catholic father, James II of England....
     (1662 - 1694)
  • Cardinal Mazarin, French cardinal and politician of Italian origin (1602 - 1661)
  • André Le Nôtre
    André Le Nôtre

    Andr? Le N?tre was a landscape architect and the gardener of King Louis XIV of France from 1645 to 1700. Most notably, he was responsible for the construction of the park of the Palace of Versailles....
    , French landscape architect (1613 - 1700)
  • Peter the Great
    Peter I of Russia

    Peter I the Great or Pyotr Alexeyevich Romanov ruled Russia and later the Russian Empire from until his death, jointly ruling before 1696 with his weak and sickly half-brother, Ivan V of Russia....
    , Russian tsar (1672 - 1725)
  • Philip IV of Spain
    Philip IV of Spain

    Philip IV , was List of Spanish monarchs between 1621 and 1665, Sovereignty of the Spanish Netherlands, and List of Portuguese monarchs until 1640....
    , Spanish king (1605 - 1665)
  • Popé
    Pope

    The Pope is the Bishop of Rome, the leader of the Roman Catholic Church and head of state of Vatican City. The current pope is Pope Benedict XVI, who was elected April 19, 2005 in Papal conclave, 2005....
    , Tewa religious leader, led the Pueblo Revolt
    Pueblo Revolt

    The Pueblo Revolt of 1680 or Pop?'s Rebellion was an uprising of many pueblos of the Pueblo people against Spanish colonization of the Americas in the New Spain province of New Mexico....
     (ca. 1630 - ca. 1688)
  • Samarth Ramdas
    Samarth Ramdas

    Ramdas was a prominent Marathi saint and religious poet in the Hindu tradition in Maharashtra , India. Samarth Ramdas was a great devotee of Hindu Gods Hanuman and Rama ....
    , Hindu saint (1608 - 1681)
  • Cardinal Richelieu, French cardinal, duke, and politician (1585 - 1642)
  • Michiel de Ruyter
    Michiel de Ruyter

    Michiel Adriaenszoon de Ruyter is one of the most famous admirals in History of the Netherlands. De Ruyter is most famous for his role in the Anglo-Dutch Wars of the 17th century....
    , Dutch admiral (1607 - 1676)
  • Jan III Sobieski, King of Poland (1629 - 1696)
  • Tessouat
    Tessouat

    Tessouat was an Algonquin chief from the Kitchesipirini nation . His nation lived in an area extending from Lac des Deux-Montagnes to Pembroke, Ontario....
    , Chief of the Algonquin
    Algonquin

    The Algonquins are an aboriginal peoples in Canada/Indigenous people of North American speaking Algonquin language. Culturally and linguistically, they are closely related to the Ottawa and Ojibwe, with whom they form the larger Anishinaabe grouping....
  • Imre Thököly
    Imre Thököly

    Count Imrich T?k?ly de Kesmarkium was a Hungarian statesman, leader of an anti-Habsburg uprising, List of Transylvanian rulers of Transylvania....
    , prince of Transylvania, leader of the anti-Habsburg uprising in Hungary
    Hungary

    Hungary , officially in English the Republic of Hungary , is a landlocked country in the Carpathian Basin of Central Europe, bordered by Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, and Slovenia....
     (1657 - 1705)
  • Sant Tukaram, Hindu saint (1600 - 1650)
  • Albrecht von Wallenstein
    Albrecht von Wallenstein

    ,a Bohemian soldier and politician, gave his services during the Danish period of the Thirty Years' War to the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor....
    , Catholic German general in the Thirty Years' War
    Thirty Years' War

    The Thirty Years' War was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history. The war was fought primarily in Germany and at various points involved most of the countries of Europe....
     (1583 - 1634)
  • William III of England
    William III of England

    William III was a Prince of Orange by birth. From 1672 onwards, he governed as List_of_stadtholders_for_the_Low_Countries_provinces William III of Orange over Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Guelders, and Overijssel of the Dutch Republic....
     (1650 - 1702), Stadtholder
    Stadtholder

    A Stadtholder in the Low Countries was a medieval function which during the 18th century developed into a rare type of de facto hereditary head of state of the thus "crowned" Dutch Republic....
     of the main provinces of the Republic of the United Provinces and King of England
  • Johan de Witt
    Johan de Witt

    Johan de Witt, Lord of the manor Linschoten, Snelrewaard, Hekendorp and IJsselveere was a key figure in Netherlands politics at a time when the Republic of the Dutch Republic was one of the Great Powers in Europe, dominating trade routes and thus one of the wealthiest and mightiest nations in the world....
    , Grand Pensionary
    Grand Pensionary

    The Grand Pensionary was the most important Dutch official during the time of the Dutch Republic. In theory he was only a civil servant of the Estates of the dominant province among the Seven United Provinces: the county of Holland....
     of the Republic of the United Provinces - 1625 - 1672

Musicians and Composers

  • Johann Christoph Bach
    Johann Christoph Bach

    Johann Christoph Bach was a German composer of the Baroque period. He was born at Arnstadt, the son of Heinrich Bach, Johann Sebastian Bach's great uncle, hence he was Johann Sebastian's first cousin once removed....
    , Composer and great-uncle of the genius, (1642–1703)
  • Johann Sebastian Bach
    Johann Sebastian Bach

