16th century

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What was it like for the indians living in the new world and having the spaniards destroy their land...

Events

Undated

• Polybius'
  Polybius
  
  Polybius was a Greek historian of the Hellenistic Period noted for his book called The Histories covering in detail the period of 220–146 BC....
   "The Histories"
  The Histories (Polybius)
  
  Polybius? The Histories were originally written in 40 volumes, only the first five of which are extant in their entirety. The bulk of the work, except for the 40th volume, which was the index volume, is passed down to us through collections of excerpts kept in libraries in Byzantium, for the most part....
   translated in to Italian
  Italian language
  
  Italian is a Romance languages spoken by about 63 million people as a first language, primarily in Italy. In Switzerland, Italian is one of four Linguistic geography of Switzerlands....
  , English
  English language
  
  English is a West Germanic language that originated in Anglo-Saxon England and has lingua franca status in many parts of the world as a result of the military, economic, scientific, political and cultural influence of the British Empire in the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries and that of the United States from the mid 20th century onwa...
  , German
  German language
  
  German is a West Germanic languages, thus related to and classified alongside English language and Dutch language. It is one of the world's world language and the most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union....
   and French
  French language
  
  French is a Romance language spoken around the world by around 80 million people as first language, by 190 million as second language, and by about another 200 million people as an acquired tongue, with significant speakers in 54 countries....
  .
• Mississippian culture
  Mississippian culture
  
  The Mississippian culture was a Mound builder Native Americans in the United States culture that flourished in what is now the Midwestern United States, Eastern United States, and Southeastern United States United States from approximately 800 Common Era to 1500 Common Era, varying regionally....
   disappears.

1500–1509

• 1500: Portuguese
  Portugal
  
  Portugal , officially the Portuguese Republic , is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Located in southwestern Europe, Portugal is the westernmost country of mainland Europe and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east....
   navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral
  Pedro Álvares Cabral
  
  Pedro ?lvares Cabral was a Portugal navigator and List of explorers. Cabral is generally regarded as the European discoverer of Brazil .Cabral is thought to have been born in Belmonte , in the Beira Baixa province of Portugal....
   officially discovers Brazil
  Brazil
  
  Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is a country in South America. It is the List of countries and outlying territories by total area country by geographical area, occupying nearly half of South America, the List of countries by population country, and the fourth most populous democracy in the world....
  .
• 1500: The Ottoman fleet
  Ottoman Navy
  
  The Ottoman Navy was established in the early 14th century. During its long existence it was involved in many conflicts; refer to list of Ottoman sieges and landings and list of Admirals in the Ottoman Empire for a brief chronology....
   of Kemal Reis
  Kemal Reis
  
  Kemal Reis was a Turkey privateer and Ottoman Empire admiral. He was also the paternal uncle of the famous Ottoman admiral and cartographer Piri Reis who accompanied him in most of his important naval expeditions....
   defeats the Venetians
  Republic of Venice
  
  The Most Serene Republic of Venice or Venetian Republic was a state originating from the city of Venice . It existed for over a millennium, from the late 7th century AD until the year 1797....
   at the Second Battle of Lepanto
  Battle of Lepanto (1500)
  
  The Battle of Modon took place in August 1500 during the Ottoman?Venetian War between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice. The Ottomans, who had won the Battle of Zonchio the previous year, were again victorious under Admiral Kemal Reis....
  .
• 1501: Michelangelo
  Michelangelo
  
  Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni , commonly known as Michelangelo, was an Italian Renaissance Painting, sculptor, architect, poet, and engineer....
   returns to his native Florence
  Florence
  
  Florence is the Capital city of the Italy Regions of Italy of Tuscany and of the provinces of Italy Province of Florence. It is the most populous city in Tuscany and has a population of 364,779 ....
   to begin work on the statue David.
• 1501: Safavid dynasty rules Iran
  Iran
  
  Iran , officially the Islamic Republic of Iran and formerly known internationally as Persian Empire until 1935, is a country in Central Eurasia, located on the northeastern shore of the Persian Gulf and the southern shore of the Caspian Sea....
   until 1736. Safavids adopt a Shia branch of Islam
  Islam
  
  Islam is a Monotheism, Abrahamic religion originating with the teachings of the Prophets of Islam Muhammad, a 7th century Arab religious and political figure....
  .
• 1503: Nostradamus
  Nostradamus
  
  Michel de Nostredame , usually Latinized to Nostradamus, was a France apothecary and reputed Prophet who published collections of prophecy that have since become famous worldwide....
   was born on either December 14, or December 21.
• 1503: Leonardo da Vinci
  Leonardo da Vinci
  
  Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci was an Italy polymath, being a scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, Painting, sculptor, architect, botanist, musician and writer....
   begins painting the Mona Lisa
  Mona Lisa
  
  Mona Lisa is a 16th century portrait painting painted in oil painting on a poplar panel painting by Leonardo da Vinci during the Italian Renaissance....
   and completes it three or four years later.
• 1503: Spain
  Spanish Empire
  
  The Spanish Empire was one of the largest empires in world history, and one of the first global empires. It included territories and colonies ruled by Spain in Europe, the Americas, Africa, Asia and Oceania between the 15th and late 19th centuries....
   defeats France
  Early Modern France
  
  Early Modern France is the early modern period of French history from the end of the 15th century to the end of the 18th century . During this period France evolved from a feudalism regime to an increasingly centralized state organized around a powerful absolute monarchy that relied on the doctrine of the Divine Right of Kings and the explic...
   at the Battle of Cerignola
  Battle of Cerignola
  
  The Battle of Cerignola was fought on April 21 1503, between Spain and France armies, in Cerignola, next Bari, Southern Italy. It is noted as the first battle in history won by gunpowder small arms....
  . Considered to be the first battle in history won by gunpowder small arms.
• 1504: A drought
  Drought
  
  A drought is an extended period of months or years when a region notes a deficiency in its water supply. Generally, this occurs when a region receives consistently below average precipitation ....
  y period, with famine
  Famine
  
  A famine is a widespread shortage of food that may apply to any faunal species, which phenomenon is usually accompanied by regional malnutrition, starvation, epidemic, and increased death....
   in all of Spain.
• 1506: At least two thousand converted Jews
  Marrano
  
  Marranos or secret Jews were Sephardi who were forced to adopt Christianity under threat of expulsion but who continued to practice Judaism secretly, thus preserving their Jewish identity....
   are massacred in a Lisbon
  Lisbon
  
  Lisbon is the Capital and largest city of Portugal. It is also the seat of the Lisbon and capital of the Lisbon region. Its municipalities of Portugal, which matches the city proper excluding the larger continuous conurbation, has a municipal population of 564,477 in , while the Lisbon Metropolitan Area in total has around 2.8 million inha...
   riot.
• 1506: Christopher Columbus
  Christopher Columbus
  
  Christopher Columbus was a Republic of Genoa navigator, colonialist and explorer whose voyages across the Atlantic Ocean?funded by Queen Isabella of Spain?led to general European awareness of the America in the Western Hemisphere....
   dies in Valladolid
  Valladolid
  
  ||-||} is a historic city and municipality in north-central Spain, upon the Pisuerga River and within the Ribera del Duero wine-making region. It is the capital of the Valladolid and of the autonomous communities of Spain of Castile and Leon, therefore is part of the historical region of Castile ....
  , Spain
  Spain
  
  Spain or the Kingdom of Spain , is a country located in Southern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.The Spanish constitution does not establish any official denomination of the country, even though Espa?a , Estado espa?ol and Naci?n espa?ola are used interchangeably....
  .
• 1506: Poland
  Poland
  
  Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe. Poland is bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian Enclave and exclave, to the north....
   is invaded by Tatars
  Tatar invasions
  
  The Mongol invasion of Europe from the east took place over the course of three centuries, from the Middle Ages to the early modern period.The terms Tatars or Tartars are applied to nomadic Turkic peoples who, themselves, were conquered by Mongols and incorporated to their horde....
   from the Crimean Khanate
  Crimean Khanate
  
  The Crimean Khanate or the Khanate of Crimea was a Crimean Tatars state from 1441 to 1783. Its native name was Crimean Yurt . The khanate was by far the longest-lived of the Turkic peoples khanates that succeeded the empire of the Golden Horde....
  .
• 1509: The Battle of Diu marks the beginning of Portuguese
  Portuguese people
  
  The Portuguese people are the ethnic group or nation native to the country of Portugal, in the west of the Iberian peninsula of Southern Europe-Western Europe Europe....
   dominance of the Spice trade
  Spice trade
  
  Spice trade is a commercial activity of ancient origin which involves the merchandising of spices and herbs. Civilizations of Asia were involved in spice trade from the ancient times, and the Greco-Roman world soon followed by trading along the Incense route and the Roman trade with India....
  .

1510s

• 1511: Afonso de Albuquerque
  Afonso de Albuquerque
  
  Dom Afonso de Albuquerque was a Portugal fidalgo, or nobleman, a naval general officer whose military and administrative activities conquered and established the Portuguese empire in the Indian ocean....
   of Portugal conquers Malacca
  Portuguese Malacca
  
  Portuguese Malacca was the territory of Malacca that, for more than a century, was a Portugal Portuguese Empire....
  , the capital of the Sultanate of Malacca.
• 1512: Copernicus writes Commentariolus
  Commentariolus
  
  In the Commentariolus , Nicolaus Copernicus outlined his revolutionary Copernican heliocentrism theory of the solar system, about three decades before he finally published his major six volume work De revolutionibus orbium coelestium in 1543....
  , and moves the sun to the center of the solar system.
• 1512: The southern part (historical core) of the Kingdom of Navarre
  Kingdom of Navarre
  
  The Kingdom of Navarre , originally the Kingdom of Pamplona, was a European kingdom which occupied lands on either side of the Pyrenees alongside the Atlantic Ocean....
   is invaded by Castile and Aragon
  Spain
  
  Spain or the Kingdom of Spain , is a country located in Southern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.The Spanish constitution does not establish any official denomination of the country, even though Espa?a , Estado espa?ol and Naci?n espa?ola are used interchangeably....
  .
• 1513: Machiavelli writes The Prince
  The Prince
  
  Il Principe is a politics treatise by the Florence Civil service and Political philosophy Niccol? Machiavelli. Originally called De Principatibus , it was originally written in 1513, but not published until 1532, five years after Machiavelli's death....
  , a treatise about political philosophy
• 1513: The Portuguese mariner Jorge Álvares
  Jorge Álvares
  
  Jorge ?lvares is credited as the first Portugal explorer to have reached China and Hong Kong. The Funda??o Jorge ?lvares , founded by Vasco Joaquim Rocha Vieira prior to the handover of Macau, got its name for also having reached there....
   lands at Macau
  Macau
  
  The Macau Special Administrative Region, , commonly known as Macau or Macao , is one of the two special administrative region of the People's Republic of China, the other being Hong Kong....
  , China, during the Ming Dynasty
  Ming Dynasty
  
  The Ming Dynasty , or Empire of the Great Ming , was the ruling Dynasties in Chinese history of China from 1368 to 1644, following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty....
  .
• 1513: Henry VIII crush the French at the Battle of the Spurs.
• 1513: The Battle of Flodden Field
  Battle of Flodden Field
  
  The Battle of Flodden or Flodden Field was fought in the county of Northumberland in northern England on 9 September 1513, between an invading Scottish people army under King James IV of Scotland and an English army commanded by Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey....
   in which invading Scots
  Scottish people
  
  The Scots people are a nation and an ethnic group indigenous to Scotland.Historically, as an ethnic group, they emerged from an amalgamation of Celts, Picts, Gaels and Brythons....
   are defeated by Henry VIII's forces.
• 1513: Sultan Selim I
  Selim I
  
  Selim I also known as "the Grim" or "the Brave", or the best translation "the Stern", Yavuz in Turkish language, the long name is Yavuz Sultan Selim; October 10 1465/1466/1470 September 22, 1520) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1512 to 1520....
   ("The Grim") orders the massacre of Shia Muslims in Anatolia
  Anatolia
  
  Anatolia or Asia Minor is a region of Western Asia, comprising most of the modern Republic of Turkey. It is a geographic region bounded by the Black Sea to the north, the Caucasus to the northeast, the Aegean Sea to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and the Iranian plateau to the east and southeast....
  .
• 1514: The Battle of Orsha
  Battle of Orsha
  
  The Battle of Orsha took place September 8, 1514, between the forces of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Jagiellon Poland , under the command of Hetman Konstanty Ostrogski, and the army of Grand Duchy of Moscow under Konyushy Ivan Chelyadnin and Kniaz Galitzine ....
   halts Muscovy's expansion into Eastern Europe.
• 1515: The Ottoman Empire
  Ottoman Empire
  
  The Ottoman Empire , also known by its contemporaries as the Turkish Empire or Turkey , was an empire that lasted from 1299?1923. It was Treaty of Lausanne by the Republic of Turkey, which was officially proclaimed on October 29, 1923....
   wrests Eastern Anatolia
  Anatolia
  
  Anatolia or Asia Minor is a region of Western Asia, comprising most of the modern Republic of Turkey. It is a geographic region bounded by the Black Sea to the north, the Caucasus to the northeast, the Aegean Sea to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and the Iranian plateau to the east and southeast....
   from the Safavids after the Battle of Chaldiran
  Battle of Chaldiran
  
  The Battle of Chaldiran occurred on 23 August 1514 and ended with a decisive victory for the Ottoman Empire over the Safavids. As a result the Ottomans gained control over the north western part of Iran....
  .
• 1516-17
  1517
  
  Year 1517 was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar....
  : The Ottomans
  Ottoman Empire
  
  The Ottoman Empire , also known by its contemporaries as the Turkish Empire or Turkey , was an empire that lasted from 1299?1923. It was Treaty of Lausanne by the Republic of Turkey, which was officially proclaimed on October 29, 1923....
   defeat the Mamluk
  Mamluk
  
  A mamluk was a slavery soldier who converted to Islam and served the Muslim caliphs and the Ayyubid sultans from the 9th to the 13th centuries....
  s and gain control of Egypt
  Egypt
  
  Egypt is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Western Asia. Covering an area of about , Egypt borders the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south and Libya to the west....
  , Arabia
  Arabian Peninsula
  
  The Arabian Peninsula , Arabia, Arabistan, and the Arabian subcontinent is a peninsula in Southwest Asia at the junction of Africa and Asia. The area is an important part of the Middle East and plays a critically important geopolitics role because of its vast reserves of petroleum and natural gas....
  , and the Levant
  Levant
  
  The Levant describes, traditionally, the Eastern Mediterranean at large, but can be used as a geographical term that denotes a large area in Western Asia formed by the lands bordering the Eastern shores of the Mediterranean, roughly bounded on the north by the Taurus Mountains, on the south by the Arabian Desert, and on the west by the M...
  .
• 1517: The Protestant Reformation
  Protestant Reformation
  
  The Protestant Reformation was a Christian reform movement in Europe. It is thought to have begun in 1517 with Martin Luther's Ninety-Five Theses and may be considered to have ended with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648....
   begins when Martin Luther
  Martin Luther
  
  Martin Luther was a Germans monk, theology, university professor, priest, father of Protestantism, and Protestant Reformers whose ideas started the Protestant Reformation and changed the course of Western culture....
   posts his 95 Theses
  95 Theses
  
  The Ninety-Five Theses on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences, commonly known as The Ninety-Five Theses, were written by Martin Luther in 1517 and are widely regarded as the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation....
   in Saxony
  Saxony
  
  The Free State of Saxony is a States of Germany of Germany. Located in the southeastern part of present-day Germany. It is the tenth-largest German state in area and the sixth largest in population , of Germany's sixteen states....
  .
• 1518: Mir Chakar Khan Rind
  Mir Chakar Khan Rind
  
  Mir Chakar Khan Rind or Meer Chaakar Khan Rind or Chakar-i-Azam was a Baloch people king in the 15th century. He is considered a folk hero of the Baloch people and an important figure in the Baloch Epic poetry Hani and Sheh Mureed....
   leaves Baluchistan
  Balochistan (region)
  
  Balochistan or Baluchistan is an arid region located in the Iranian Plateau in Southwest Asia and South Asia, between Pakistan, Iran and Afghanistan....
   and settled in Punjab
  Punjab region
  
  Punjab , also Panjab , is a region straddling the border between India and Pakistan. The "Five Rivers" are Beas River, Ravi River, Sutlej, Chenab and Jhelum River; all these are tributaries of the Indus river, Jhelum being the biggest one....
  .
• 1519: Leonardo da Vinci
  Leonardo da Vinci
  
  Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci was an Italy polymath, being a scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, Painting, sculptor, architect, botanist, musician and writer....
   dies of natural causes at May 2.
• 1519: Wang Yangming
  Wang Yangming
  
  Wang Yangming was a Ming Dynasty idealist Neo-Confucian philosopher, official, educationist, calligraphist and general. After Zhu Xi, he is commonly regarded as the most important Neo-Confucian thinker, with interpretations of Confucianism that denied the rationalist dualism of the Orthodoxy philosophy of Zhu Xi....
  , the Chinese philosopher and governor of Jiangxi
  Jiangxi
  
  is a southern province of China of the People's Republic of China, spanning from the banks of the Yangtze River in the north into hillier areas in the south....
   province, describes his intent to use the fire power of the fo-lang-ji, a breech-loading Portuguese culverin
  Culverin
  
  A culverin was a simple ancestor of the musket, and later a medieval cannon of relatively long barrel and light construction that fired solid round shot projectiles with a high muzzle velocity, giving a relatively long range and flat trajectory....
  , in order to suppress the rebellion of Prince Zhu Chen-hao.
• 1519: Barbary pirates led by Hayreddin Barbarossa raid Provence
  Provence
  
  Provence is a region of southeastern France on the Mediterranean adjacent to Italy. It is part of the administrative regions of France of Provence-Alpes-C?te d'Azur....
   and Toulon
  Toulon
  
  Toulon is a city in southern France and a large military harbour on the Mediterranean coast, with a major French naval base. Located in the Provence-Alpes-C?te-d'Azur regions of France, Toulon is the Prefectures in France of the Var departments of France, in the former provinces of France of Provence....
   in southern France
  France
  
  France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France....
  .
• 1519: Charles I of Spain
  Spain
  
  Spain or the Kingdom of Spain , is a country located in Southern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.The Spanish constitution does not establish any official denomination of the country, even though Espa?a , Estado espa?ol and Naci?n espa?ola are used interchangeably....
   becomes Emperor of Holy Roman Empire
  Holy Roman Empire
  
  The Holy Roman Empire was a union of territories in Central Europe during the Middle Ages and the Early modern Europe under a Holy Roman Emperor....
   as Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
  Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
  
  Charles V was ruler of the Holy Roman Empire from 1519 and, as Charles I of Spain, of the Spanish realms from 1516 until his abdication in 1556....
   (ruled until 1556).
• 1519-22
  1522
  
  Year 1522 was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar....
  : Spanish expedition commanded by Magellan
  Magellan
  
  Magellan may refer to:People*Ferdinand Magellan, Portuguese explorer who led the first expedition around the world.Geography*The Strait of Magellan....
   and Elcano first to circle Earth
  Circumnavigation
  
  To circumnavigate a place, such as an island, a continent, or the Earth, is to travel all the way around it by boat or ship. More recently, the term has also been used to cover aerial round-the-world flights....
  
• 1519-21
  1521
  
  Year 1521 was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar....
  : Hernán Cortés
  Hernán Cortés
  
  Hern?n Cort?s de Monroy y Pizarro, 1st Marqu?s del Valle de Oaxaca was a Spain conquistador who led an expedition that caused the conquest of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of mainland Mexico under the Crown of Castile, in the early 16th century....
   leads the Spanish conquest of Mexico
  Spanish conquest of Mexico
  
  The Spanish Empire conquest of the Aztec Empire was one of the most important campaigns in the Spanish colonization of the Americas. The invasion began in February 1519 and was achieved on August 13, 1521 by conquistadors led by Hern?n Cort?s....
  .

1520s

• 1520-1566: The reign of Suleiman the Magnificent
  Suleiman the Magnificent
  
  Suleiman I, His Imperial Majesty , was the tenth and longest-reigning Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, from 1520 to his death in 1566. He is known in Western world as Suleiman the Magnificent and in Eastern world, as the Lawgiver , for his complete reconstruction of the Ottoman legal system....
   marks the zenith of the Ottoman Empire
  Ottoman Empire
  
  The Ottoman Empire , also known by its contemporaries as the Turkish Empire or Turkey , was an empire that lasted from 1299?1923. It was Treaty of Lausanne by the Republic of Turkey, which was officially proclaimed on October 29, 1923....
  .
• 1521: Belgrade
  Belgrade
  
  Belgrade is the capital and largest city of Serbia. The city lies on international waterway, at the confluence of the Sava River and Danube rivers, where the Pannonian Plain meets the Balkan Peninsula....
   is captured by the Ottoman Empire.
• 1521: After building fortifications at Tuen Mun
  Tuen Mun
  
  Sorry, no overview for this topic
  , the Portuguese attempt to invade Ming Dynasty
  Ming Dynasty
  
  The Ming Dynasty , or Empire of the Great Ming , was the ruling Dynasties in Chinese history of China from 1368 to 1644, following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty....
   China, but are expelled by Chinese naval forces.
• 1521: Philippines
  Philippines
  
  The Philippines, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines, is a country in Southeast Asia with Manila as its capital city. It comprises 7,107 islands in the western Pacific Ocean....
   discovered by Ferdinand Magellan
  Ferdinand Magellan
  
  Ferdinand Magellan was a Portuguese people List of maritime explorers who, while in the service of the Spanish Crown, tried to find a westward route to the Spice Islands of Indonesia....
  . He was later killed in battle in central Philippines in the same year.
• 1522: Rhodes
  Siege of Rhodes (1522)
  
  The Siege of Rhodes of 1522 was the second and ultimately successful attempt by the Ottoman Empire to expel the Knights Hospitaller from their island stronghold and thereby secure Ottoman control of the Eastern Mediterranean....
   falls to the Ottoman Turks of Suleiman the Magnificent
  Suleiman the Magnificent
  
  Suleiman I, His Imperial Majesty , was the tenth and longest-reigning Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, from 1520 to his death in 1566. He is known in Western world as Suleiman the Magnificent and in Eastern world, as the Lawgiver , for his complete reconstruction of the Ottoman legal system....
  .
• 1523: Sweden
  Sweden
  
  Sweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic countries on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden has land borders with Norway to the west and Finland to the northeast, and it is connected to Denmark by the ?resund Bridge in the south....
   gains independence from the Kalmar Union
  Kalmar Union
  
  The Kalmar Union is a historiography term meaning a series of personal unions that united the three kingdoms of Denmark, Norway and Sweden under a single monarch, though intermittently....
  .
• 1524-25
  1525
  
  Year 1525 was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar....
  : Peasants' War
  Peasants' War
  
  The Peasants' War was a popular revolt in late medieval Europe in the years 1524/1525. It consisted, like the preceding Bundschuh movement and the Hussite Wars, of a series of economic as well as religious revolts by peasants, townsfolk and nobility....
   in the Holy Roman Empire
  Holy Roman Empire
  
  The Holy Roman Empire was a union of territories in Central Europe during the Middle Ages and the Early modern Europe under a Holy Roman Emperor....
  .
• 1524 - Giovanni da Verrazzano is the first European to explore the Atlantic coast of North America between South Carolina and Newfoundland.
• 1525: Spain
  Spanish Empire
  
  The Spanish Empire was one of the largest empires in world history, and one of the first global empires. It included territories and colonies ruled by Spain in Europe, the Americas, Africa, Asia and Oceania between the 15th and late 19th centuries....
   and Germany
  Holy Roman Empire
  
  The Holy Roman Empire was a union of territories in Central Europe during the Middle Ages and the Early modern Europe under a Holy Roman Emperor....
   defeat France at the Battle of Pavia
  Battle of Pavia
  
  The Battle of Pavia, fought on the morning of February 24, 1525, was the decisive engagement of the Italian War of 1521. A Spanish-Imperial army under the nominal command of Charles de Lannoy attacked the French army under the personal command of Francis I of France in the great hunting preserve of Mirabello outside the city walls....
  , Francis I of France
  Francis I of France
  
  Francis I , was crowned King of France in 1515 in the cathedral at Reims and reigned until 1547.Francis I is considered to be France's first Renaissance monarch....
   is captured.
• 1526: The Ottomans conquer the Kingdom of Hungary
  Kingdom of Hungary
  
  The Kingdom of Hungary , which existed from 1000 to 1918, and then from 1920 to 1946, was a considerable state in Central Europe....
   at the Battle of Mohács
  Battle of Mohács
  
  The Battle of Moh?cs was fought on August 29, 1526 near Moh?cs, Hungary. In the battle, forces of the Kingdom of Hungary led by King of Hungary Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia were defeated by forces of the Ottoman Empire led by Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent....
  .
• 1526: Mughal Empire
  Mughal Empire
  
  The Mughal Empire was a Muslim imperial power of the Indian subcontinent which began in 1526, ruled most of the Indian Subcontinent by the late 17th and early 18th centuries, and ended in the mid-19th century....
  , founded by Babur
  Babur
  
  Babur was a Muslim conqueror from Central Asia who, following a series of setbacks, finally succeeded in laying the basis for the Mughal Empire of Indian subcontinent....
  , rules India
  India
  
  India, officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and outlying territories by total area country by geographical area, the List of countries by population country, and the most populous liberal democracy in the world....
   until 1739 and hold titles until 1857.
• 1527: Sack of Rome
  Sack of Rome (1527)
  
  The Sack of Rome on 6 May 1527, carried out by the mutinous troops of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, marked a crucial imperial victory in the conflict between the Holy Roman Empire and the League of Cognac ? the alliance of France, Milan, Venice, Florence and the Papacy....
   is considered the end of the Italian Renaissance
  Italian Renaissance
  
  The Italian Renaissance began the opening phase of the Renaissance, a period of great cultural change and achievement in Europe that spanned the period from the end of the 13th century to about 1600, marking the transition between Medieval and Early Modern Europe....
  .
• 1527: Protestant Reformation
  Protestant Reformation
  
  The Protestant Reformation was a Christian reform movement in Europe. It is thought to have begun in 1517 with Martin Luther's Ninety-Five Theses and may be considered to have ended with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648....
   begins in Sweden
  Sweden
  
  Sweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic countries on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden has land borders with Norway to the west and Finland to the northeast, and it is connected to Denmark by the ?resund Bridge in the south....
  .
• 1529: The Austrians
  Austrians
  
  Austrians are a nation and an ethnic group originating from the Austria and its historical predecessor states who share a common Austrian culture and Austrian Kinship and descent....
   defeat the Ottoman Empire
  Ottoman Empire
  
  The Ottoman Empire , also known by its contemporaries as the Turkish Empire or Turkey , was an empire that lasted from 1299?1923. It was Treaty of Lausanne by the Republic of Turkey, which was officially proclaimed on October 29, 1923....
   at the Siege of Vienna
  Siege of Vienna
  
  The Siege of Vienna in 1529, as distinct from the Battle of Vienna in 1683, was the first attempt of the Muslim Ottoman Empire, led by Sultan Suleiman I , to capture the city of Vienna, Austria....
  .

1530s

• 1531: The Inca Civil War
  War of the Two Brothers
  
  War of the Two Brothers refers to two different civil wars, one in Peru and one in Portugal. It may refer to:* The Inca Civil War in Peru of 1529-32...
   is fought between the two brothers, Atahualpa
  Atahualpa
  
  Atahualpa, Atahuallpa, Atabalipa, or Atawallpa , was the last sovereign emperor of the Tahuantinsuyu, or the Inca Empire. He became emperor upon defeating his older half-brother Hu?scar in a civil war sparked by the death of their father, Inca Huayna Capac, from an infectious disease thought to be smallpox....
   and Huáscar
  Huáscar
  
  Inti Cusi Huallpa Hu?scar was Sapa Inca of the Inca empire from 1527 to 1532 AD, succeeding his father Huayna Capac and brother Ninan Cuyochi, both of whom died of smallpox while campaigning near Quito....
  .
• 1532: Francisco Pizarro
  Francisco Pizarro
  
  Francisco Pizarro Gonz?lez, 1st Marqu?s de los Atabillos was a Spain conquistador, conqueror of the Incan Empire and founder of Lima, the modern-day capital of Peru....
   leads the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire
  Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire
  
  Sorry, no overview for this topic
  .
• 1534: Jacques Cartier
  Jacques Cartier
  
  Jacques Cartier was a French explorer who claimed what is now Canada for France. He was the first non-Aboriginal peoples in Canada to describe and map the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the shores of the Saint Lawrence River, which he Name of Canada", after the Iroquoian languages word the local natives used for the two big St....
   claims Quebec
  Quebec
  
  Quebec , in French language, Qu?bec , is a Provinces and territories of Canada in the Central Canada and Eastern Canada regions of Canada....
   for France.
• 1534: The Ottomans capture Baghdad
  Baghdad
  
  Baghdad is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous. With a municipal population estimated at 6.5 million, it is the largest city in Iraq, and the second largest city in the Arab World....
  .
• 1534: Affair of the Placards
  Affair of the placards
  
  The Affair of the Placards was an incident in which anti-Catholic posters appeared in public places in Paris, France and in four major provincial cities: Blois, Rouen, Tours and Orl?ans, overnight during 17 October 1534....
   - Francis becomes more active in repression of French Protestants.
• 1535: The Münster Rebellion
  Münster Rebellion
  
  The M?nster Rebellion was an attempt by radical Anabaptists to establish a theocracy in the Germany city of M?nster. The city became an Anabaptist center from 1534 to 1535, and fell under Anabaptist rule for 18 months — from February 1534, when the city hall was seized and Bernhard Knipperdolling installed as mayor, until its fall in...
  , an attempt of radical, millennialist, Anabaptists to establish a theocracy
  Theocracy
  
  Theocracy is a form of government in which a god or deity is recognized as the state's supreme civil ruler, or in a broader sense, a form of government in which a state is governed by immediate divine guidance or by officials who are regarded as divinely guided....
   ends in bloodshed.
• 1537: Portuguese
  Portuguese Empire
  
  The Portuguese Empire was the first global empire in history and also the earliest and longest lived of the modern European Colonialism empires, spanning almost six centuries, from the capture of Ceuta in 1415 to the handover of Macau in 1999....
   establishes Recife
  Recife
  
  File:P?r-do-Sol_na_Jaqueira.jpgRecife is the fourth largest Metropolitan area in Brazil and the capital of the state of Pernambuco. The population was 1,549,980 in 2007....
   in Pernambuco
  Pernambuco
  
  Pernambuco is a States of Brazil of Brazil, located in the Northeast Region, Brazil of the country. To the north are the states of Para?ba and Cear?, to the west is Piau?, to the south are Alagoas and Bahia, and to the east is the Atlantic Ocean....
  , north-east of Brazil
  Brazil
  
  Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is a country in South America. It is the List of countries and outlying territories by total area country by geographical area, occupying nearly half of South America, the List of countries by population country, and the fourth most populous democracy in the world....
  .
• 1538: Spanish
  Spanish Empire
  
  The Spanish Empire was one of the largest empires in world history, and one of the first global empires. It included territories and colonies ruled by Spain in Europe, the Americas, Africa, Asia and Oceania between the 15th and late 19th centuries....
  -Venetian
  Republic of Venice
  
  The Most Serene Republic of Venice or Venetian Republic was a state originating from the city of Venice . It existed for over a millennium, from the late 7th century AD until the year 1797....
   fleet is defeated by the Ottoman Turks at the Battle of Preveza
  Battle of Preveza
  
  The naval Battle of Preveza took place on 28 September 1538 near Preveza in northwestern Greece between an Ottoman Empire fleet and that of a Christian alliance assembled by Pope Paul III....
  .
• 1539: Hernando de Soto
  Hernando de Soto (explorer)
  
  Hernando de Soto was a Spanish people Exploration and conquistador who, while leading the first European expedition deep into the territory of the modern-day United States, was the first European to discover the Mississippi River....
   explores inland North America.