    Johann Sebastian Bach was a German composer and organ whose sacred and secular works for choir, orchestra, and solo instruments drew together the strands of the Baroque music period and brought it to its ultimate maturity....
    , German composer of genius(1685-1750)
  • Georg Friedrich Handel, German Composer (1685-1759)
  • Jean-Baptiste Lully
    Jean-Baptiste Lully

    Jean-Baptiste de Lully , was French composer of Italian birth, who spent most of his life working in the court of Louis XIV of France. He became a French citizenship in 1661....
    , Italian-born French composer (1632 - 1687)
  • Claudio Monteverdi
    Claudio Monteverdi

    Claudio Giovanni Antonio Monteverdi , was an Italian composer, viol, and singer.Monteverdi's work, often regarded as revolutionary, marked the transition from the music of the Renaissance music to that of the Baroque music....
    , Italian composer of Renaissance and Baroque music, and possibly the first opera ever (1567 - 1643)
  • Johann Pachelbel
    Johann Pachelbel

    Johann Pachelbel was a German Baroque music composer, organist and teacher, who brought the German organ schools to its peak. He composed a large body of sacred and secular music, and his contributions to the development of the chorale prelude and fugue have earned him a place among the most important composers of the middle Baroque era....
     (1653–1706), German composer
  • Henry Purcell
    Henry Purcell

    Henry Purcell...
    , English composer (1659 - 1695)
  • Monsieur de Sainte-Colombe
    Monsieur de Sainte-Colombe

    Monsieur de Sainte-Colombe was a France composer and viol.It is speculated by various scholars that Monsieur de Sainte-Colombe was of Lyonnaise or Burgundian petty nobility; and also the selfsame 'Jean de Sainte-Colombe' noted as the father of 'Monsieur de Saint Colombe le fils....
    , French composer and the subject of a 1991 film Tous les matins du monde
    Tous les matins du monde

    All the World's Mornings may refer to:*Tous les matins du monde, a French novel*Tous les matins du monde , based on the novel of the same name...
     (c. 1640 - 1700)
  • Antonio Vivaldi
    Antonio Vivaldi

    Antonio Lucio Vivaldi , nicknamed il Prete Rosso , was a Baroque music composer and Venice priest, as well as a famous virtuoso violinist, born and raised in the Republic of Venice....
     Italian composer (four seasons concerti) (1678-1741)


Visual artists

  • Gian Lorenzo Bernini
    Gian Lorenzo Bernini

    Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini was a pre-eminent Baroque sculpture and architect of 17th Century Rome....
    , Italian sculptor, architect (1598 - 1680)
  • Francesco Borromini
    Francesco Borromini

    Francesco Borromini, byname of Francesco Castelli was a prominent and influential Italy Swiss born Baroque architect in Rome....
    , Italian sculptor, architect (1599-1667)
  • Frans Hals
    Frans Hals

    Frans Hals was a Dutch Golden Age painter especially famous for Portrait painting. He is notable for his loose painterly brushwork, and helped introduce this lively style of painting into Dutch art....
     (1580-1666)
  • Bartolomé Esteban Murillo
    Bartolomé Estéban Murillo

    Bartolom? Esteban Murillo was a Spain List of painters, one of the most important figures in Baroque painting in Spain. Although he is best known for his religious works, Murillo also produced a considerable number of paintings of contemporary women and children....
    , Spanish painter (1617 - 1682)
  • José de Ribera, Lo Spagnoletto (1591 - 1652)
  • Rembrandt van Rijn, Dutch painter (1606 - 1669)
  • Peter Paul Rubens
    Peter Paul Rubens

    Peter Paul Rubens was a prolific seventeenth-century Flemish Baroque painter, and a proponent of an exuberant Baroque style that emphasized movement, color, and sensuality....
    , Flemish painter, 1577 – 1640
  • Jan Steen
    Jan Steen

    Jan Havickszoon Steen was a The Netherlands Genre works Painting of the 17th century . Psychological insight, sense of humour and abundance of colour are marks of his trade....
     (1626-1679)
  • Ruisdael
    Jacob Isaakszoon van Ruysdael

    Jacob Isaackszoon van Ruisdael was a the Netherlands landscape art painter....
     (1628-1682)
  • Jiang Tingxi
    Jiang Tingxi

    Jiang Tingxi , courtesy name Yangsun , was a Chinese painter, and an Editing of the encyclopedia Gujin Tushu Jicheng .Jiang was born in Changshu....
    , Chinese painter, calligrapher, encyclopedist, foreign delegate to Japan (1669 - 1732)
  • Diego Rodríguez de Silva y Velázquez, Spanish painter (1599-1660)
  • Johannes Vermeer
    Johannes Vermeer

    Johannes or Jan Vermeer was a Dutch people Baroque painting painter who specialized in exquisite, domestic interior scenes of ordinary life....
    , Dutch Painter (1632 - 1675)
  • Francisco Zurbarán
    Francisco Zurbarán