1540s

• 1541: Pedro de Valdivia
  Pedro de Valdivia
  
  Pedro Guti?rrez de Valdivia was a Spain conquistador and the first royal governor of Chile. After serving with the Spanish army in Italy and Flanders, he was sent to South America in 1534, where he served under Francisco Pizarro in Peru....
   founds Santiago de Chile
  Santiago, Chile
  
  Santiago , is the Capital and largest city of Chile, and the center of its largest conurbation . It is located in the country's central valley, at an elevation of 520 m Above mean sea level....
  .
• 1541: An Algeria
  Algeria
  
  Algeria , officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country located in North Africa. It is the largest country of the Mediterranean sea, second largest in the Arab World, and the second largest on the African continent and the eleventh-largest country in the world in terms of land area....
  n military campaign by Charles V of Spain
  Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
  
  Charles V was ruler of the Holy Roman Empire from 1519 and, as Charles I of Spain, of the Spanish realms from 1516 until his abdication in 1556....
   (Habsburg
  Habsburg
  
  The House of Habsburg was an important royal house of Europe and is best known as supplying all of the formally elected Holy Roman Emperors between 1452 and 1740, as well as rulers of Spanish Empire and the Austrian Empire....
  ) is unsuccessful.
• 1541: Amazon River
  Amazon River
  
  The Amazon River of South America is the list of rivers by length in the world by volume, with a total river flow greater than the next top eight largest rivers combined....
   is discovered by Francisco de Orellana
  Francisco de Orellana
  
  Francisco de Orellana was a Spain explorer and conquistador. He completed the first known navigation through the length of the Amazon River. He named this river and founded Guayaquil....
  .
• 1541: Capture of Buda
  Ottoman wars in Europe
  
  The wars of the Ottoman Empire in Europe are also sometimes referred to as the Ottoman Wars or as Turkish Wars, particularly in older, European texts....
   and the absorption of the major part of Hungary
  Kingdom of Hungary
  
  The Kingdom of Hungary , which existed from 1000 to 1918, and then from 1920 to 1946, was a considerable state in Central Europe....
   by the Ottoman Empire
  Ottoman Empire
  
  The Ottoman Empire , also known by its contemporaries as the Turkish Empire or Turkey , was an empire that lasted from 1299?1923. It was Treaty of Lausanne by the Republic of Turkey, which was officially proclaimed on October 29, 1923....
  .
• 1541: Sahib I Giray
  Sahib I Giray
  
  Sahib I Giray ? a khan of the Crimean Khanate in 1532 –1551.Son of Me?li I Giray. In 1521 his brother, then Khan of Crimea, Mehmed I Giray, took Kazan, and gave it to Sahib....
   of Crimea
  Crimean Khanate
  
  The Crimean Khanate or the Khanate of Crimea was a Crimean Tatars state from 1441 to 1783. Its native name was Crimean Yurt . The khanate was by far the longest-lived of the Turkic peoples khanates that succeeded the empire of the Golden Horde....
   invade Russia.
• 1542: War resumes between Francis I of France
  Francis I of France
  
  Francis I , was crowned King of France in 1515 in the cathedral at Reims and reigned until 1547.Francis I is considered to be France's first Renaissance monarch....
   and Emperor Charles V. This time Henry VIII is allied to the Emperor, while James V of Scotland
  James V of Scotland
  
  James V was King of Scots from 9 September 1513 until his premature death at the age of thirty, which followed the Scottish defeat at the Battle of Solway Moss....
   and Sultan Suleiman I are allied to the French
  French people
  
  French people can refer to:* The legal residents and citizens of France, regardless of ancestry. For a legal discussion, see French nationality law....
  .
• 1543: Ethiopian
  Ethiopian
  
  Ethiopian may refer to:* Something of, from, or related to the country of Ethiopia* A person from Ethiopia, or of Ethiopian descent. For information about the Ethiopian people, see Demographics of Ethiopia and Culture of Ethiopia....
  /Portuguese
  Portugal
  
  Portugal , officially the Portuguese Republic , is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Located in southwestern Europe, Portugal is the westernmost country of mainland Europe and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east....
   troops decisively defeat the Muslim army at the Battle of Wayna Daga
  Battle of Wayna Daga
  
  The Battle of Wayna Daga occurred 21 February 1543 east of Lake Tana in Ethiopia. Led by the Emperor of Ethiopia Gelawdewos of Ethiopia, the combined army of Ethiopian and Portugal troops defeated the Muslim army led by Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi....
  ; Imam Ahmad Gragn
  Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi
  
  Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi was an Imam and General of Adal Sultanate who invaded Ethiopia and defeated several Emperor of Ethiopia, wreaking much damage on that kingdom....
   killed.
• 1543: The Nanban trade period
  Nanban trade period
  
  The or the in Japanese history extends from the arrival of the first Europeans to Japan in 1543, to their near-total exclusion from the archipelago in 1641, under the promulgation of the "Sakoku" Seclusion Edicts....
   begins after Portuguese traders make contact with Japan
  Japan
  
  Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, People's Republic of China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south....
  .
• 1544: The French
  France
  
  France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France....
   defeat an Imperial
  Holy Roman Empire
  
  The Holy Roman Empire was a union of territories in Central Europe during the Middle Ages and the Early modern Europe under a Holy Roman Emperor....
  -Spanish
  Spanish Empire
  
  The Spanish Empire was one of the largest empires in world history, and one of the first global empires. It included territories and colonies ruled by Spain in Europe, the Americas, Africa, Asia and Oceania between the 15th and late 19th centuries....
   army at the Battle of Ceresole
  Battle of Ceresole
  
  The Battle of Ceresole was an encounter between a France army and the combined forces of Habsburg Spain and the Holy Roman Empire during the Italian War of 1542?46....
  .
• 1544: Battle of the Shirts
  Battle of the Shirts
  
  The Battle of Kinloch-Lochy, also known as the Battle of the Shirts or Blar na L?ine, was a 1544 battle in Scotland, fought between branches of the Clan Donald, with the involvement of their allies the Clan Cameron against the Clan Fraser, led by Fraser of Lovat, who was aided by members of Clan Grant....
   in Scotland
  Scottish clan
  
  Scottish clans , give a sense of identity and shared descent to people in Scotland and to their relations throughout the world, with a formal structure of Scottish clan chiefs officially registered with the court of the Lord Lyon, King of Arms which controls the heraldry and Coat of Arms....
  . The Frasers
  Clan Fraser
  
  Clan Fraser is a Scottish clan of French people origin. The Clan has been strongly associated with Inverness and the surrounding area since the Clan's founder gained lands there in the 13th century....
   and Macdonalds of Clan Ranald fight over a disputed chiefship; reportedly, 5 Frasers and 8 Macdonalds survive.
• 1546: Michelangelo Buonarroti is made chief architect of St. Peter's Basilica
  St. Peter's Basilica
  
  The Basilica of Saint Peter , officially known in Italian language as the Basilica di San Pietro in Vaticano and commonly known as St. Peter's Basilica, is located within the Vatican City....
  .
• 1547: Emperor Charles V
  Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
  
  Charles V was ruler of the Holy Roman Empire from 1519 and, as Charles I of Spain, of the Spanish realms from 1516 until his abdication in 1556....
   decisively dismantles the Schmalkaldic League
  Schmalkaldic League
  
  The Schmalkaldic League was a defensive Military alliance of Lutheranism princes within the Holy Roman Empire during the mid-16th century. Although originally started for religious motives soon after the start of the Protestant Reformation, its members eventually intended for the League to replace the Holy Roman Empire as their source of po...
   at the Battle of Mühlberg
  Battle of Mühlberg
  
  The Battle of M?hlberg was a large battle at M?hlberg, Brandenburg in the German of Electorate of Saxony during the Protestant Reformation at which the Catholic princes of the Holy Roman Empire led by Emperor Charles V decisively defeated the Schmalkaldic League of Protestant princes....
  .
• 1548: Battle of Uedahara
  Battle of Uedahara
  
  The was the first defeat suffered by Takeda Shingen, and the first field battle in Japan at which firearms were used.Takeda Shingen met up with his force that had taken Siege of Shika, and led 7000 men north to face the threat posed by Murakami Yoshikiyo....
  : Firearms are used for the first time on the battlefield in Japan
  Japan
  
  Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, People's Republic of China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south....
  , and Takeda Shingen
  Takeda Shingen
  
  of Shinano Province and Kai Provinces, was a preeminent daimyo or feudal lord with military prestige who sought for the control of Japan in the late stage of Sengoku period or "warring states" period....
   is defeated by Murakami Yoshikiyo
  Murakami Yoshikiyo
  
  Murakami Yoshikiyo a retainer of the Japanese clan of Uesugi clan during the Sengoku Period of the 16th century. Yoshikiyo followed in fighting against both Takeda Nobutora and his son Takeda Shingen....
  .
• 1548: The Ming Dynasty
  Ming Dynasty
  
  The Ming Dynasty , or Empire of the Great Ming , was the ruling Dynasties in Chinese history of China from 1368 to 1644, following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty....
   government of China
  China
  
  China is a Culture of China, an ancient civilization, and, depending on perspective, a national or multinational entity extending over a large area in East Asia....
   issues a decree banning all foreign trade and closes down all seaports along the coast; these Hai jin
  Hai jin
  
  Hai jin was a ban on maritime activities during China's Ming Dynasty and again during the Qing Dynasty. It is commonly referred to as "Sea Ban"....
   laws came during the Wokou
  Wokou
  
  Wokou or Japanese pirates were pirates who raided the coastlines of China and Korea from the thirteenth century onwards. Originally, the Wokou were mainly soldiers, ronin, merchants and smugglers from Japan, but became predominantly from China two centuries later....
   wars with Japan
  Japan
  
  Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, People's Republic of China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south....
  ese pirates.
• 1549: Tomé de Souza
  Portuguese Empire
  
  The Portuguese Empire was the first global empire in history and also the earliest and longest lived of the modern European Colonialism empires, spanning almost six centuries, from the capture of Ceuta in 1415 to the handover of Macau in 1999....
   establishes Salvador
  Salvador
  
  Salvador is normally an indirect way of naming a messiah. It can be:...
   in Bahia
  Bahia
  
  Bahia is one of the 26 states of Brazil, and is located in the northeastern part of the country on the Atlantic coast.It is the fourth most populous Brazilian state after S?o Paulo , Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro , and the fifth-largest in size....
  , north-east of Brazil
  Brazil
  
  Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is a country in South America. It is the List of countries and outlying territories by total area country by geographical area, occupying nearly half of South America, the List of countries by population country, and the fourth most populous democracy in the world....
   .

1550s

• 1550: Mongols
  Mongols
  
  The name Mongol specifies one or several ethnic groups, now mainly located in Mongolia, China, and Russia....
   led by Altan Khan
  Altan Khan
  
  Altan Khan , whose given name was Anda, was the ruler of the T?met Mongols and de facto ruler of the Right Wing, or western tribes, of the Mongols....
   invade China
  Ming Dynasty
  
  The Ming Dynasty , or Empire of the Great Ming , was the ruling Dynasties in Chinese history of China from 1368 to 1644, following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty....
   and besiege Beijing
  Beijing
  
  is a metropolis in northern China and the Capital of the People's Republic of China. It is one of the four municipality of China, which are equivalent to province in China's Political divisions of China....
  .
• 1550-1551: Valladolid debate
  Valladolid debate
  
  The Valladolid debate concerned the treatment of Indigenous people of the Americas of the New World. Held in the Spain city of Valladolid, it opposed two main attitudes towards the European colonization of the Americas....
   concerning the existence of souls in Amerindians
• 1551: Fifth outbreak of sweating sickness
  Sweating sickness
  
  Sweating sickness, also known as the "English sweate" , was a mysterious and highly virulent disease which struck England and later Europe in a series of epidemics, the first beginning in 1485 and the last in 1551, afterwards apparently vanishing....
   in England
  England
  
  native_name =|conventional_long_name = England|common_name = England|image_flag = Flag of England.svg|image_coat = England COA.svg|symbol_type = Royal Coat of Arms...
  . John Caius
  John Caius
  
  John Caius was an English physician, and second founder of the present Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge....
   of Shrewsbury
  Shrewsbury
  
  Shrewsbury is the county town of Shropshire, in the West Midlands of England. Lying on the River Severn, it is home to 70,689 inhabitants, and is the primary settlement of the borough of Shrewsbury and Atcham, which has a population of 95,850....
   writes the first full contemporary account of the symptoms of the disease.
• 1551: North African pirates enslave the entire population of the Maltese island Gozo
  Gozo
  
  Gozo is an island of the Malta#Islands in the Mediterranean Sea, the island is part of the Southern European country Malta and is the second largest after the Malta Island itself within the archipelago....
  , between 5,000 and 6,000, sending them to Libya
  Libya
  
  Libya , officially the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya , is a country located in North Africa. Bordering the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Libya lies between Egypt to the east, Sudan to the southeast, Chad and Niger to the south, and Algeria and Tunisia to the west....
  .
• 1552: Russia conquers the Khanate of Kazan
  Khanate of Kazan
  
  The Kazan Khanate was a medieval Tatar state which occupied the territory of former Volga Bulgaria between 1438 and 1552. The khanate covered contemporary Tatarstan, Mari El, Chuvashia, Mordovia, parts of Udmurtia and Bashkortostan; its capital was the city of Kazan....
  .
• 1553: Portuguese
  Portuguese people
  
  The Portuguese people are the ethnic group or nation native to the country of Portugal, in the west of the Iberian peninsula of Southern Europe-Western Europe Europe....
   found a settlement at Macau
  History of Macau
  
  Macau is a Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China. It was administered by Portugal for 442 years, first as a trading post, and subsequently as a Portuguese territory, until its handover to China in 1999....
  .
• 1555: The Muscovy Company
  Muscovy Company
  
  The Muscovy Company , was a trading company chartered in 1555. It was the first major Chartered companies, the precursor of the type of business that would soon flourish in England, and became closely associated with such famous names as Henry Hudson and William Baffin....
   is the first major English joint stock
  Joint stock company
  
  A joint stock company is a type of business entity: it is a type of corporation or partnership between two. Certificates of ownership are issued by the company in return for each contribution, and the shareholders are free to transfer their ownership interest at any time by selling their stockholding to others....
   trading company.
• 1556: Publication in Venice of Delle Navigiationi et Viaggi (terzo volume) by Giovanni Battista Ramusio, secretary of Council of Ten, with plan La Terra de Hochelaga, an illustration of Indian village Hochelaga. See
• 1556: The Shaanxi Earthquake
  Shaanxi Earthquake
  
  The 1556 Shaanxi earthquake or Jiajing earthquake is the deadliest earthquake on record, killing approximately 830,000 people . It occurred on the morning of 23 January 1556 in Shaanxi, China....
   in China is history's deadliest known earthquake.
• 1556: Georgius Agricola, the "Father of Mineralogy
  Mineralogy
  
  Mineralogy is an Earth Science focused around the chemistry, crystal structure, and physical properties of minerals. Specific studies within mineralogy include the processes of mineral origin and formation, classification of minerals, their geographical distribution, as well as their utilization....
  ", publishes his De re metallica
  De re metallica
  
  De re metallica is a book cataloging the state of the art of mining, refining, and smelting metals, published in 1556. The author was Georg Bauer, whose pen name was the Latinized Georgius Agricola....
  .
• 1556: Akbar the Great defeats the Sultan of Bengal
  Bengal
  
  Bengal , is a historical and geographical region in the northeast of South Asia. Today it is mainly divided between the independent sovereign nation of the Bangladesh and the state of West Bengal in India, although some regions of the previous kingdoms of Bengal are now part of the neighboring Indian states of Bihar, Assam, Tripura and Oris...
   at the Second battle of Panipat
  Second battle of Panipat
  
  The Second Battle of Panipat was fought between the forces of Samrat Hem Chander Vikramaditya, popularly called Hemu, and the army of Mughal Empire emperor Akbar the Great, on November 5, 1556....
  
• 1556: Russia conquers the Astrakhan Khanate
  Astrakhan Khanate
  
  The Khanate of Astrakhan was a Tatar feudal state that appeared after the collapse of the Golden Horde. The Khanate existed in the 15th and 16th centuries in the area adjacent to the mouth of the Volga river, where the contemporary city of Astrakhan/Hajji Tarkhan is now located....
  .
• 1556-1605: During his reign, Akbar expands the Mughal Empire in a series of conquests.
• 1556: Mir Chakar Khan Rind
  Mir Chakar Khan Rind
  
  Mir Chakar Khan Rind or Meer Chaakar Khan Rind or Chakar-i-Azam was a Baloch people king in the 15th century. He is considered a folk hero of the Baloch people and an important figure in the Baloch Epic poetry Hani and Sheh Mureed....
   captured Delhi
  Delhi
  
  Delhi , sometimes referred to as Dilli , is the List of most populous cities in India metropolis in India and, with over 11 million residents, the List of metropolitan areas by population....
   with Emperor Humayun.
• 1556: Pomponio Algerio
  Pomponio Algerio
  
  Pomponio Algerio was a civil law student at the University of Padua whose radical theological beliefs attracted the attention of the Roman Inquisition....
  , radical theologian, is executed by boiling in oil as part of the Roman inquisition
  Roman Inquisition
  
  The Roman Inquisition was a system of tribunals developed by the Holy See during the second half of the 16th century, responsible for prosecuting individuals accused of a wide array of crimes related to heresy, including sorcery, blasphemy, Judaizing and witchcraft, as well for censorship of printed literature....
  .
• 1557: The Portuguese
  Portuguese people
  
  The Portuguese people are the ethnic group or nation native to the country of Portugal, in the west of the Iberian peninsula of Southern Europe-Western Europe Europe....
   settle in Macau
  Macau
  
  The Macau Special Administrative Region, , commonly known as Macau or Macao , is one of the two special administrative region of the People's Republic of China, the other being Hong Kong....
  .
• 1557: Spain
  Habsburg Spain
  
  Habsburg Spain refers to the history of Spain over the 16th and 17th centuries , when Spain was ruled by the major branch of the Habsburg dynasty ....
   became the first sovereign nation in history to declare bankruptcy. Philip II
  Philip II of Spain
  
  Philip II was King of Spain from 1556 until 1598, List of monarchs of Naples from 1554 until 1598, king consort of England, as husband of Mary I of England, from 1554 to 1558, lord of the Seventeen Provinces from 1556 until 1581, holding various titles for the individual territories, such as Duke or Count; and King of Portugal as Philip I...
   of Spain
  Spanish Empire
  
  The Spanish Empire was one of the largest empires in world history, and one of the first global empires. It included territories and colonies ruled by Spain in Europe, the Americas, Africa, Asia and Oceania between the 15th and late 19th centuries....
    had to declare four state bankruptcies
  National bankruptcy
  
  National bankruptcy is the formal declaration of a government to not or only partially pay/meet its debts or the de facto cessation of due payments....
   in 1557, 1560, 1575 and 1596.
• 1558-1603: The Elizabethan era
  Elizabethan era
  
  The Elizabethan era is associated with Elizabeth I of England's reign and is often considered to be the Golden Age in History of England. It was the height of the English Renaissance and saw the flowering of English poetry and English literature....
   is considered the height of the English Renaissance
  English Renaissance
  
  The English Renaissance was a Cultural movement and Art movement in England dating from the early 16th century to the early 17th century. It is associated with the pan-European Renaissance that many cultural historians believe originated in northern Italy in the 14th century....
  .
• 1558-83
  1583
  
  Year 1583 was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar ....
  : Livonian War
  Livonian War
  
  The Livonian War of 1558?1582 was a lengthy military conflict between the Tsardom of Russia and variable coalition of Denmark?Norway, Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Kingdom of Poland , and Kingdom of Sweden for control of medieval Livonia, the territory of the present-day Estonia and Latvia....
   between Poland,] Grand Principality of Lithuania, Sweden, Denmark and Russia.
• 1558: After 200 years, the Kingdom of England
  Kingdom of England
  
  The Kingdom of England was, from 927 to 1707, a state in North-West Europe. The Kingdom of England spanned the southern two-thirds of the island of Great Britain and a number of smaller outlying islands?what is today the legal unit of England and Wales....
   loses Calais
  Calais
  
  Calais is a town in northern France in the Departments of France of Pas-de-Calais, of which it is a sub-prefecture. Although Calais is by far the largest city in Pas-de-Calais, the department's capital is its third-largest city of Arras....
   to France.
• 1559: With the Peace of Cateau Cambrésis, the Italian Wars
  Italian Wars
  
  The Italian Wars, often referred to as the Great Italian Wars or the Great Wars of Italy in historical works, were a series of conflicts from 1494 to 1559 that involved, at various times, most of the Italian city-states, the Papal States, all the major states of western Europe as well as the Ottoman Empire....
   conclude.

1560s

• 1560: Erzsebet Bathory is born in Nyirbator, Hungary.
• 1561: Guido de Bres
  Guido de Bres
  
  Guido de Bres was the main author of the Belgic Confession....
   draws up the Belgic Confession
  Belgic Confession
  
  The Confession of Faith, popularly known as the Belgic Confession, is a doctrinal standard document to which many of the Reformed churches subscribe....
   of Protestant faith.
• 1562: Mughal
  Mughal Empire
  
  The Mughal Empire was a Muslim imperial power of the Indian subcontinent which began in 1526, ruled most of the Indian Subcontinent by the late 17th and early 18th centuries, and ended in the mid-19th century....
   leader Akbar reconciles the Muslim and Hindu factions by marrying into the powerful Rajput
  Rajput
  
  A Rajput is a member of one of the major Hindu Kshatriya groups of Indian subcontinent. The Rajputs trace their roots to Rajputana. They enjoy a reputation as formidable soldiers and it is common to find many of them serving in the Indian Armed Forces....
   Hindu caste.
• 1562-98
  1598
  
  Year 1598 was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar ....
  : French Wars of Religion
  French Wars of Religion
  
  The French Wars of Religion is the name given to a period of civil war and military operations, primarily between France Roman Catholic Church and Protestantism , which also involved the factional struggles between the aristocratic houses of France such as the House of Bourbon and House of Guise ....
   between Catholics and Huguenot
  Huguenot
  
  The Huguenots were members of the Protestantism Reformed Church of France of France from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries....
  s.
• 1562: Massacre of Wassy and Battle of Dreux
  Battle of Dreux
  
  The Battle of Dreux was fought on 19 December, 1562 between Catholics and Huguenots. The Catholics were led by Anne de Montmorency while Louis I, Prince of Cond? led the Huguenots....
   in the French Wars of Religion
  French Wars of Religion
  
  The French Wars of Religion is the name given to a period of civil war and military operations, primarily between France Roman Catholic Church and Protestantism , which also involved the factional struggles between the aristocratic houses of France such as the House of Bourbon and House of Guise ....
  .
• 1563: Plague
  Black Death
  
  The Black Death, was one of the deadliest pandemics in human history, widely thought to have been caused by a bacterium named Yersinia pestis , but recently attributed by some factors to other diseases....
   outbreak claimed 80,000 people in Elizabethan
  Elizabethan era
  
  The Elizabethan era is associated with Elizabeth I of England's reign and is often considered to be the Golden Age in History of England. It was the height of the English Renaissance and saw the flowering of English poetry and English literature....
   England
  Kingdom of England
  
  The Kingdom of England was, from 927 to 1707, a state in North-West Europe. The Kingdom of England spanned the southern two-thirds of the island of Great Britain and a number of smaller outlying islands?what is today the legal unit of England and Wales....
  . In London
  London
  
  London is the capital of both England and the United Kingdom, and the most populous municipality in the European Union. An important settlement for two millennia, History of London goes back to its founding by the Roman Empire....
   alone, over 20,000 people died of the disease.
• 1564: Galileo Galilei
  Galileo Galilei
  
  Galileo Galilei was a Grand Duchy of Tuscany physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution....
   born on February 15
• 1564: William Shakespeare
  William Shakespeare
  
  William Shakespeare was an English people poet and playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's preeminent dramatist....
   baptized 26 April
• 1565: Battle of Talikota
  Battle of Talikota
  
  The Battle of Talikota Kannada ???????? , a watershed battle fought between the Vijayanagara Empire and the Deccan sultanates, resulted in a rout of Vijayanagara, and ended the last great Hindu kingdom in South India....
   fought between the Hindu kingdom of Vijayanagar
  Vijayanagara Empire
  
  The Vijayanagara Empire was a South Indian empire based in the Deccan Plateau. Established in 1336 by Harihara I and his brother Bukka Raya I, it lasted until 1646 although its power declined after a major military defeat in 1565 by the Deccan sultanates....
   and the Deccan sultanates
  Deccan sultanates
  
  The Deccan sultanates were five Muslim-ruled late medieval kingdoms?-Bijapur Sultanate, Golconda Sultanate, Ahmednagar Sultanate, Bidar Sultanate, and Berar Sultanate of south-central India....
  .
• 1565: Mir Chakar Khan Rind
  Mir Chakar Khan Rind
  
  Mir Chakar Khan Rind or Meer Chaakar Khan Rind or Chakar-i-Azam was a Baloch people king in the 15th century. He is considered a folk hero of the Baloch people and an important figure in the Baloch Epic poetry Hani and Sheh Mureed....
   died age of 97.
• 1565: Estácio de Sá
  Portuguese Empire
  
  The Portuguese Empire was the first global empire in history and also the earliest and longest lived of the modern European Colonialism empires, spanning almost six centuries, from the capture of Ceuta in 1415 to the handover of Macau in 1999....
   establishes Rio de Janeiro
  Rio de Janeiro
  
  Rio de Janeiro , is the second largest city of Brazil and South America, behind S?o Paulo, and the third largest metropolitan area in South America, behind S?o Paulo and Buenos Aires....
   in Brazil
  Brazil
  
  Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is a country in South America. It is the List of countries and outlying territories by total area country by geographical area, occupying nearly half of South America, the List of countries by population country, and the fourth most populous democracy in the world....
  .
• 1565: The Hospitallers defeat the Ottoman Empire
  Ottoman Empire
  
  The Ottoman Empire , also known by its contemporaries as the Turkish Empire or Turkey , was an empire that lasted from 1299?1923. It was Treaty of Lausanne by the Republic of Turkey, which was officially proclaimed on October 29, 1923....
   at the Siege of Malta
  Siege of Malta
  
  Siege of Malta may refer to:*The Siege of Malta , which occurred when the Ottoman Empire invaded the island, then held by the Knights Hospitaller...
  .
• 1566-1648: Eighty Years' War between Spain and the Netherlands
  Netherlands
  
  The Netherlands is a country that is part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a parliamentary democratic constitutional monarchy. The Netherlands is located in North-West Europe, and bordered by the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east....
  .
• 1567: Mary, Queen of Scots is imprisoned by Elizabeth I.
• 1568-1571: Morisco Revolt
  Morisco Revolt
  
  The Morisco Revolt occurred in 1568. It was a rebellion by the remnants of the community of Islam converts to Christianity in Granada against the Crown of Castile....
   in Spain.
• 1568-1600: The Azuchi-Momoyama period
  Azuchi-Momoyama period
  
  The came at the end of the Sengoku period in Japan, when the political unification that preceded the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate took place....
   in Japan.
• 1569: Rising of the North
  Rising of the North
  
  The Rising of the North or Revolt of the Northern Earls was an unsuccessful uprising against Elizabeth I of England in 1569 by Catholics of Northern England....
   in England.
• 1569: The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
  Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
  
  The Polish?Lithuanian Commonwealth was one of the largest and most populous countries in 16th and 17th-century Europe, formed by a Union of Lublin of Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1569....
   is created with the Union of Lublin
  Union of Lublin
  
  The Union of Lublin replaced the personal union of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania with a real union and an elective monarchy, since Sigismund II Augustus, the last of the Jagiellons, remained childless after three marriages....
   which lasts until 1795.

1570s

• 1571: Pope Pius V
  Pope Pius V
  
  Pope Saint Pius V , born Antonio Ghislieri was Pope from 1566 to 1572 and is a saint of the Roman Catholic Church. He is chiefly notable for his role in the implementation of the Council of Trent, the Counterreformation and the standardisation of the liturgy....
   completes the Holy League
  Holy League (Mediterranean)
  
  The Holy League of 1571 was arranged by Pope Pius V and included almost all the major Roman Catholic Church Maritime nation in the Mediterranean....
   as a united front against the Ottoman Turks
  Ottoman Empire
  
  The Ottoman Empire , also known by its contemporaries as the Turkish Empire or Turkey , was an empire that lasted from 1299?1923. It was Treaty of Lausanne by the Republic of Turkey, which was officially proclaimed on October 29, 1923....
  .
• 1571: The Holy League
  Holy League
  
  Holy League may refer to:* Holy League , AKA "League of Venice", alliance of several opponents of French hegemony in Italy, arranged by Pope Alexander VI...
   destroys the Ottoman Empire
  Ottoman Empire
  
  The Ottoman Empire , also known by its contemporaries as the Turkish Empire or Turkey , was an empire that lasted from 1299?1923. It was Treaty of Lausanne by the Republic of Turkey, which was officially proclaimed on October 29, 1923....
   navy at the Battle of Lepanto
  Battle of Lepanto
  
  Three battles have been known as the Battle of Lepanto:*Battle of Zonchio, an Ottoman victory during the Ottoman-Venetian Wars *Battle of Lepanto , an Ottoman victory during the Ottoman-Venetian Wars ...
  .
• 1571: Crimean Tatars
  Crimean Khanate
  
  The Crimean Khanate or the Khanate of Crimea was a Crimean Tatars state from 1441 to 1783. Its native name was Crimean Yurt . The khanate was by far the longest-lived of the Turkic peoples khanates that succeeded the empire of the Golden Horde....
   attack and sack Moscow
  Russo-Crimean Wars
  
  The Russo-Crimean Wars were fought between the forces of the Muscovy and the invading Crimean Tatars of the Crimean Khanate....
  , burning everything but the Kremlin
  Moscow Kremlin
  
  The Moscow Kremlin usually referred to as simply The Kremlin, is a historic fortified complex at the heart of Moscow, overlooking the Moskva River , Saint Basil's Cathedral and Red Square and the Alexander Garden ....
  .
• 1571: Spanish missionaries are murdered by Indians at the later Jamestown Settlement
  Jamestown Settlement
  
  The Jamestown Settlement was the first permanent England settlement in North America. Named for King James I of England, Jamestown was founded in the Virginia Colony on May 14, 1610....
  , Virginia.
• 1572: Brielle
  Brielle
  
  Media:Nl-Brielle.ogg, also called Den Briel is a town and municipality in the western Netherlands, in the province of South Holland, on the north side of the island of Voorne, at the mouth of the New Maas....
   is taken from Habsburg Spain
  Habsburg Spain
  
  Habsburg Spain refers to the history of Spain over the 16th and 17th centuries , when Spain was ruled by the major branch of the Habsburg dynasty ....
   by Protestant Watergeuzen in the Capture of Brielle
  Capture of Brielle
  
  The Capture of Brielle by the Sea Beggars, or Watergeuzen, on 1 April 1572 marked a turning point in the uprising of the Seventeen Provinces against Spain in the Eighty Years' War....
  , in the Eighty Years' War.
• 1572: Spanish conquistadores
  Conquistador
  
  Conquistador is the name given to the Spaniards soldiers, leaders, List of explorers, and adventurers involved in the conquest of the Americas following the discovery of the New World by Christopher Columbus in 1492....
   apprehend the last Inca
  Inca Empire
  
  The Inca Empire was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. The administrative, political and military center of the empire was located in Cuzco in modern-day Peru....
   leader Tupak Amaru at Vilcabamba
  Vilcabamba
  
  #Vilcabamba, Peru#Vilcabamba, Ecuador, town in the province of Loja Province, Ecuador...
  , Peru, and execute him in Cuzco.
• 1572: Catherine de' Medici
  Catherine de' Medici
  
  Catherine de' Medici was born in Florence, as Caterina Maria Romula di Lorenzo de' Medici. Her parents, Lorenzo II de' Medici, Duke of Urbino, and Madeleine de la Tour d'Auvergne, both died within weeks of her birth....
   instigates the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre
  St. Bartholomew's Day massacre
  
  The St. Bartholomew's Day massacre in 1572 was a targeted group of assassinations, followed by a wave of Roman Catholic mob violence, both directed against the Huguenots , during the French Wars of Religion....
   which takes the lives of Protestant leader Gaspard de Coligny
  Gaspard de Coligny
  
  Lord Gaspard de Coligny , Seigneur de Ch?tillon held the office of Admiral of France and is best remembered as an austerely disciplined Huguenot leader in the French Wars of Religion....
   and thousands of Huguenot
  Huguenot
  
  The Huguenots were members of the Protestantism Reformed Church of France of France from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries....
  s. The violence spreads from Paris to other cities and the countryside.
• 1573: After heavy losses on both sidee the Siege of Haarlem
  Siege of Haarlem
  
  In the Eighty Years' War the city of Haarlem in the Netherlands was put under a bloody siege by a Spain army that wanted to reclaim the rebellious city for Philip II of Spain, the Spanish king....
   ends in a Spanish
  Spain
  
  Spain or the Kingdom of Spain , is a country located in Southern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.The Spanish constitution does not establish any official denomination of the country, even though Espa?a , Estado espa?ol and Naci?n espa?ola are used interchangeably....
   victory.
• 1574: in the Eighty Years' War the capital of Zeeland
  Zeeland
  
  Zeeland , also called Zealand in English language and Zeelandic, is a province of the Netherlands. The province, located in the south-west of the country, consists of a number of islands and a strip bordering Belgium....
  , Middelburg
  Middelburg
  
  Middelburg is a municipality and a city in the south-western Netherlands and the Capital of the province of Zeeland. It is situated on the peninsula of Walcheren....
   declares for the Protestants.
• 1574: After a siege of 4 months the Siege of Leiden
  Siege of Leiden
  
  The Siege of Leiden occurred during the Eighty Years' War in 1573 and 1574, when the Spanish attempted to capture the rebellious city but ultimately failed....
   ends in a comprehensive Dutch
  Holland
  
  Holland is a name in common usage given to two regions in the western part of Netherlands. The name 'Holland' is also often mistakenly used to refer to the whole of The Netherlands....
   victory.
• 1575: Oda Nobunaga
  Oda Nobunaga
  
  was a major daimyo during the Sengoku period of History of Japan. He was the second son of Oda Nobuhide, a deputy shugo with land holdings in Owari province....
   finally captures Nagashima
  Nagashima
  
  was a series of fortresses and fortifications controlled by the Ikko-ikki, a sect of warrior monks in Japan Sengoku period who opposed samurai rule....
   fortress.
• 1576: Sack of Antwerp
  Sack of Antwerp
  
  The sack of Antwerp during the Eighty Years' War is known as the Spanish Fury.On 4 November 1576, Spain tercios began the sack of Antwerp, leading to three days of horror among the population of the city, which was the cultural, economic and financial center of the Seventeen Provinces....
   by badly paid Spanish soldiers.
• 1577-80
  1580
  
  Year 1580 was a leap year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar....
  : Francis Drake
  Francis Drake
  
  Sir Francis Drake, Vice Admiral , was an England sea captain, privateer, navigation, slaver, and politics of the Elizabethan era. Elizabeth I of England awarded Drake a knighthood in 1581....
   circles the World
  Circumnavigation
  
  To circumnavigate a place, such as an island, a continent, or the Earth, is to travel all the way around it by boat or ship. More recently, the term has also been used to cover aerial round-the-world flights....
  .
• 1578: King Sebastian of Portugal
  Sebastian of Portugal
  
  Sebastian I, King of Portugal "the Desired" was the 16th Kings of Portugal. He was the son of Prince John, Crown Prince of Portugal and his wife, Joan of Spain....
   is killed at the Battle of Alcazarquivir.
• 1579: The Union of Utrecht
  Union of Utrecht
  
  The Union of Utrecht is a treaty signed on 23 January 1579 in Utrecht , the Netherlands, unifying the northern provinces of the Netherlands, until then under the control of Spain....
   unifies the northern Netherlands, a foundation for the later Dutch Republic
  Dutch Republic
  
  The Republic of the Seven United Netherlands was a European republic between 1581 and 1795, in about the same location as the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands, which is the successor state....
  .
• 1579: The Union of Arras unifies the southern Netherlands, a foundation for the later states of the Spanish Netherlands, the Austrian Netherlands and Belgium
  Belgium
  
  * A small German-speaking Community of Belgium exists in eastern Wallonia. Belgium's linguistic diversity and related political and cultural conflicts are reflected in the history of Belgium and a complex Communities and regions of Belgium....
  