    Francisco de Zurbar?n was a Spain Painting. He is known primarily for his religious paintings depicting monks, nuns, and martyrs, and for his still-lifes....
    , Spanish Painter (1598 - 1664)


Literature

  • Pedro Calderón de la Barca
    Pedro Calderón de la Barca

    Pedro Calder?n de la Barca y Henao , was a dramatist of the Spain Spanish Golden Age....
    , Spanish dramatist (1600 - 1681)
  • Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, Spanish author (1574 - 1616)
  • Pierre Corneille
    Pierre Corneille

    File:Pierre Corneille 3.jpgPierre Corneille was a French tragedy who was one of the three great seventeenth Century French dramatists, along with Moli?re and Jean Racine....
    , French dramatist (1606 - 1684)
  • Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux
    Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux

    Nicolas Boileau-Despr?aux was a French poet and critic....
    , French poet and critic (1636 - 1711)
  • Daniel Defoe
    Daniel Defoe

    Daniel Defoe , born Daniel Foe, was an United Kingdom writer, journalist, and pamphleteer, who gained enduring fame for his novel Robinson Crusoe....
    , English writer, novelist (1659 or 1661 - 1731)
  • John Donne
    John Donne

    John Donne was an England Literature in English#Jacobean literature poet, preacher and a major representative of the metaphysical poets of the period....
    , English metaphysical poet (1572 - 1631)
  • John Dryden
    John Dryden

    John Dryden was an influential English poet, literary critic, translator, and playwright who dominated the literary life of English Restoration to such a point that the period came to be known in literary circles as the Age of Dryden....
    , English poet, literary critic, translator, and playwright (1631 - 1700)
  • Jean de La Fontaine
    Jean de La Fontaine

    Jean de La Fontaine was the most famous France Fable and one of the most widely read French poets of the 17th century.According to Flaubert, he was the only French poet to understand and master the texture of the French language before Victor Hugo....
    , French poet (1621 - 1695)
  • Andreas Gryphius
    Andreas Gryphius

    Andreas Gryphius was a Germany lyric poet and dramatist.Gryphius was born as Andreas Greif in Glog?w in Silesia, where his father was a clergyman....
    , German poet and dramatist (1616 - 1664)
  • Ben Jonson
    Ben Jonson

    Benjamin Jonson was an England English Renaissance dramatist, poet and actor. A contemporary of William Shakespeare, he is best known for his satire plays, particularly Volpone, The Alchemist , and Bartholomew Fair, which are considered his best, and his Lyric poetry poems....
    , English dramatist c.1572 - 1637)
  • John Milton
    John Milton

    John Milton II was an English poet, author, polemicist and civil servant for the Commonwealth of England. He is best known for his Epic poetry Paradise Lost and for his treatise condemning censorship, Areopagitica....
    , English author and poet (1608 - 1674)
  • Molière
    Molière

    Jean-Baptiste Poquelin, also known by his stage name Moli?re, was a French playwright and actor who is considered one of the greatest masters of comedy in Western literature....
    , French dramatist, actor, director (1622 - 1673)
  • Miyamoto Musashi
    Miyamoto Musashi

    , also known as Shinmen Takezo, Miyamoto Bennosuke, or by his Buddhist name Niten Doraku, was a Japanese people swordsman famed for his duels and distinctive style....
    , famous Samurai
    Samurai

    is the term for the military nobility of Pre-industrial society Japan. According to translator William Scott Wilson: "In Chinese, the character ? was originally a verb meaning to wait upon or accompany a person in the upper ranks of society, and this is also true of the original term in Japanese, saburau....
     warrior in Japan
    Japan

    Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, People's Republic of China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south....
    , author of 'The Book of Five Rings
    The Book of Five Rings

    is a text on kenjutsu and the martial arts in general, written by the samurai warrior Miyamoto Musashi circa 1645. It is considered a classic treatise on military strategy, much like Sun Tzu's The Art of War and Chanakya's Arthashastra....
    ,' a treatise on strategy
    Strategy

    A strategy is a plan of action designed to achieve a particular Objective .Strategy is different from Tactic . In military terms, tactics is concerned with the conduct of an engagement while strategy is concerned with how different engagements are linked....
     and martial combat, poet, painter, (1584 - 1645)
  • Samuel Pepys
    Samuel Pepys

    Samuel Pepys, Fellow of the Royal Society was an English people Navy Board and Member of Parliament, who is now most famous for his diary. Although Pepys had no maritime experience, he rose by patronage, hard work and his talent for administration, to be the Chief Secretary to the Admiralty under James II of England....
    , English civil servant and diarist (1633 - 1703)
  • Francisco de Quevedo
    Francisco de Quevedo

    Francisco G?mez de Quevedo y Santib??ez Villegas was a nobleman, politician and writer of the Siglo de Oro. Along with his lifelong rival, Luis de G?ngora, Quevedo was one of the most prominent Spanish poets of the age....
    , Spanish writer (1580 - 1645)
  • Jean Racine
    Jean Racine

    Jean Racine was a France dramatist, one of the "big three" of 17th century France , and one of the most important literary figures in the Western tradition....
    , French dramatist (1639 - 1699)
  • William Shakespeare
    William Shakespeare