• 1580: Drake
  Francis Drake
  
  Sir Francis Drake, Vice Admiral , was an England sea captain, privateer, navigation, slaver, and politics of the Elizabethan era. Elizabeth I of England awarded Drake a knighthood in 1581....
  's royal reception after his attacks on Spanish possessions, influences Philip II of Spain
  Philip II of Spain
  
  Philip II was King of Spain from 1556 until 1598, List of monarchs of Naples from 1554 until 1598, king consort of England, as husband of Mary I of England, from 1554 to 1558, lord of the Seventeen Provinces from 1556 until 1581, holding various titles for the individual territories, such as Duke or Count; and King of Portugal as Philip I...
   to build up the Spanish Armada
  Spanish Armada
  
  The Spanish Armada was the Habsburg Spain fleet that sailed against England under the command of the Alonso de Guzm?n El Bueno, 7th Duke of Medina Sidonia in 1588, leading to the Drake-Norris Expedition of 1589, also known as the English Armada....
  . English ships in Spanish harbours are impounded.
• 1580: Spain unifies with Portugal under Philip II
  Philip II of Spain
  
  Philip II was King of Spain from 1556 until 1598, List of monarchs of Naples from 1554 until 1598, king consort of England, as husband of Mary I of England, from 1554 to 1558, lord of the Seventeen Provinces from 1556 until 1581, holding various titles for the individual territories, such as Duke or Count; and King of Portugal as Philip I...
  . The struggle for the throne of Portugal
  Struggle for the throne of Portugal
  
  The 1580 Portuguese succession crisis came about as a result of the death of young King Sebastian I of Portugal in battle, in 1578, without an heir , leading to a dynastic crisis....
   ends the Portuguese Empire
  Portuguese Empire
  
  The Portuguese Empire was the first global empire in history and also the earliest and longest lived of the modern European Colonialism empires, spanning almost six centuries, from the capture of Ceuta in 1415 to the handover of Macau in 1999....
  . The Spanish and Portuguese crowns are united
  Iberian Union
  
  Iberian Union is a modern day term that refers to the historical political unit that governed all of the Iberian peninsula south of the Pyrenees from 1580?1640, through a personal union....
   for 60 years, i.e. until 1640.

1580s

• 1582: Yermak Timofeyevich
  Yermak Timofeyevich
  
  Yermak Timofeyevich , Cossack leader and explorer of Siberia. His exploration of Siberia marked the beginning of the expansion of Russia towards this region and its colonization....
   conquers the Siberia Khanate
  Siberia Khanate
  
  The Khanate of Sibir was a Tatar people Turkic people khanate in the later Russian Siberia. The Khanate had an ethnically diverse population of Siberian Tatars, Khanty, Mansi, Nenets people and Selkup people....
   on behalf of the Stroganovs
  Stroganovs
  
  The Stroganovs or Strogonovs , also spelled in French language manner as Stroganoffs, were a family of highly successful Russian merchants, industrialists, landowners, and Statesman of the 16th - 20th centuries that eventually earned nobility....
  .
• 1584-85
  1585
  
  Year 1585 was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar ....
  : After the Siege of Antwerp
  Siege of Antwerp (1584-1585)
  
  The Siege of Antwerp took place during the Eighty Years' War from July 1584 until August 1585. At the time Antwerp was not only the largest Netherlands city but was also the cultural, economic and financial centre of the Seventeen Provinces and of north-western Europe....
  , many of its merchants flee to Amsterdam
  Amsterdam
  
  Amsterdam is the Capital of the Netherlands and List of cities in the Netherlands with over 100,000 people of the Netherlands, located in the Provinces of the Netherlands of North Holland in the west of the country....
  .
• 1585-1604: The Anglo-Spanish War
  Anglo-Spanish War (1585)
  
  The Anglo?Spanish War was an intermittent conflict between the kingdoms of Spain and Kingdom of England that was never formally declared. The war was punctuated by widely separated battles, and began with England's unsuccessful military expedition in 1585 to the Netherlands under the command of the Earl of Leicester in support of the resista...
   is fought on both sides of the Atlantic.
• 1588: England repulses the Spanish Armada
  Spanish Armada
  
  The Spanish Armada was the Habsburg Spain fleet that sailed against England under the command of the Alonso de Guzm?n El Bueno, 7th Duke of Medina Sidonia in 1588, leading to the Drake-Norris Expedition of 1589, also known as the English Armada....
  .
• 1589: Spain repulses the English Armada
  English Armada
  
  The English Armada was a fleet of warships sent to the Iberian coast by Queen Elizabeth I of England in 1589, during the Anglo-Spanish War . It was led by Sir Francis Drake as admiral and Sir John Norreys as general, and failed to drive home the advantage England had won upon the dispersal of the Spanish Armada in the previous year....
  .

1590s

• 1591: Gazi Giray
  List of Crimean khans
  
  The following is the chronological table of reigns of Khan of Crimean Khanate from the Giray dynasty:...
   leads a huge Tatar expedition against Moscow
  Moscow
  
  Moscow is the capital and the largest types of inhabited localities in Russia of the Russian Federation. It is also the largest European cities and metropolitan areas, with the Moscow metropolitan area ranking among the largest urban areas in the world....
  .
• 1591: In Mali
  Mali
  
  Mali, officially the Republic of Mali, is a landlocked nation in West Africa. Mali is the seventh largest country in Africa, bordering Algeria on the north, Niger on the east, Burkina Faso and the C?te d'Ivoire on the south, Guinea on the south-west, and Senegal and Mauritania on the west....
  , Moroccan
  Moroccan
  
  Moroccan may refer to:* Something of, from, or related to Morocco, ia country located in North Africa** A person from Morocco, or of Moroccan descent....
   forces of the Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur
  Ahmad I al-Mansur Saadi
  
  Ahmad I al-Mansur was Sultan of the Saadi dynasty from 1578 to his death in 1603, the sixth and most famous of all rulers of the Saadis. He was the third son of Mohammed ash-Sheikh who became sultan of Morocco....
   led by Judar Pasha defeat the Songhai Empire
  Songhai Empire
  
  The Songhai Empire, also known as the Songhay Empire, was a pre-colonial African state of west Africa. From the early 15th to the late 16th century, Songhai was one of the largest African empires in history....
   at the Battle of Tondibi
  Battle of Tondibi
  
  The Battle of Tondibi was the decisive confrontation in Morocco's sixteenth century invasion of the Songhai Empire. Though vastly outnumbered, the Moroccan forces under Judar Pasha defeated the Songhai Askia Ishaq II, guaranteeing the Empire's downfall....
  .
• 1592-1593: John Stow
  John Stow
  
  John Stow , was an England historian and antiquarian....
   reports 10,675 plague
  Black Death
  
  The Black Death, was one of the deadliest pandemics in human history, widely thought to have been caused by a bacterium named Yersinia pestis , but recently attributed by some factors to other diseases....
   deaths in London
  London
  
  London is the capital of both England and the United Kingdom, and the most populous municipality in the European Union. An important settlement for two millennia, History of London goes back to its founding by the Roman Empire....
  , a city of approximately 200,000 people.
• 1592-98
  1598
  
  Year 1598 was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar ....
  : Korea, with the help of Ming Dynasty
  Ming Dynasty
  
  The Ming Dynasty , or Empire of the Great Ming , was the ruling Dynasties in Chinese history of China from 1368 to 1644, following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty....
   China, repels two Japanese invasions
  Hideyoshi's invasions of Korea
  
  Two Japanese invasions of Korea and subsequent battles on the Korean peninsula took place from 1592 to 1598. Toyotomi Hideyoshi led the newly unified Japan into the first invasion with the professed goal of conquering Korea, the Jurchens, Ming Dynasty China, and India....
  .
• 1593-1606: The Long War
  Long War (Ottoman wars)
  
  The Long War or Thirteen Years' War was one of the numerous wars between the Habsburg Monarchy and the Ottoman Empire that took place after the Battle of Moh?cs....
   between the Habsburg monarchy
  Habsburg Monarchy
  
  The Habsburg Monarchy covered the territories ruled by the junior Austria branch of the House of Habsburg , and then by the successor House of Habsburg-Lorraine , between 1526 and 1867/1918....
   and the Ottoman Turks
  Ottoman Empire
  
  The Ottoman Empire , also known by its contemporaries as the Turkish Empire or Turkey , was an empire that lasted from 1299?1923. It was Treaty of Lausanne by the Republic of Turkey, which was officially proclaimed on October 29, 1923....
  .
• 1598: The Edict of Nantes
  Edict of Nantes
  
  The Edict of Nantes was issued on 13 April 1598 by Henry IV of France to grant the Calvinism Protestants of France substantial rights in a nation still considered essentially Catholicism....
   ends the French Wars of Religion
  French Wars of Religion
  
  The French Wars of Religion is the name given to a period of civil war and military operations, primarily between France Roman Catholic Church and Protestantism , which also involved the factional struggles between the aristocratic houses of France such as the House of Bourbon and House of Guise ....
  .
• 1598-1613: Russia descends into anarchy during the Time of Troubles
  Time of Troubles
  
  The Time of Troubles was a period of History of Russia comprising the years of interregnum between the death of the last Tsardom of Russia Tsar Feodor I of Russia of the Rurik Dynasty in 1598 and the establishment of the Romanov Dynasty in 1613....
  .
• 1600: Giordano Bruno
  Giordano Bruno
  
  Giordano Bruno, born Filippo Bruno , was an Italy philosopher best-known as a proponent of heliocentrism and the infinity of the universe. In addition to his cosmological writings, he also wrote extensive works on the art of memory, a loosely-organized group of mnemonic techniques and principles....
   is burned at the stake for heresy
  Christian heresy
  
  Heresy is the rejection of one or more established beliefs of a religious body, or adherence to "other beliefs." Christian heresy refers to unorthodox practices and beliefs that were deemed to be heretical by one or more of the Christian churches....
   in Rome
  Rome
  
  Rome is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city, with 2,724,347 residents in an urban area of some ....
  .
• 1600: Battle of Sekigahara
  Battle of Sekigahara
  
  The , popularly known as the , was a decisive battle on October 21, 1600 which cleared the path to the Shogunate for Tokugawa Ieyasu. Though it would take three more years for Ieyasu to consolidate his position of power over the Toyotomi clan and the daimyo, Sekigahara is widely considered to be the unofficial beginning of the Tokugawa shogunate,...
   in Japan
  Japan
  
  Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, People's Republic of China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south....
  . End of the Warring States period
  Warring States Period
  
  The Warring States Period , also known as the Era of Warring States, covers the period from 476 BCE to the unification of China by the Qin Dynasty in 221 BCE....
   and beginning of the Edo period
  Edo period
  
  The , or , is a division of History of Japan running from 1603 to 1868. The period marks the governance of the Edo or Tokugawa shogunate, which was officially established in 1603 by the first Edo shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu....
  .

Significant people

• Paracelsus
  Paracelsus
  
  Paracelsus was a Medieval physician, botanist, alchemy, astrologer, and general occultist. Born Phillip von Hohenheim, he later took up the name Philippus Theophrastus Aureolus Bombastus von Hohenheim, and still later took the title Paracelsus, meaning "equal to or greater than Celsus", a Roman encyclopedist, Aulus Cornelius Celsus fro...
   (11 November or 17 December 1493 in Einsiedeln, Switzerland – 24 September 1541 in Salzburg, Austria)
• Henry VII of England
  Henry VII of England
  
  Henry VII was the Kingdom of England and Lordship of Ireland from his usurpation of the crown on 22 August 1485 until his death on 21 April 1509, as the first monarch of the Tudor dynasty....
  , founder of the Tudor dynasty
  Tudor dynasty
  
  The House of Tudor was a prominent European royal house that ruled the Kingdom of England and its realms from 1485 until 1603. Founded by Henry VII of England, who, though his paternal family was Welsh people ?his grandfather was Owen Tudor? was himself also a legitimized descendent of the royal House of Lancaster....
  . Introduced ruthlessly efficient mechanisms of taxation which restored the kingdom after a state of virtual bankruptcy
  Bankruptcy
  
  Bankruptcy is a legally declared inability or impairment of ability of an individual or organization to pay its creditors. Creditors may file a bankruptcy petition against a debtor in an effort to recoup a portion of what they are owed or initiate a restructuring....
   due to the effects of the Wars of the Roses
  Wars of the Roses
  
  The Wars of the Roses were a series of dynastic civil wars fought in England between supporters of the Houses of House of Lancaster and House of York....
   (1457 - 1509).
• Zygmunt I the Old, King of Poland, established a conscription army and the bureaucracy needed to finance it (1467 - 1548).
• György Dózsa
  György Dózsa
  
  Gy?rgy D?zsa was a Sz?kely Hungarian man-at-arms from Transylvania who led a Popular revolt in late medieval Europe against the Kingdom of Hungary landed nobility....
  , leader of the peasants' revolt in Hungary
  Hungary
  
  Hungary , officially in English the Republic of Hungary , is a landlocked country in the Carpathian Basin of Central Europe, bordered by Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, and Slovenia....
   (1470 - 1514)
• Martin Luther
  Martin Luther
  
  Martin Luther was a Germans monk, theology, university professor, priest, father of Protestantism, and Protestant Reformers whose ideas started the Protestant Reformation and changed the course of Western culture....
  , German religious reformer (1483 - 1546).
• King Henry VIII of England
  Henry VIII of England
  
  Henry VIII was King of England from 21 April 1509 until his death. He was also Lordship of Ireland and claimant to the Early Modern France. Henry was the second monarch of the House of Tudor, succeeding his father, Henry VII of England....
  , founder of Anglicanism
  Anglicanism
  
  Anglicanism is a tradition of Christianity faith. Churches in this tradition either have historical connections to the Church of England or have similar beliefs, worship and church structures....
   (1491 - 1547).
• Ignatius of Loyola
  Ignatius of Loyola
  
  Saint Ignatius of Loyola was the principal founder and first Superior General of the Society of Jesus.The compiler of the Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius of Loyola, Ignatius was described by Pope Benedict XVI as being above all a man of God, who gave the first place of his life to God, and a man of profound prayer....
  , founder of the Society of Jesus
  Society of Jesus
  
  The Society of Jesus is a Roman Catholic religious order of clerks regular whose members are called Jesuits, Soldiers of Jesus Christ, and Foot soldiers of the Pope, because the founder, Saint Ignatius of Loyola, was a knight before becoming a Holy Orders....
   (1491 - 1556).
• King Francis I of France
  Francis I of France
  
  Francis I , was crowned King of France in 1515 in the cathedral at Reims and reigned until 1547.Francis I is considered to be France's first Renaissance monarch....
  , considered the first Renaissance
  Renaissance
  
  The Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe....
   monarch of his Kingdom (1494 - 1547).
• Suleiman the Magnificent
  Suleiman the Magnificent
  
  Suleiman I, His Imperial Majesty , was the tenth and longest-reigning Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, from 1520 to his death in 1566. He is known in Western world as Suleiman the Magnificent and in Eastern world, as the Lawgiver , for his complete reconstruction of the Ottoman legal system....
  , Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
  Ottoman Empire
  
  The Ottoman Empire , also known by its contemporaries as the Turkish Empire or Turkey , was an empire that lasted from 1299?1923. It was Treaty of Lausanne by the Republic of Turkey, which was officially proclaimed on October 29, 1923....
  . Conqueror and legal reformer (1494 - 1566).
• King Gustav I of Sweden
  Gustav I of Sweden
  
  Gustav I, born Gustav Eriksson and later known as Gustav Vasa , was Monarchy of Sweden from 1523 until his death. He was the first monarch of the House of Vasa, an influential Nobility which came to be the royal house of Sweden for much of the 16th and 17th centuries....
  , restored Swedish sovereignty and introduced Protestantism
  Protestantism
  
  Protestantism is a movement within Christianity that originated in the sixteenth-century Protestant Reformation. It is considered to be one of the three principal traditions of Christianity, together with Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy....
   in Sweden
  Sweden
  
  Sweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic countries on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden has land borders with Norway to the west and Finland to the northeast, and it is connected to Denmark by the ?resund Bridge in the south....
   (1496-1560).
• Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
  Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
  