    William Shakespeare was an English people poet and playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's preeminent dramatist....
    , English author and poet (1564 - 1616)
  • Félix Lope de Vega, Spanish playwrigth and poet (1562 - 1635)
  • John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester
    John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester

    John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester was an English libertine, a friend of King Charles II of England, and the writer of much satire and bawdy poetry....
    , English poet (1647 - 1680)


Educators

  • Seathrún Céitinn, Irish historian (ca. 1569 - ca. 1644)
  • Dubhaltach MacFhirbhisigh, Irish historian and genealogist (d.1671)
  • Xu Xiake
    Xu Xiake

    Xu Xiake , born Xu Hongzu , courtesy name Zhenzhi , was a China travel writer and geographer of the Ming Dynasty known best for his famous geographical treatise, and noted for his bravery and humility....
    , Chinese geographer (1587-1641)
  • Song Yingxing
    Song Yingxing

    Song Yingxing was a China scientist and encyclopedist who lived during the late Ming Dynasty . He was the author of an encyclopedia that covered a wide variety of technical subjects, including the use of gunpowder weapons....
    , Chinese encyclopedist (1587-1666)

Exploration

  • Samuel De Champlain
    Samuel de Champlain

    Samuel de Champlain, , , "The Father of New France", was a French navigator, geographer, cartographer, draughtsman, soldier, explorer, ethnologist, diplomat, chronicler, and the founder of Quebec City on July 3, 1608, of which he was the administrator for the rest of his life....
    , French Explorer
  • Evliya Çelebi
    Evliya Çelebi

    Evliya ?elebi , the son of the imperial goldsmith Dervis Mehmed Zilli was a famous Ottoman Empire traveler who journeyed throughout the territories of the Ottoman Empire and the neighbouring lands over a period of forty years....
    , Ottoman Explorer
  • Henry Hudson
    Henry Hudson

    Henry Hudson was an England sea explorer and navigator in the early 17th century. After several voyages on behalf of English merchants to explore a prospective Northeast Passage to China, Hudson explored the region around modern New York City while looking for a western route to the Orient under the auspices of the Dutch East India Company....
    , (1570? – 1611) was an English
    England

    native_name =|conventional_long_name = England|common_name = England|image_flag = Flag of England.svg|image_coat = England COA.svg|symbol_type = Royal Coat of Arms...
     sea explorer and navigator
    Navigator

    A navigator is the person onboard a ship or aircraft responsible for its navigation. The navigator's primary responsibility is to be aware of ship or aircraft position at all times....
     in the early 17th century.
  • Abel Janszoon Tasman, Dutch seafarer and explorer (1603 - 1659)
  • Luis Váez de Torres
    Luis Váez de Torres

    Luis V?ez de Torres was a 16th-17th century Spain list of maritime explorers exploration serving the Spain Crown, noted for the first recorded navigation of the strait which separates the continent of Australia from the island of New Guinea, and which now bears his name ....
    , (c.1565-1607), Portuguese or Spanish Explorer. 16th-17th century exploration of the Pacific for Spain.


Science and Philosophy

  • Francis Bacon, English philosopher and politician (1561-1626)
  • Sir Thomas Browne
    Thomas Browne

    Sir Thomas Browne was an England author of varied works which disclose his wide learning in diverse fields including medicine, religion, science and the esoteric....
    , English author, philosopher and scientist (1605-1682)
  • Ismaël Bullialdus
    Ismaël Bullialdus

    Isma?l Bullialdus Bullialdus was born Isma?l Boulliau in Loudun, Vienne, France, the first surviving son to Calvinists Susanna Motet and Isma?l Boulliau, a civil law notary by profession and amateur astronomer....
    , French astronomer, (1605-1694)
  • Abraham Darby I
    Abraham Darby I

    Abraham Darby was the first, and most famous, of three generations with that Abraham Darby in an England Quaker family that played an important role in the Industrial Revolution....
    , English Ironmaster, Introduced the first coke-consuming blast furnace (1678 – 1717)
  • René Descartes
    René Descartes

    Ren? Descartes , , also known as Renatus Cartesius , was a French philosophy, mathematician, scientist, and writer who spent most of his adult life in the Dutch Republic....
    , French philosopher and mathematician (1596 - 1650)
  • Pierre de Fermat
    Pierre de Fermat

    Pierre de Fermat was a France lawyer at the Parlement of Toulouse, France, and a mathematician who is given credit for early developments that led to modern calculus....
    , French lawyer and mathematician 1601 – 1665
  • Galileo Galilei
    Galileo Galilei

    Galileo Galilei was a Grand Duchy of Tuscany physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution....
    , Italian natural philosopher (1564 - 1642)
  • Pierre Gassendi
    Pierre Gassendi

    Pierre Gassendi was a France philosopher, Priesthood , scientist, astronomer, and mathematician. With a church position in south-east France, he also spent much time in Paris, where he was a leader of a group of free-thinking intellectuals....
    , (1592 – 1655), French
    France

    France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France....
     philosopher, priest
    Priesthood (Catholic Church)