  Charles V was ruler of the Holy Roman Empire from 1519 and, as Charles I of Spain, of the Spanish realms from 1516 until his abdication in 1556....
   and the first to reign as King of Spain
  List of Spanish monarchs
  
  This is a list of Spanish monarchs?that is, rulers of the country of Spain in the modern sense of the word. The forerunners of the Spanish throne, as well as of the List of Portuguese monarchs, were the following:...
  . Involved in almost constant conflict with France
  France
  
  France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France....
   and the Ottoman Empire
  Ottoman Empire
  
  The Ottoman Empire , also known by its contemporaries as the Turkish Empire or Turkey , was an empire that lasted from 1299?1923. It was Treaty of Lausanne by the Republic of Turkey, which was officially proclaimed on October 29, 1923....
   while promoting the Spanish colonization of the Americas
  Spanish colonization of the Americas
  
  The Spanish colonization of the Americas was Spain's conquest, settlement, and rule over much of the western hemisphere. Beginning with the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1492, over three centuries the Spanish Empire expanded from early small settlements in the Caribbean to include Central America, most of South America, Mexico, what toda...
   (1500 - 1558).
• Cuauhtémoc
  Cuauhtémoc
  
  Cuauht?moc was the Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan from 1520 to 1521. The name Cuauhtemoc means "One That Has Descended Like an Eagle" in Nahuatl language ? commonly rendered in English as "Falling Eagle" ? and wrong was ....
  , the last Tlatoani
  Tlatoani
  
  Tlatoani is the Nahuatl term for the ruler of an altepetl, a pre-Hispanic state. The word literally means "speaker", but may be translated into English as "king"....
   of the Aztec
  Aztec
  
  Aztec is a term used to refer to certain ethnic groups of central Mexico, particularly those groups who spoke the Nahuatl and who achieved political and military dominance over large parts of Mesoamerica in the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries, a period referred to as the Late post-Classic period in Mesoamerican chronology....
  , led the native resistance against the Conquistador
  Conquistador
  
  Conquistador is the name given to the Spaniards soldiers, leaders, List of explorers, and adventurers involved in the conquest of the Americas following the discovery of the New World by Christopher Columbus in 1492....
  es (1502 - 1525).
• Michel Nostradamus, French astrologer and doctor, author of Les Propheties, a book of world prophecies (1503 - 1566).
• Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi
  Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi
  
  Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi was an Imam and General of Adal Sultanate who invaded Ethiopia and defeated several Emperor of Ethiopia, wreaking much damage on that kingdom....
  , Somali
  Somali people
  
  Somalis are an ethnic group located in the Horn of Africa, also known as the Somali Peninsula. The overwhelming majority of Somalis speak the Somali language, which is part of the Cushitic languages subgroup of the Afro-Asiatic languages language family....
   Imam
  Imam
  
  File:Medaillon chiite.jpgAn imam is an Islamic leadership position. Often the leader of a mosque and the community. Similar to spiritual leaders, the imam is the one who leads the prayer during Islamic gatherings....
   and general (1507 - 1543).
• John Calvin
  John Calvin
  
  John Calvin was an influential French people theology and pastor during the Protestant Reformation. He was a principal figure in the development of the system of Christian theology later called Calvinism....
  , theologian, and reformer. Founder of Calvinism
  Calvinism
  
  Calvinism is a theology system and an approach to the Christian life that emphasizes the rule of God over all things. It was developed by several theologians, but it bears the name of the French Protestant Reformation John Calvin because of his prominent influence on it and because of his role in the confessional and ecclesiastical debates t...
   (1509 - 1564).
• Andreas Vesalius (1514–1564)
• Mary I of England
  Mary I of England
  
  Mary I , was Queen of England and Monarchy of Ireland from 19 July 1553 until her death. The fourth crowned monarch of the Tudor dynasty, she is remembered for restoring England to Roman Catholicism after succeeding her short-lived half brother, Edward VI of England, to the English throne....
  . Attempted to counter the Protestant Reformation
  Protestant Reformation
  
  The Protestant Reformation was a Christian reform movement in Europe. It is thought to have begun in 1517 with Martin Luther's Ninety-Five Theses and may be considered to have ended with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648....
   in her domains. Nick-named Bloody Mary for her Religious persecution
  Religious persecution
  
  Religious persecution is the systematic mistreatment of an individual or group of individuals as a response to their Religion.The tendency of societies or groups within society to alienate or repress different subcultures is a recurrent theme in human history....
   (1516 - 1558).
• Andrea Amati, (c. 1520 – c. 1578) was the earliest maker of violins whose instruments still survive today.
• John Knox
  John Knox
  
  John Knox was a Scotland clergyman and leader of the Protestant Reformation who is considered the founder of the Presbyterianism denomination....
   (c. 1510 – 1572) was a Scottish
  Scotland
  
  conventional_long_name = ScotlandAlba|common_name= Scotland|image_flag = Flag of Scotland.svg|flag_width = 130px...
   clergyman and leader of the Protestant Reformation
  Protestant Reformation
  
  The Protestant Reformation was a Christian reform movement in Europe. It is thought to have begun in 1517 with Martin Luther's Ninety-Five Theses and may be considered to have ended with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648....
   who is considered the founder of the Presbyterian
  Presbyterianism
  
  Presbyterianism is a group of Christian congregations adhering to the Calvinism theological tradition within Protestantism. Presbyterian theology typically emphasizes the sovereignty of God, the authority of the Bible and the necessity of Divine grace through faith in Christ....
   denomination.
• King Philip II of Spain
  Philip II of Spain
  
  Philip II was King of Spain from 1556 until 1598, List of monarchs of Naples from 1554 until 1598, king consort of England, as husband of Mary I of England, from 1554 to 1558, lord of the Seventeen Provinces from 1556 until 1581, holding various titles for the individual territories, such as Duke or Count; and King of Portugal as Philip I...
  , self-proclaimed leader of Counter-Reformation
  Counter-Reformation
  
  The Counter-Reformation denotes the period of Roman Catholic Church revival from the pontificate of Pope Pius IV in 1560 to the close of the Thirty Years' War, 1648....
   (1527 - 1598).
• Ivan IV of Russia
  Ivan IV of Russia
  
  Ivan IV Vasilyevich , known in English language as Ivan the Terrible was Grand Duchy of Moscow from 1533. The epithet "Grozny" is associated with might, power and strictness, rather than poor performance, horror or cruelty....
  , first Russian tsar
  Tsar
  
  Tsar or czar , occasionally spelled csar or tzar in English language, is a slavs term designating certain monarchs.Originally, the title Czar meant Emperor in the European medieval sense of the term, that is, a ruler who has the same rank as a Ancient Rome or Byzantine emperor due to recognition by another emperor or...
   (1533-1584).
• William the Silent
  William the Silent
  
  William I, Prince of Orange , also widely known as William the Silent , or simply William of Orange , was born in the House of Nassau as a count of Nassau ....
  , William I of Orange-Nassau, main leader of the Dutch
  Netherlands
  
  The Netherlands is a country that is part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a parliamentary democratic constitutional monarchy. The Netherlands is located in North-West Europe, and bordered by the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east....
   revolt against the Spanish
  Spain
  
  Spain or the Kingdom of Spain , is a country located in Southern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.The Spanish constitution does not establish any official denomination of the country, even though Espa?a , Estado espa?ol and Naci?n espa?ola are used interchangeably....
   (1533-1584).
• Wanli Emperor
  Wanli Emperor
  
  Wanli Emperor was emperor of China between 1572 and 1620. His era name means "Ten thousand calendars". Born Zhu Yijun, he was the Longqing Emperor's son....
  , Emperor of China
  Emperor of China
  
  The Emperor of China refers to any monarch of Imperial China reigning since the founding of the Qin Dynasty in 221 BC until the fall of the Qing Dynasty in 1912....
   during the Ming Dynasty
  Ming Dynasty
  
  The Ming Dynasty , or Empire of the Great Ming , was the ruling Dynasties in Chinese history of China from 1368 to 1644, following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty....
  , aided Korea in the Imjin War, (1563 - 1620)
• Elizabeth I of England
  Elizabeth I of England
  
  Elizabeth I was List of English monarchs and Queen of Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death. Sometimes called The Virgin Queen, Gloriana, or Good Queen Bess, Elizabeth was the fifth and last monarch of the House of Tudor....
  , central figure of the Elizabethan era
  Elizabethan era
  
  The Elizabethan era is associated with Elizabeth I of England's reign and is often considered to be the Golden Age in History of England. It was the height of the English Renaissance and saw the flowering of English poetry and English literature....
   (1533 - 1603). She was the granddaughter of the aforementioned Henry VII
  Henry VII of England
  
  Henry VII was the Kingdom of England and Lordship of Ireland from his usurpation of the crown on 22 August 1485 until his death on 21 April 1509, as the first monarch of the Tudor dynasty....
  , daughter of Henry VIII and paternal half-sister of Mary I
  Mary I of England
  
  Mary I , was Queen of England and Monarchy of Ireland from 19 July 1553 until her death. The fourth crowned monarch of the Tudor dynasty, she is remembered for restoring England to Roman Catholicism after succeeding her short-lived half brother, Edward VI of England, to the English throne....
  . Though some within her court thought of her merely as a bastard, due to the fact that her father executed her supposedly criminal mother Anne Boleyn
  Anne Boleyn
  
  Anne Boleyn was List of English consorts as the Wives of Henry VIII of Henry VIII of England. She was also Earl of Pembroke in her own right. Henry's marriage to Anne, and her subsequent execution, made her a key figure in the political and religious upheaval that was the start of the English Reformation....
  , her reign is still considered one of the greatest ever in England's history.
• Oda Nobunaga
  Oda Nobunaga
  
  was a major daimyo during the Sengoku period of History of Japan. He was the second son of Oda Nobuhide, a deputy shugo with land holdings in Owari province....
   , daimyo
  Daimyo
  
  The were powerful territorial lords who ruled most of Japan from their vast, hereditary land holdings. The term derives from a shortening of the title , which literally means "great named land" and originally simply referred to the owner of a large estate....
   of the Sengoku period
  Sengoku period
  
  The was a time of social upheaval, political intrigue, and nearly constant military conflict in Japan that lasted roughly from the middle of the 15th century to the beginning of the 17th century....
   of Japan
  Japan
  
  Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, People's Republic of China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south....
  ese civil war
  Civil war
  
  A civil war is a war between organized groups to take control of a nation or region, or to change government policies. It is high-intensity conflict, often involving Regular Army, that is sustained, organized and large-scale....
  . First ruler of the Azuchi-Momoyama period
  Azuchi-Momoyama period
  
  The came at the end of the Sengoku period in Japan, when the political unification that preceded the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate took place....
   (1534 - 1582).
• Toyotomi Hideyoshi
  Toyotomi Hideyoshi
  
  was a Sengoku period daimyo who unified Japan. He succeeded his former liege lord, Oda Nobunaga, and brought an end to the Sengoku period. The period of his rule is often called the Momoyama period, after Hideyoshi's castle....
   , daimyo
  Daimyo
  
  The were powerful territorial lords who ruled most of Japan from their vast, hereditary land holdings. The term derives from a shortening of the title , which literally means "great named land" and originally simply referred to the owner of a large estate....
   of the Sengoku period
  Sengoku period
  
  The was a time of social upheaval, political intrigue, and nearly constant military conflict in Japan that lasted roughly from the middle of the 15th century to the beginning of the 17th century....
   of Japan
  Japan
  
  Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, People's Republic of China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south....
  ese civil war
  Civil war
  
  A civil war is a war between organized groups to take control of a nation or region, or to change government policies. It is high-intensity conflict, often involving Regular Army, that is sustained, organized and large-scale....
  . Second ruler of the Azuchi-Momoyama period
  Azuchi-Momoyama period
  
  The came at the end of the Sengoku period in Japan, when the political unification that preceded the establishment of the Tokugawa shogunate took place....
   (1536 - 1598).
• Edward VI of England
  Edward VI of England
  
  Edward VI became List of English monarchs and King of Ireland on 28 January 1547 and was crowned on 20 February at the age of nine. The son of Henry VIII of England and Jane Seymour, Edward was the third monarch of the Tudor dynasty and England's first Protestantism ruler....
  , notable for further differentiating Anglicanism
  Anglicanism
  
  Anglicanism is a tradition of Christianity faith. Churches in this tradition either have historical connections to the Church of England or have similar beliefs, worship and church structures....
   from the practices of the Roman Catholic Church
  Roman Catholic Church
  
  The Roman Catholic Church, officially known as the Catholic Church is the world's largest Christianity Ecclesia , representing over half of all Christians and one-sixth of the world population....
   (1537 - 1553).
• Lady Jane Grey
  Lady Jane Grey
  
  Lady Jane Grey , also known as Queen Jane of England, was a claimant to the Kingdom of England and Monarchy of Ireland, who was de facto monarch of England for just over a week in 1553....
  , Queen regnant
  Queen regnant
  
  A queen regnant is a qualifying reference to a female monarch possessing and exercising all of the monarchical powers of a ruler, in contrast to a "queen consort", who is the wife of a male reigning as monarch and who is without any official powers of state....
   of England
  England
  
  native_name =|conventional_long_name = England|common_name = England|image_flag = Flag of England.svg|image_coat = England COA.svg|symbol_type = Royal Coat of Arms...
   and Ireland
  Ireland
  
  Ireland is the List of islands by area in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world. It lies to the north-west of continental Europe and is surrounded by hundreds of islands and islet....
  . Notably deposed by popular revolt (1537 - 1554).
• Mary I of Scotland
  Mary I of Scotland
  
  Mary I was Queen of Scots from 14 December 1542 to 24 July 1567.She was the only surviving legitimate child of James V of Scotland. She was only six days old when her father died and left her Queen of Scots....
  , First female head of the House of Stuart
  House of Stuart
  
  The House of Stuart, also known as the House of Stewart is an important European royal house. Founded by Robert II of Scotland, the Stewarts first became monarchs of the Kingdom of Scotland during the late 14th century....
   (1542 - 1587).
• Johan van Oldenbarnevelt
  Johan van Oldenbarnevelt
  
  Johan van Oldenbarnevelt, knight, Lord of the manor Berkel en Rodenrijs , Gunterstein and Bakkum was a Netherlands statesman, who played an important role in the Dutch revolt....
  , Dutch
  Netherlands
  
  The Netherlands is a country that is part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a parliamentary democratic constitutional monarchy. The Netherlands is located in North-West Europe, and bordered by the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east....
   politician and Grand Pensionary
  Grand Pensionary
  
  The Grand Pensionary was the most important Dutch official during the time of the Dutch Republic. In theory he was only a civil servant of the Estates of the dominant province among the Seven United Provinces: the county of Holland....
  , played a pivotal role in organizing the Dutch revolt
  Dutch Revolt
  
  The Dutch Revolt, Eighty Years' War or the Revolt of the Netherlands , was the successful revolt of the Seventeen Provinces in the Low Countries against the Spanish Empire....
   against Spain
  Spain
  
  Spain or the Kingdom of Spain , is a country located in Southern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.The Spanish constitution does not establish any official denomination of the country, even though Espa?a , Estado espa?ol and Naci?n espa?ola are used interchangeably....
   (1542 - 1619).
• Admiral Yi Sun-sin
  Yi Sun-sin
  
  Yi Sun-sin , also commonly transliterated Yi Soon-shin or Lee Sun-shin, Korean language: ???) was a Korean naval commander noted for his victories against the Japanese navy during the Japanese invasions of Korea during the Joseon Dynasty....
   , Korean admiral, respected as one of the greatest admirals in world history. (1545 - 1598).
• Michelangelo Buonarroti, Italian painter and sculptor (1475 - 1564).
• Leonardo da Vinci
  Leonardo da Vinci
  
  Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci was an Italy polymath, being a scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, Painting, sculptor, architect, botanist, musician and writer....
   famous artist and inventor and scientist (1452 – 1519).
• Raphael
  Raphael
  
  Raphael Sanzio, usually known by his first name alone was an Italy Painting and architect of the High Renaissance, celebrated for the perfection and grace of his paintings and drawings....
  , Italian painter, (1483 - 1520)
• King Henry IV of France
  Henry IV of France
  
  Henry de Bourbon, , ruled as Henry III, List of Navarrese monarchs, from 1572 to 1610, and as Henry IV, List of French monarchs, from 1589 to 1610....
   and Navarre
  Navarre
  
  Navarre is a region in northern Spain, constituting one of its autonomous communities in Spain - the "Foral Community of Navarre" ....
  , ended the French Wars of Religion
  French Wars of Religion
  
  The French Wars of Religion is the name given to a period of civil war and military operations, primarily between France Roman Catholic Church and Protestantism , which also involved the factional struggles between the aristocratic houses of France such as the House of Bourbon and House of Guise ....
   and reunited the kingdom under his command (1553 - 1610).
• Michael the Brave
  Michael the Brave
  