    The ministerial orders of the Catholic Church includes both the orders of Bishop and Presbyterium, which in Latin language is sacerdos. The Holy Orders priesthood and common priesthood are different in function and essence....
    , scientist
    Scientist

    A scientist, in the broadest sense, refers to any person that engages in a system activity to acquire knowledge or an individual that engages in such practices and traditions that are linked to schools of thought or philosophy....
    , astronomer
    Astronomer

    An astronomer is a scientist who studies Celestial body such as planets, stars, and Galaxy.Historically, astronomy was more concerned with the classification and description of phenomena in the sky, while astrophysics attempted to explain these phenomena and the differences between them using physical laws....
    /astrologer
    Astrologer

    An astrologer practices one or more forms of astrology. Typically an astrologer draws a horoscope for the time of an event, such as a person's birth, and interprets celestial points and their placements at the time of the event to better understand someone, determine the auspiciousness of an undertaking's beginning, etc....
     , and mathematician
    Mathematician

    A mathematician is a person whose primary area of study and/or research is the field of mathematics....
  • William Harvey
    William Harvey

    William Harvey was an English physician who was the first in the Western world to describe correctly and in exact detail the systemic circulation and properties of blood being pumped around the body by the heart....
    , medical doctor (1578 – 1657)
  • Thomas Hobbes
    Thomas Hobbes

    Thomas Hobbes was an English philosophy, remembered today for his work on political philosophy. His 1651 book Leviathan established the foundation for most of Western political philosophy from the perspective of social contract theory....
    , English philosopher and mathematician (1588 - 1679)
  • Christiaan Huygens
    Christiaan Huygens

    Christiaan Huygens was a prominent Netherlands mathematics, astronomer, physics, and horology. His work included early telescopic studies, investigations and inventions related to time keeping, and studies of both optics and centrifugal force....
    , Dutch mathematician, physicist and astronomer (1629 - 1695)
  • Johannes Kepler
    Johannes Kepler

    Johannes Kepler was a Germans mathematician, astronomer and astrologer, and key figure in the 17th century Scientific revolution. He is best known for his eponymous Kepler's laws of planetary motion, codified by later astronomers based on his works Astronomia nova, Harmonices Mundi, and Epitome of Copernican Astrononomy....
    , German astronomer (1571 - 1630)
  • Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Dutch scientist and the first person to use a microscope
    Microscope

    A microscope is an Laboratory equipment for viewing objects that are too small to be seen by the naked or unaided eye. The science of investigating small objects using such an instrument is called microscopy....
     to view bacteria (1632 - 1723)
  • Gottfried Leibniz
    Gottfried Leibniz

    Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was a Germany polymath who wrote primarily in Latin and French language.He occupies an equally grand place in both the history of philosophy and the history of mathematics....
    , German philosopher and mathematician (1646 - 1716)
  • John Locke
    John Locke

    John Locke was an English philosopher. Locke is considered the first of the British Empiricism, but is equally important to social contract theory....
    , English philosopher (1632 - 1704)
  • Marin Mersenne
    Marin Mersenne

    Marin Mersenne, Marin Mersennus or le P?re Mersenne was a France theology, philosopher, mathematician and Music theory, often referred to as the "father of acoustics" ....
    , (1588 – 1648), French
    France

    France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France....
     theologian
    Theology

    Theology is the study of the existence or attributes of a deity or gods, or more generally the study of religion or spirituality. It is sometimes contrasted with religious studies: theology is understood as the study of religion from an internal perspective , and religious studies as the study of religion from an external perspective....
    , philosopher, mathematician
    Mathematician

    A mathematician is a person whose primary area of study and/or research is the field of mathematics....
     and music theorist
    Music theory

    Music theory is the field of study that deals with how music works. It examines the language and notation of music. It identifies patterns that govern composer techniques....
    , referred to as the father of acoustics
    Acoustics

    Acoustics is the interdisciplinary science that deals with the study of sound, ultrasound and infrasound . A scientist who works in the field of acoustics is an acoustician....
    .
  • Isaac Newton
    Isaac Newton

    Sir Isaac Newton, Fellow of the Royal Society was an English people physicist, mathematician, Astronomy, Natural philosophy, Alchemy, and Theology and one of the the 100 in human history....
    , English physicist and mathematician (1642 - 1727)
  • Blaise Pascal
    Blaise Pascal

    Blaise Pascal , was a France mathematician, physicist, and religion philosopher. He was a child prodigy who was educated by his father, a civil servant....
    , French theologian, mathematician and physicist (1623 - 1662
  • Baruch Spinoza
    Baruch Spinoza

    Baruch or Benedict de Spinoza was a Netherlands Philosophy of Iberian Jews origin. Revealing considerable scientific aptitude, the breadth and importance of Spinoza's work was not fully realized until years after his death....
    , Dutch philosopher (1632 - 1677)
  • Sir Anthony Weldon
    Anthony Weldon

    Sir Anthony Weldon was an English_people 17th Century courtier and politician. He is also the purported author of The Court and Character of King James I, although this attribution has been challenged....
     (1583-1648), English
    English people

    The English are a nation and ethnic group native to England who speak English language in England. The English identity as a people is of early medieval origin, when they were known in Old English as the Anglecynn....
     courtier and politician.