  Michael the Brave was the Prince of Wallachia , of Transylvania , and of Moldavia , the three Romanian principalities that he united under his rule....
  , ruler of Walachia, national symbol of Romanians
  Romanians
  
  ], 26 Nov 2004. Reprinted at , retrieved 18 Dec 2005.External links *...
   for uniting the three provinces under his rule in 1600 (1558 - 1601)
• Giovanni Battista Ramusio
  Giovanni Battista Ramusio
  
  Giovanni Battista Ramusio was an Italy geography and travel writer.Born in Treviso, Italy, Ramusio was the son of Paolo Ramusio, a magistrate in the city-state of Venice....
  , diplomat and secretary of council of Ten of Venice Italy
  Italy
  
  Italy , officially the Italian Republic , is a country located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe and on the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily and Sardinia....
  , author of Delle Navigationi et Viaggi. Third volume (terzo volume) containing plan La Terra de Hochelaga showing village of Hochelaga (1585 - 1657). See
• Matteo Ricci
  Matteo Ricci
  
  Matteo Ricci, SJ was an Italian Jesuit priest.Matteo Ricci was born in 1552 in Macerata, then part of the Papal States. Ricci started learning theology and law in a Rome Jesuits' school....
  , Italian Jesuit who traveled to Macau
  Macau
  
  The Macau Special Administrative Region, , commonly known as Macau or Macao , is one of the two special administrative region of the People's Republic of China, the other being Hong Kong....
  , China in 1582, and died in Beijing
  Beijing
  
  is a metropolis in northern China and the Capital of the People's Republic of China. It is one of the four municipality of China, which are equivalent to province in China's Political divisions of China....
  , (1552 - 1610)
• Andrea Palladio
  Andrea Palladio
  
  Andrea Palladio , was a Republic of Venice architect, widely considered the most influential architect in the Architectural history. He was influenced by Roman and Greek architecture....
   (November 30, 1508 – August 19, 1580), one of the most influential architect of the Western architecture

Exploration

• Vasco Núñez de Balboa
  Vasco Núñez de Balboa
  
  Vasco N??ez de Balboa was a Spanish people explorer, governor, and conquistador. He is best known for having crossed the Isthmus of Panama to the Pacific Ocean in 1513, becoming the first European to lead an expedition to have seen or reached the Pacific from the New World....
   (c. 1475 - 1519) - Spanish
  Spanish people
  
  Spanish people or Spaniards are a nation or ethnic group native to Spain, in the Iberian Peninsula of southwestern Europe. They are often considered an amalgam of different ethnic groups, rather than an ethnic group by itself....
   explorer. The first European to cross the Isthmus of Panama
  Panama
  
  Panama, officially the Republic of Panama , is the southernmost country of Central America and, in turn, North America. Situated on an isthmus connecting North and South America, some categorize it as a transcontinental nation....
   and view the Pacific ocean from American shores.
• Pedro Álvares Cabral
  Pedro Álvares Cabral
  
  Pedro ?lvares Cabral was a Portugal navigator and List of explorers. Cabral is generally regarded as the European discoverer of Brazil .Cabral is thought to have been born in Belmonte , in the Beira Baixa province of Portugal....
  , Portuguese
  Portuguese people
  
  The Portuguese people are the ethnic group or nation native to the country of Portugal, in the west of the Iberian peninsula of Southern Europe-Western Europe Europe....
   navigator. The first European to arrive in Brazil
  Brazil
  
  Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is a country in South America. It is the List of countries and outlying territories by total area country by geographical area, occupying nearly half of South America, the List of countries by population country, and the fourth most populous democracy in the world....
   in 22 April, 1500 (c. 1467 - 1520).
• Jacques Cartier
  Jacques Cartier
  
  Jacques Cartier was a French explorer who claimed what is now Canada for France. He was the first non-Aboriginal peoples in Canada to describe and map the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the shores of the Saint Lawrence River, which he Name of Canada", after the Iroquoian languages word the local natives used for the two big St....
   (1491 – 1557) - French
  French people
  
  French people can refer to:* The legal residents and citizens of France, regardless of ancestry. For a legal discussion, see French nationality law....
   explorer. Discovered Canada
  Canada
  
  Canada is a country occupying most of northern North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean....
  .
• Francisco Vásquez de Coronado
  Francisco Vásquez de Coronado
  
  Francisco V?zquez de Coronado y Luj?n was a Spain conquistador, who visited New Mexico and other parts of what are now the southwestern United States between 1540 and 1542....
   (c. 1510 - 1554) - Spanish
  Spanish people
  
  Spanish people or Spaniards are a nation or ethnic group native to Spain, in the Iberian Peninsula of southwestern Europe. They are often considered an amalgam of different ethnic groups, rather than an ethnic group by itself....
   explorer. Searched for the Seven Cities of Gold and discovered the Grand Canyon in the process
• Hernán Cortés
  Hernán Cortés
  
  Hern?n Cort?s de Monroy y Pizarro, 1st Marqu?s del Valle de Oaxaca was a Spain conquistador who led an expedition that caused the conquest of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of mainland Mexico under the Crown of Castile, in the early 16th century....
  , Spanish Conquistador
  Conquistador
  
  Conquistador is the name given to the Spaniards soldiers, leaders, List of explorers, and adventurers involved in the conquest of the Americas following the discovery of the New World by Christopher Columbus in 1492....
   (1485 - 1547).
• Sir Francis Drake
  Francis Drake
  
  Sir Francis Drake, Vice Admiral , was an England sea captain, privateer, navigation, slaver, and politics of the Elizabethan era. Elizabeth I of England awarded Drake a knighthood in 1581....
   (c. 1540 - 1596) - English
  English people
  
  The English are a nation and ethnic group native to England who speak English language in England. The English identity as a people is of early medieval origin, when they were known in Old English as the Anglecynn....
   explorer. The first English captain to sail around the world
  Circumnavigation
  
  To circumnavigate a place, such as an island, a continent, or the Earth, is to travel all the way around it by boat or ship. More recently, the term has also been used to cover aerial round-the-world flights....
   and survive.
• Juan Sebastián Elcano
  Juan Sebastián Elcano
  
  Juan Sebasti?n Elcano , 1486/1487 – Pacific Ocean, August 4, 1526) was a navigator. He completed the first world circumnavigation in history....
   (1476 - 1526) - Spanish
  Spanish people
  
  Spanish people or Spaniards are a nation or ethnic group native to Spain, in the Iberian Peninsula of southwestern Europe. They are often considered an amalgam of different ethnic groups, rather than an ethnic group by itself....
   explorer. Completed the first circumnavigation
  Circumnavigation
  
  To circumnavigate a place, such as an island, a continent, or the Earth, is to travel all the way around it by boat or ship. More recently, the term has also been used to cover aerial round-the-world flights....
   of the globe in a single expedition after its captain, Magellan, was killed.
• Vasco da Gama
  Vasco da Gama
  
  D. Vasco da Gama, 1st Count of Vidigueira was a Portugal in the Age of Discovery, one of the most successful in the European Age of Discovery and the commander of the first ships to sail directly from Europe to India....
  , Portuguese
  Portuguese people
  
  The Portuguese people are the ethnic group or nation native to the country of Portugal, in the west of the Iberian peninsula of Southern Europe-Western Europe Europe....
   navigator. The first one to sail around the Cape of Good Hope
  Cape of Good Hope
  
  The Cape of Good Hope is a rocky headlands and bays on the Atlantic Ocean coast of South Africa. There is a very common misconception that the Cape of Good Hope is the southern tip of Africa and the dividing point between the Atlantic Ocean and Indian Oceans, but in fact the southernmost point is Cape Agulhas, about 150 kilometres t...
   (c. 1469 - 1524).
• Juan Ponce de León
  Juan Ponce de León
  
  Juan Ponce de Le?n was a Spain conquistador. He became the first Governor of Puerto Rico by appointment of the Monarchy of Spain. He is also notable for his voyage to Florida, the first known European excursion there, as well as for being associated with the legend of the Fountain of Youth, which was said to be in Florida....
   (c. 1460 - 1521) - Spanish
  Spanish people
  
  Spanish people or Spaniards are a nation or ethnic group native to Spain, in the Iberian Peninsula of southwestern Europe. They are often considered an amalgam of different ethnic groups, rather than an ethnic group by itself....
   explorer. He explored Florida
  Florida
  
  Florida is a U.S. state located in the Southeastern United States of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the northeast....
   while attempting to locate a Fountain of Youth
  Fountain of Youth
  
  The Fountain of Youth is a legendary spring that reputedly restores the youth of anyone who drinks of its waters. Florida is often said to be its location, and stories of the fountain are some of the most persistent associated with the state....
  .
• Ferdinand Magellan
  Ferdinand Magellan
  
  Ferdinand Magellan was a Portuguese people List of maritime explorers who, while in the service of the Spanish Crown, tried to find a westward route to the Spice Islands of Indonesia....
  , Portuguese
  Portuguese people
  
  The Portuguese people are the ethnic group or nation native to the country of Portugal, in the west of the Iberian peninsula of Southern Europe-Western Europe Europe....
   navigator who sailed around the world (1480 - 1521).
• Francisco de Orellana
  Francisco de Orellana
  
  Francisco de Orellana was a Spain explorer and conquistador. He completed the first known navigation through the length of the Amazon River. He named this river and founded Guayaquil....
   (1511-1546) - Spanish
  Spanish people
  
  Spanish people or Spaniards are a nation or ethnic group native to Spain, in the Iberian Peninsula of southwestern Europe. They are often considered an amalgam of different ethnic groups, rather than an ethnic group by itself....
   explorer in 1541-42
  1542
  
  Year 1542 was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar....
   sails the length of the Amazon River
  Amazon River
  
  The Amazon River of South America is the list of rivers by length in the world by volume, with a total river flow greater than the next top eight largest rivers combined....
  .
• Francisco Pizarro
  Francisco Pizarro
  
  Francisco Pizarro Gonz?lez, 1st Marqu?s de los Atabillos was a Spain conquistador, conqueror of the Incan Empire and founder of Lima, the modern-day capital of Peru....
   (c. 1475 - 1541) - Spanish
  Spanish people
  
  Spanish people or Spaniards are a nation or ethnic group native to Spain, in the Iberian Peninsula of southwestern Europe. They are often considered an amalgam of different ethnic groups, rather than an ethnic group by itself....
   explorer. Conquered the Inca
  Inca
  
  The Inca civilization began as a tribe in the Cuzco area, where the legendary first Sapa Inca, Manco Capac founded the Kingdom of Cuzco around 1200....
   Empire.
• Hernando de Soto
  Hernando de Soto (explorer)
  
  Hernando de Soto was a Spanish people Exploration and conquistador who, while leading the first European expedition deep into the territory of the modern-day United States, was the first European to discover the Mississippi River....
   (c. 1496 - 1542) - Spanish
  Spanish people
  
  Spanish people or Spaniards are a nation or ethnic group native to Spain, in the Iberian Peninsula of southwestern Europe. They are often considered an amalgam of different ethnic groups, rather than an ethnic group by itself....
   explorer. Explored Florida
  Florida
  
  Florida is a U.S. state located in the Southeastern United States of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the northeast....
  , mainly northwest Florida
  Florida
  
  Florida is a U.S. state located in the Southeastern United States of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the northeast....
  , and discovered the Mississippi River
  Mississippi River
  
  The Mississippi River is the longest river in the United States, with a length of from its source in Lake Itasca in Minnesota to its mouth in the Gulf of Mexico....
  .
• Luis Váez de Torres
  Luis Váez de Torres
  
  Luis V?ez de Torres was a 16th-17th century Spain list of maritime explorers exploration serving the Spain Crown, noted for the first recorded navigation of the strait which separates the continent of Australia from the island of New Guinea, and which now bears his name ....
   (c. 1565-1607) Spanish or Portuguese navigator. Explored the Pacific for the Spanish crown.
• Giovanni da Verrazzano (c. 1485 - 1528) - Italian
  Italian people
  
  The Italian people are a Southern European ethnic group located primarily in Italy and, by virtue of a wide-ranging Italian diaspora, throughout Western Europe, the Americas and Australia....
   explorer for France
  France
  
  France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France....
  . Explored the northeast coast of America, from about present day South Carolina
  South Carolina
  
  South Carolina is a U.S. state in the Southern United States of the United States. It borders Georgia to the south and North Carolina to the north....
   to Newfoundland.

Visual artists

• Michelangelo Buonarroti, Italian painter and sculptor (1475 - 1564).
• Caravaggio
  Caravaggio
  
  Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, was an Italian people artist active in Rome, Naples, Malta and Sicily between 1593 and 1610, considered the first great representative of the Baroque school of painting....
  , Italian artist (1571 - 1610).
• Albrecht Dürer
  Albrecht Dürer
  
  'Albrecht D?rer' was a Germans Painting, printmaker and theorist from Nuremberg. His still-famous works include the Apocalypse woodcuts, commons:Image:Duerer - Ritter, Tod und Teufel .jpg , St....
  , German artist, (1471 - 1528)
• Hans Holbein the Younger
  Hans Holbein the Younger
  
  Hans Holbein the Younger was a Germans artist and printmaker who worked in a Northern Renaissance style. He is best known as one of the greatest portraitists of the 16th century....
  , German artist, (1497 - 1543)
• Raphael
  Raphael
  
  Raphael Sanzio, usually known by his first name alone was an Italy Painting and architect of the High Renaissance, celebrated for the perfection and grace of his paintings and drawings....
  , Italian painter, (1483 - 1520)
• Donato Bramante
  Donato Bramante
  
  Donato Bramante was an Italian architect, who introduced the Early Renaissance style to Milan and the High Renaissance style to Rome, where his most famous design was St....
   (1444 – March 11, 1514)
• Titian
  Titian
  
  File:Tizian 090.jpg Tiziano Vecelli or Tiziano Vecellio, born 1473/1490 , died 27 August 1576, better known as Titian , was the leading painter of the 16th-century Venice school of the Italian Renaissance....
  , Italian painter, (c. 1485 - 1576)
• Paolo Veronese
  Paolo Veronese
  
  Paolo Veronese was an Italian painter of the Renaissance in Venice, famous for paintings such as The Wedding at Cana and The Feast in the House of Levi....
  , Italian painter, (1528 – April 19 1588)
• Leonardo da Vinci
  Leonardo da Vinci
  
  Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci was an Italy polymath, being a scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, Painting, sculptor, architect, botanist, musician and writer....
   famous artist and inventor and scientist (1452 – 1519).
• Qiu Ying
  Qiu Ying
  
  Qiu Ying was a China Painting who specialized in the gongbi brush technique.He was born to a peasant family, and studied painting at the Wu School in Suzhou....
  , Chinese painter who belonged to the Wu School
  Wu School
  
  Wu School is the term applied to a group of painters of the Southern School during the Ming Dynasty period of Chinese history, and was not an academy or educational institution, but instead was largely by artistic theory of its members....
   and used gongbi
  Gongbi
  
  Gongbi is a technique in Chinese painting. The name is from the Chinese language Gong chin meaning tidy . The technique uses highly detailed brushstrokes that delimits details very precisely and without independent or expressive variation....
   brush style (1494 - 1552)
• Pieter Bruegel the Elder, (c. 1525 – September 9, 1569)
• Jan Brueghel the Elder
  Jan Brueghel the Elder
  
  Jan Brueghel the Elder was a Flemings Painting, son of Pieter Brueghel the Elder and father of Jan Brueghel the Younger. Nicknamed "Velvet" Brueghel, "Flower" Brueghel, and "Paradise" Brueghel, of which the latter two were derived from favored subjects, while the former may refer to the velveteen sheen of his colors or to his habit of wearin...
   (1568 - January 13, 1625)
• Tintoretto
  Tintoretto
  
  Tintoretto was one of the greatest painters of the Venetian school and probably the last great painter of the Italian Renaissance. For his phenomenal energy in painting he was termed Il Furioso, and his dramatic use of perspectival space and special lighting effects make him a precursor of baroque art....
   (real name Jacopo Comin; September 29, 1518 - May 31, 1594)
• Lucas Cranach the Elder
  Lucas Cranach the Elder
  
  Lucas Cranach the Elder was a Germany Painting and printmaker in woodcut and engraving. He was born Lucas Sunder at Kronach in upper Franconia, and learned the art of drawing from his father....
   (1472–1553)
• Lucas Cranach the Younger
  Lucas Cranach the Younger
  
  Lucas Cranach the Younger was a Germany Renaissance artist, known for his woodcuts and paintings.He was a son of Lucas Cranach the Elder who began his career as an apprentice...
   (1515–1586)
• El Greco
  El Greco
  
  El Greco was a painting, sculpture, and architecture of the Spanish Renaissance. "El Greco" was a nickname, a reference to his Greek origin, and the artist normally signed his paintings with his full birth name in Greek alphabet, ????????? Te?t???p????? ....
   (1541 – April 7, 1614) was a painter, sculptor, and architect of the Spanish Renaissance
• Sinan
  Sinan
  
  Koca Mi?mar Sinan Aga was the chief Ottoman Empire architect and civil engineer for sultans Suleiman I, Selim II and Murad III....
   (1489 – 1588) was a civil engineer and chief architect of the Ottoman Empire
• Domenico Fontana
  Domenico Fontana
  