Inventions, discoveries, introductions

List of 17th century inventions
Timeline of invention

The timeline of historic inventions is a chronological list of particularly important or significant technological inventions.Note: Dates for inventions are often controversial....
Johannes Kepler 1610
Major changes in philosophy and science take place, often characterized as the Scientific revolution
Scientific revolution

The period which many History of science call the Scientific Revolution is commonly viewed as the foundation and origin of modern science.It was a time roughly coinciding with the later part of the Middle Ages and through the Renaissance in which scientific ideas in physics, astronomy, and biology evolved rapidly....
.
  • Banknote
    Banknote

    A banknote is a kind of negotiable instrument, a promissory note made by a bank payable to the bearer on demand, used as money, and in many jurisdictions is legal tender....
    s reintroduced in Europe
  • Ice cream
    Ice cream

    Ice cream or ice-cream is a frozen dessert usually made from dairy products, such as milk and cream, combined with fruits or other ingredients....
  • Tea
    Tea

    Tea refers to the agricultural products of the leaves, leaf buds, and internodes of the Camellia sinensis plant, prepared and cured by various methods....
     and coffee
    Coffeehouse

    A coffeehouse or coffee shop is an establishment which primarily serves prepared coffee or other hot beverages. It shares some of the characteristics of a bar , and some of the characteristics of a restaurant, but it is different from a cafeteria....
     become popular in Europe.
  • Central Banking in France and modern Finance
    Finance

    The field of finance refers to the concepts of time, money and risk and how they are interrelated. Banks are the main facilitators of funding through the provision of credit, although private equity, mutual funds, hedge funds, and other organizations have become important....
     by Scottish economist John Law
    John Law (economist)

    John Law was a Scotland economist who believed that money was only a means of exchange that did not constitute wealth in itself and that national wealth depended on trade....
  • 1604: Supernova SN 1604
    SN 1604

    Supernova 1604, also known as Kepler's Supernova, Kepler's Nova or Kepler's Star, was a supernova which occurred in the Milky Way, in the constellation Ophiuchus....
     is observed in the Milky Way
    Milky Way

    The Milky Way, sometimes called simply the Galaxy, is the galaxy in which the Solar System is located. It is a barred spiral galaxy that is part of the Local Group of galaxies....
  • 1605: Johannes Kepler
    Johannes Kepler

    Johannes Kepler was a Germans mathematician, astronomer and astrologer, and key figure in the 17th century Scientific revolution. He is best known for his eponymous Kepler's laws of planetary motion, codified by later astronomers based on his works Astronomia nova, Harmonices Mundi, and Epitome of Copernican Astrononomy....
     starts investigating elliptical orbits
    Kepler's laws of planetary motion

    In astronomy, Kepler's three laws of planetary motion are*"The orbit of every planet is an ellipse with the sun at a Focus ."*"A line joining a planet and the sun sweeps out equal areas during equal intervals of time."...
     of planets
  • 1608: Hans Lippershey
    Hans Lippershey

    File:Hans Lippershey.jpgHans Lippershey , also known as Johann Lippershey or Lipperhey, was a Germany-Netherlands lens .He was born in Wesel, in western Germany....
     constructs a refracting telescope
    Refracting telescope

    A refracting or refractor telescope is a Dioptrics telescope that uses a lens as its Objective to form an image. The refracting telescope design was originally used in telescope and astronomical telescopes but is also used in other devices such as binoculars and long or Telephoto lens camera lenses....
    , the first for which sufficient evidence exists
  • 1609: Johann Carolas of Germany publishes the 'Relation', the first newspaper
  • 1610: The Orion Nebula
    Orion Nebula

    The Orion Nebula is a diffuse nebula situated south of Orion 's Belt. It is one of the brightest nebulae, and is visible to the naked eye in the night sky....
     is identified by Nicolas de Peiresc of France
  • 1610: Galileo Galilei
    Galileo Galilei

    Galileo Galilei was a Grand Duchy of Tuscany physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution....
     and Simon Marius
    Simon Marius

    Simon Marius was a Germany astronomer. He was born in Gunzenhausen near Nuremberg, but most of his lifetime he spent in the city of Ansbach....
     observe Jupiter
    Jupiter

    Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the Solar system by size planet within the Solar System. It is two and a half times as massive as all of the other planets in our Solar System combined....
    's Galilean moons
    Galilean moons

    The Galilean moons are the four moons of Jupiter discovered by Galileo Galilei on January 7, 1610. They are the largest of the many moons of Jupiter and derive their names from the lovers of Zeus : Io , Europa , Ganymede and Callisto ....
  • 1611: King James Bible or 'Authorized Version' first published
  • c. 1612: The first flintlock musket likely created for Louis XIII of France by gunsmith Marin de Bourgeoys
  • 1614: John Napier
    John Napier

    John Napier of Merchistoun - also signed as Neper, Nepair - named Marvellous Merchiston, was a Scotland mathematics, physicist, astronomer/astrologer and 8th Laird of Merchistoun, son of Sir Archibald Napier of Merchiston....
     introduces the logarithm
    Logarithm

    In mathematics, the logarithm of a number to a given base is the Power or exponent to which the base must be raised in order to produce the number....
     to simplify calculations
  • 1620: Cornelius Drebbei, funded by James I
    James I of England

    James VI and I was List of monarchs of Scotland as James VI, and List of English monarchs and King of Ireland as James I. He ruled in Kingdom of Scotland as James VI from 24 July 1567, when he was only one year old, succeeding his mother Mary I of Scotland....
     of England
    England

    native_name =|conventional_long_name = England|common_name = England|image_flag = Flag of England.svg|image_coat = England COA.svg|symbol_type = Royal Coat of Arms...
    , builds the first 'submarine
    Submarine

    A submarine is a watercraft capable of independent operation below water. It differs from a submersible, which has only limited underwater capability....
    ' made of wood and greased leather
Denis Papin
* 1623: The first English dictionary, 'English Dictionarie' is published by Henry Cockeram
Henry Cockeram

Henry Cockeram was an English lexicography. In 1623, he authored the third known English Language dictionary, and the first to contain the title "dictionary"....
, listing difficult words with definitions
  • 1628: William Harvey
    William Harvey

    William Harvey was an English physician who was the first in the Western world to describe correctly and in exact detail the systemic circulation and properties of blood being pumped around the body by the heart....
     publishes and elucidates his earlier discovery of the circulatory system
    Systemic circulation

    Systemic circulation is the portion of the cardiovascular system which carries oxygenated blood away from the heart, to the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart....
  • 1637: Dutch Bible published
  • 1637: Teatro San Cassiano
    Teatro San Cassiano

    The Teatro San Cassiano or Teatro di San Cassiano in Venice was the first public opera house when it opened in 1637. The theatre takes its name from the neighbourhood where it was located, the parish of San Cassiano near the Rialto....
    , the first public opera house, opened in Venice
  • 1637: Pierre de Fermat
    Pierre de Fermat

    Pierre de Fermat was a France lawyer at the Parlement of Toulouse, France, and a mathematician who is given credit for early developments that led to modern calculus....
     formulates his so-called Last Theorem
    Fermat's Last Theorem

    Fermat's Last Theorem is the name of the statement in number theory that states that:or, more precisely:In 1637 Pierre de Fermat wrote, in his copy of Claude Gaspard Bachet de M?ziriac's translation of the famous Arithmetica of Diophantus, "I have a truly marvellous proof of this proposition which this margin is too narrow to con...
    , unsolved until 1995
  • 1637: Although Chinese naval mine
    Naval mine

    A naval mine is a self-contained explosive device placed in water to destroy ships or submarines. Unlike depth charges, mines are deposited and left to wait until they are triggered by the approach of or contact with an enemy ship....
    s were earlier described in the 14th century Huolongjing
    Huolongjing

    The Huolongjing is a 14th century military treatise that was compiled and edited by Jiao Yu and Liu Ji of the early Ming Dynasty in China....
    , the Tian Gong Kai Wu book of Ming Dynasty
    Ming Dynasty

    The Ming Dynasty , or Empire of the Great Ming , was the ruling Dynasties in Chinese history of China from 1368 to 1644, following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty....
     scholar Song Yingxing
    Song Yingxing

    Song Yingxing was a China scientist and encyclopedist who lived during the late Ming Dynasty . He was the author of an encyclopedia that covered a wide variety of technical subjects, including the use of gunpowder weapons....
     describes naval mines wrapped in a lacquer
    Lacquer

    In a general sense, lacquer is a clear or coloured varnish that dries by solvent evaporation and often a curing process as well that produces a hard, durable finish, in any sheen level from ultra matte to high Gloss and that can be further polished as required....
     bag and ignited by an ambusher pulling a rip cord on the nearby shore that triggers a steel-wheel flint
    Flint

    Flint is a hard, sedimentary rock cryptocrystalline form of the mineral quartz, categorized as a variety of chert. It occurs chiefly as Nodule s and masses in sedimentary rocks, such as chalks and limestones....
     mechanism.
  • 1642: Blaise Pascal
    Blaise Pascal

    Blaise Pascal , was a France mathematician, physicist, and religion philosopher. He was a child prodigy who was educated by his father, a civil servant....
     builds an early mechanical calculator
    Pascal's calculator

    Blaise Pascal invented the second mechanical calculator, called alternatively the Pascalina or the Arithmetique, in 1645, the first being that of Wilhelm Schickard in 1623....
     for addition and subtraction
  • 1642: Mezzotint
    Mezzotint

    Mezzotint is a printmaking process of the intaglio family, technically a drypoint method. It was the first Grayscale to be used, enabling half-tones to be produced without using line or dot based techniques like hatching, cross-hatching or stipple....
     engraving introduces grey tones to printed images
  • 1643: Evangelista Torricelli
    Evangelista Torricelli

    Evangelista Torricelli was an Italy physics and mathematics, best known for his invention of the barometer....
     of Italy
    Italy

    Italy , officially the Italian Republic , is a country located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe and on the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily and Sardinia....
     invents the mercury barometer
    Barometer

    A barometer is an instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure. It can measure the pressure exerted by the atmosphere by using water, air, or mercury ....
  • 1645: Giacomo Torelli
    Giacomo Torelli

    Giacomo Torelli was the most important Set construction designer of the middle of the seventeenth century. Born in 1608 in the town of Fano, the year of Giulio Parigi?s work on Il Giudizio di Paride in Florence, Torelli was of noble birth....
     of Venice
    Venice

    Venice is a city in northern Italy, the capital city of the Italian regions Veneto, a population of 271,251 . Together with Padua, Italy, the city is included in the Padua-Venice Metropolitan Area ....
    , Italy
    Italy

    Italy , officially the Italian Republic , is a country located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe and on the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily and Sardinia....
     invents the first rotating stage
  • 1651: Giovanni Riccioli
    Giovanni Battista Riccioli

    Giovanni Battista Riccioli , was an Italy astronomer. He was a Jesuit who entered the order in 1614. He was also the first person to measure the rate of acceleration of a freely falling body....
     renames the Lunar mare
    Lunar mare

    The lunar maria are large, dark, basaltic plains on Earth's Moon, formed by ancient volcanic eruptions. They were dubbed maria, Latin for "seas", by early astronomers who mistook them for actual seas....
  • 1656: Christiaan Huygens
    Christiaan Huygens

    Christiaan Huygens was a prominent Netherlands mathematics, astronomer, physics, and horology. His work included early telescopic studies, investigations and inventions related to time keeping, and studies of both optics and centrifugal force....
     describes the true shape of the rings of Saturn
    Rings of Saturn

    Saturn has the most extensive planetary ring system of any planet in the Solar System. The rings of Saturn consist of countless small particles, ranging in size from micrometres to metres, that form clumps that in turn orbit about Saturn....
  • 1657: Christiaan Huygens
    Christiaan Huygens

    Christiaan Huygens was a prominent Netherlands mathematics, astronomer, physics, and horology. His work included early telescopic studies, investigations and inventions related to time keeping, and studies of both optics and centrifugal force....
     develops the first functional pendulum clock
    Pendulum clock

    A pendulum clock is a clock that uses a pendulum, a swinging weight, as its timekeeping element. From its invention in 1656 by Christiaan Huygens until the 1930s, the pendulum clock was the world's most accurate timekeeper, accounting for its widespread use....
     based on the learnings of Galileo Galilei
    Galileo Galilei

    Galileo Galilei was a Grand Duchy of Tuscany physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution....
  • 1659: Christiaan Huygens
    Christiaan Huygens

    Christiaan Huygens was a prominent Netherlands mathematics, astronomer, physics, and horology. His work included early telescopic studies, investigations and inventions related to time keeping, and studies of both optics and centrifugal force....
     first to observe surface details of Mars
    MARS

    In cryptography, MARS is a block cipher that was IBM's submission to the Advanced Encryption Standard process. MARS was selected as an AES finalist in August 1999, after the AES2 conference in March 1999, where it was voted as the fifth and last finalist algorithm....
Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibniz
* 1663: The first reflecting telescope
Telescope

A telescope is an instrument designed for the observation of remote objects by the collection of electromagnetic radiation. The first known practically functioning telescopes were invented in the Netherlands at the beginning of the 17th century....
 is built by James Gregory
James Gregory (astronomer and mathematician)

James Gregory , was a Scotland mathematician and astronomer. It has been said that "Of the British mathematicians of the seventeenth century, Gregory was only excelled by Isaac Newton."...
 based on suggestions of Italian astronomer Niccolo Zucchi
Niccolo Zucchi

Niccol? Zucchi was an Italy Jesuits, astronomy, and physics.As an astronomer he may have been the first to see the belts on the planet Jupiter , and reported spots on Mars in 1640....
  • c. 1670: Monk Dom Perignon
    Dom Pérignon (person)

    Dom Pierre P?rignon was a Benedictine monk who made important contributions to the production and quality of Champagne in an era when the region's wines were predominantly still and red....
     discovers Champagne in France
    France

    France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France....
  • 1676: Antoni van Leeuwenhoek discovers Bacteria
    Bacteria

    The Bacteria are a large group of unicellular microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a wide range of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals....
  • 1676: First measurement of the speed of light
    Speed of light

    The speed of light in an free space is an important physical constant usually written as c, with a value of 299,792,458 metres per second....
  • 1679: Binary system
    Binary numeral system

    The binary numeral system, or notation with a radix of 2. Owing to its straightforward implementation in digital electronic circuitry using logic gates, the binary system is used internally by all modern computers....
     developed by Gottfried Leibnitz
  • 1684: Calculus
    Calculus

    Calculus is a branch of mathematics that includes the study of limit , derivatives, integrals, and infinite series, and constitutes a major part of modern university education....
     independently developed by both Gottfried Leibnitz and Sir Issac Newton and used to formulate classical mechanics
    Classical mechanics

    Classical mechanics is used for describing the motion of macroscopic objects, from projectiles to parts of machinery, as well as astronomical objects, such as spacecraft, planets, stars, and galaxies....


Decades and years