  Domenico Fontana was a Switzerland-born Italy architect of the late Renaissance.He was born at Melide, Switzerland on the Lake Lugano and died at Naples....
   (1543 – June 28, 1607) was an architect

Musicians and Composers

• Andrea Amati (c. 1520 – c. 1578)
• Felice Anerio
  Felice Anerio
  
  Felice Anerio was an Italy composer of the late Renaissance music and early Baroque music eras, and a member of the Roman School of composers....
   (c. 1560–1614)
• Adriano Banchieri
  Adriano Banchieri
  
  Adriano Banchieri was an Italy composer, music theory, organ ist and poet of the late Renaissance music and early Baroque music eras. He founded the Accademia dei Floridi in Bologna....
   (c. 1557–1634)
• Giovanni Bassano
  Giovanni Bassano
  
  Giovanni Bassano was an Italian Venetian School composer and cornettist of the late Renaissance music and early Baroque music eras. He was a key figure in the development of the instrumental ensemble at San Marco di Venezia basilica, and left a detailed book on instrumental Ornament , which is a rich resource for research in contemporary per...
   (c. 1558–1617)
• William Brade
  William Brade
  
  William Brade was an England composer, violin, and viol player of the late Renaissance music and early Baroque music eras, mainly active in northern Germany....
   (1560–1630)
• John Bull
  John Bull (composer)
  
  John Bull was an English people composer, musician, and organ builder. He was a renowned Keyboard instrument performer and most of his compositions were written for this medium....
   (c. 1562–1628)
• Giulio Caccini
  Giulio Caccini
  
  Giulio Caccini was an Italy composer, teacher, singer, instrumentalist and writer of the very late Renaissance music and early Baroque music eras....
   (c. 1545–1618)
• Dario Castello
  Dario Castello
  
  Dario Castello was an Italy composer and instrumentalist from the early Baroque music period, who worked and published in Venice. He was a late member of the Venetian School, and played a part in the early transformation of the instrumental canzona into the sonata ....
   (c. 1560–c. 1640)
• Emilio de' Cavalieri (c. 1550–March 11, 1602)
• Jacques Champion (before 1555–1642)
• Manuel Rodrigues Coelho
  Manuel Rodrigues Coelho
  
  Manuel Rodrigues Coelho was a Portugal organist and composer. After working at the cathedrals of Badajoz and Elvas, he became, in 1603, organist of Lisbon cathedral, and a member of the royal chapel....
   (c. 1555–c. 1635)
• John Dowland
  John Dowland
  
  John Dowland was an England composer, singer, and lutenist. He is best known today for his melancholia songs such as "Come, heavy sleep" , "Come Again ", "Flow my tears", "I saw my Lady weepe" and "In darkness let me dwell", but his instrumental music has undergone a major revival, and has been a source of repertoire for classical guitarists...
   (1563–1626)
• Giles Farnaby
  Giles Farnaby
  
  Giles Farnaby was an English composer and virginalist of the Renaissance period....
   (1565–1640)
• Alfonso Fontanelli
  Alfonso Fontanelli
  
  Alfonso Fontanelli was an Italy composer, writer, diplomat, courtier, and nobleman of the late Renaissance music. He was one of the leading figures in the musically progressive Ferrara school in the late 16th century, and one of the earliest composers in the seconda pratica style at the transition to the Baroque music era....
   (1557–1622)
• Hans Leo Hassler
  Hans Leo Hassler
  
  Hans Leo Ha?ler was a German people composer and organ of the late Renaissance music and early Baroque music eras. He was born in Nuremberg and died in Frankfurt am Main....
   (1562–1612)
• Sebastian Aguilera de Heredia
  Sebastian Aguilera de Heredia
  
  Sebastian Aguilera de Heredia was a Spain monk, musician, and composer.He was first the organ at the cathedral in Huesca from 1585 to 1603, and then moved to a more prestigious position as maestro de m?sica at La Seo Cathedral in Saragossa....
   (1565–1627)
• Ascanio Mayone (1565–1627)
• Giovanni Bernardino Nanino
  Giovanni Bernardino Nanino
  
  Giovanni Bernardino Nanino was an Italians composer, teacher and singing master of the late Renaissance music and early Baroque music eras, and a leading member of the Roman School of composers....
   (c. 1560–1623)
• Johannes Nucius
  Johannes Nucius
  
  Johannes Nucius was a Germany composer and music theory of the late Renaissance music and early Baroque music eras. Although isolated from most of the major centers of musical activity, he was a polished composer in the style of Orlande de Lassus and penned an extremely influential treatise on the rhetorical application of compositional de...
   (c. 1556–1620)
• Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina
  Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina
  
  Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina was an Italy composer of the Renaissance music. He was the most famous sixteenth-century representative of the Roman School of musical composition....
  , (1525-1594)
• Jacopo Peri
  Jacopo Peri
  
  Jacopo Peri was an Italy composer and singer of the transitional period between the Renaissance music and Baroque music styles, and is often called the inventor of opera....
   (1561–1633)
• Peter Philips
  Peter Philips
  
  Peter Philips was an eminent English composer, organist, and Roman Catholic Church priest exiled to Flanders after the start of the Protestant Reformation....
   (c. 1560–1628)
• Hieronymus Praetorius
  Hieronymus Praetorius
  
  Hieronymus Praetorius was a north Germany composer and organ of the late Renaissance music and very early Baroque music eras. He was not related to the much more famous Michael Praetorius, though the Praetorius family had many distinguished musicians throughout the 16th and 17th centuries....
   (1560–1629)
• Paolo Quagliati
  Paolo Quagliati
  
  Paolo Quagliati was an Italy composer of the early Baroque music era and a member of the Roman School of composers. He was a transitional figure between the late Renaissance music style and the earliest Baroque music, and was one of the first to write solo madrigal in the conservative musical center of Rome....
   (c. 1555–1628)
• Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck
  Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck
  
  Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck was a Netherlands composer, organist, and pedagogue whose work straddled the end of the Renaissance music and beginning of the Baroque music eras....
   (1562–1621)
• Jean Titelouze
  Jean Titelouze
  
  Jean Titelouze was a French people composer, poet and organist of the early Baroque period. His style was firmly rooted in the Renaissance vocal tradition, and as such was far removed from the distinctly French style of organ music that developed during the mid-17th century....
   (1563–1633)
• Lodovico Grossi da Viadana
  Lodovico Grossi da Viadana
  
  Lodovico Grossi da Viadana was an Italians composer, teacher, and Franciscan friar of the Order of Minor Observants. He was the first significant figure to make use of the newly developed technique of figured bass, one of the musical devices which was to define the end of the Renaissance music and beginning of the Baroque music eras in music...
   (1564–1627)

Literature

• Juan Martínez de Jáuregui y Aguilar
  Juan Martínez de Jáuregui y Aguilar
  
  ----Juan Mart?nez de J?uregui y Aguilar , Spain poet, scholar and painter in the Spanish Golden Age.Juan Mart?nez de J?uregui y Hurtado de la Sal was born and baptized in Seville, Andalusia....
  , Spanish poet and painter, (1483 - 1541)
• Luís de Camões
  Luís de Camões
  
  Lu?s Vaz de Cam?es Family is considered Portugal's greatest poet. His mastery of verse has been compared to that of Shakespeare, Homer, Virgil, and Dante Alighieri....
  , Portuguese poet (c. 1524 –1580).
• Baldassare Castiglione
  Baldassare Castiglione
  
  Baldassare Castiglione, count of Novilara , was an Italy courtier, diplomat, soldier and a prominent Renaissance author....
  , Italian author (1478 - 1529)
• Miguel de Cervantes
  Miguel de Cervantes
  
  Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra was a Spanish novelist, poet, and playwright. His magnum opus, Don Quixote, considered the first modern novel by many, is a classic of Western literature and is regularly regarded among the best novels ever written....
  , Spanish author (1547 - 1616).
• John Donne
  John Donne
  
  John Donne was an England Literature in English#Jacobean literature poet, preacher and a major representative of the metaphysical poets of the period....
  , English metaphysical poet (1572 - 1631)
• John Ford
  John Ford (dramatist)
  
  John Ford was an English Literature in English#Jacobean literature and Literature in English#Caroline and Cromwellian literature playwright and poet born in Ilsington, Devon in Devon in 1586....
  , English dramatist (1586 - c. 1640).
• Thomas Heywood
  Thomas Heywood
  
  Thomas Heywood was a prominent England playwright, actor, and author whose peak period of activity falls between late Elizabethan theatre and early Jacobean theatre....
  , English dramatist (c, early 1570s
  1570s
  
  Events and trends* Transition from the Muromachi period to the Azuchi-Momoyama period period in Japan.* The fourth to seventh French Wars of Religion occurred....
   - 1641)
• Ben Jonson
  Ben Jonson
  
  Benjamin Jonson was an England English Renaissance dramatist, poet and actor. A contemporary of William Shakespeare, he is best known for his satire plays, particularly Volpone, The Alchemist , and Bartholomew Fair, which are considered his best, and his Lyric poetry poems....
  , English dramatist c.1572 - 1637)
• Jan Kochanowski
  Jan Kochanowski
  
  Jan Kochanowski was a Polish Renaissance List of Polish language poets who established poetic patterns that would become integral to Polish Polish literature language ....
  , Polish poet (1530 - 1584)
• Fuzuli
  Fuzûlî
  
  Fuzuli was the pen name of the Azerbaijani poet, writer and thinker Muhammad bin Suleyman . Often considered one of the greatest contributors to the Ottoman poetry of Azerbaijani literature, Fuz?l? in fact wrote his collected poems in three different languages: Azerbaijani language, Persian language, and Arabic language....
  , Azerbaijani poet (1483 - 1556)
• Thomas Kyd
  Thomas Kyd
  
  Thomas Kyd was an England dramatist, the author of The Spanish Tragedy, and one of the most important figures in the development of Elizabethan drama....
  , English dramatist (1558 – 1594)
• Thomas Lodge
  Thomas Lodge
  
  Thomas Lodge was an England dramatist and writer of the Elizabethan era and Jacobean era periods....
  , English dramatist (1558 - 1625)
• Niccolò Machiavelli
  Niccolò Machiavelli
  
  Niccol? di Bernardo dei Machiavelli is the philosopher, writer, and Italian politician considered the founder of modern political science. As a Renaissance Man, he was a Diplomacy, Political philosophy, musician, poet, and playwright, but, foremost, he was a Civil Servant of the Florence....
  , Italian author (1469 - 1527)
• Christopher Marlowe
  Christopher Marlowe
  
  Christopher "Kit" Marlowe was an Kingdom of England Playwright, poet and translator of the Elizabethan era. The foremost English Renaissance theatre tragedy next to William Shakespeare, he is known for his blank verse, his overreaching protagonists, and his own mysterious and untimely death....
  , English poet and dramatist (1564 – 1593).
• Michel de Montaigne
  Michel de Montaigne
  
  Michel Eyquem de Montaigne was one of the most influential writers of the French Renaissance. Montaigne is known for popularizing the essay as a literary genre....
  , French essayist (1533 – 1592).
• Thomas More
  Thomas More
  
  Saint Thomas More was an English lawyer, author, and statesman who in his lifetime gained a reputation as a leading Renaissance humanist scholar, and occupied many public offices, including Lord Chancellor ....
  , English politician and author (1478 - 1535).
• Miyamoto Musashi
  Miyamoto Musashi
  
  , also known as Shinmen Takezo, Miyamoto Bennosuke, or by his Buddhist name Niten Doraku, was a Japanese people swordsman famed for his duels and distinctive style....
  , famous warrior in Japan
  Japan
  
  Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, People's Republic of China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south....
  , author of The Book of Five Rings
  The Book of Five Rings
  
  is a text on kenjutsu and the martial arts in general, written by the samurai warrior Miyamoto Musashi circa 1645. It is considered a classic treatise on military strategy, much like Sun Tzu's The Art of War and Chanakya's Arthashastra....
  , a treaty on strategy
  Strategy
  
  A strategy is a plan of action designed to achieve a particular Objective .Strategy is different from Tactic . In military terms, tactics is concerned with the conduct of an engagement while strategy is concerned with how different engagements are linked....
   and martial combat. (1584 - 1645)
• François Rabelais
  François Rabelais
  
  Fran?ois Rabelais was a major French Renaissance writer, doctor and Renaissance humanism. He was regarded as a writer of fantasy, satire, the grotesque, dirty jokes and bawdy songs....
  , French author (c. 1493 - 1553).
• Mikolaj Rej
  Mikolaj Rej
  
  Mikolaj Rej or Mikolaj Rey of Naglowice, Poland was one of the best-known Poland poets and writers of the Renaissance, as well as a politician and musician....
  , Polish writer (1505 - 1569).
• Pierre de Ronsard
  Pierre de Ronsard
  
  Pierre de Ronsard was a France poet and "prince of poets" ....
  , French poet. Called the 'Prince of poets' of his generation. (1524 – 1585).
• William Shakespeare
  William Shakespeare
  
  William Shakespeare was an English people poet and playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's preeminent dramatist....
  , English author (1564 - 1616).
• Edmund Spenser
  Edmund Spenser
  
  Edmund Spenser was an important England poet best known for The Faerie Queene, an epic poem celebrating, through fantastical allegory, the Tudor dynasty and Elizabeth I....
  , English poet (c. 1552 - 1599)
• Lope de Vega
  Lope de Vega
  
  Lope de Vega was a Spain Spanish Baroque literature playwright and poet. His reputation in the world of Spanish language letters is second only to that of Miguel de Cervantes, while the sheer volume of his literary output is unequalled:...
  , Spanish dramatist (1562 – 1635).

Science and Philosophy

• Andreas Vesalius (Brussels, December 31, 1514 - Zakynthos, October 15, 1564) was an anatomist, physician, and author of one of the most influential books on human anatomy, De humani corporis fabrica (On the Workings of the Human Body). Vesalius is often referred to as the founder of modern human anatomy.
• Sir Francis Bacon, (1561 – 1626) was an English
  England
  
  native_name =|conventional_long_name = England|common_name = England|image_flag = Flag of England.svg|image_coat = England COA.svg|symbol_type = Royal Coat of Arms...
   philosopher, statesman
  Statesman
  
  A statesman or stateswoman or statesperson is usually a politician or other notable figure of state who has had a long and respected career in politics at the national and international level....
  , and essayist. He is also known as a catalyst of the scientific revolution
  Scientific revolution
  
  The period which many History of science call the Scientific Revolution is commonly viewed as the foundation and origin of modern science.It was a time roughly coinciding with the later part of the Middle Ages and through the Renaissance in which scientific ideas in physics, astronomy, and biology evolved rapidly....
  .
• Tycho Brahe
  Tycho Brahe
  
  Tycho Brahe, born Tyge Ottesen Brahe , was a Danish nobility known for his accurate and comprehensive astronomy observations. Coming from Sk?neland, then part of Denmark, now part of modern-day Sweden, Brahe was well known in his lifetime as an astronomy and alchemy....
  , (1546 – 1601), Danish
  Denmark
  
  Denmark is a Scandinavian country in northern Europe and the senior member of the Kingdom of Denmark. It is the southernmost of the Nordic countries....
   astronomer
  Astronomer
  
  An astronomer is a scientist who studies Celestial body such as planets, stars, and Galaxy.Historically, astronomy was more concerned with the classification and description of phenomena in the sky, while astrophysics attempted to explain these phenomena and the differences between them using physical laws....
  .
• Giordano Bruno
  Giordano Bruno
  
  Giordano Bruno, born Filippo Bruno , was an Italy philosopher best-known as a proponent of heliocentrism and the infinity of the universe. In addition to his cosmological writings, he also wrote extensive works on the art of memory, a loosely-organized group of mnemonic techniques and principles....
  , Italian philosopher and astronomer/astrologer (1548 - 1600).
• Nicolaus Copernicus
  Nicolaus Copernicus
  
  Nicolaus Copernicus was the first astronomer to formulate a scientifically-based heliocentrism cosmology that displaced the Earth from the center of the universe....
  , (1473 – 1543) astronomer
  Astronomer
  
  An astronomer is a scientist who studies Celestial body such as planets, stars, and Galaxy.Historically, astronomy was more concerned with the classification and description of phenomena in the sky, while astrophysics attempted to explain these phenomena and the differences between them using physical laws....
  , developed the heliocentric
  Heliocentrism
  
  In astronomy, heliocentrism is the theory that the Sun is at the center of the Universe. The word came from the Greek language . Historically, heliocentrism was opposed to geocentrism, which placed the earth at the center....
   (Sun
  Sun
  
  The Sun , a G V star, is the star at the center of the Solar System. The Earth and other matter orbit the Sun, which by itself accounts for about 98.6% of the Solar System's mass....
  -centered) theory
  Theory
  
  For a more detailed account of theories as expressed in formal language as they are studied in mathematical logic see Theory A theory, in the general sense of the word, is an analytic structure designed to explain a set of observations....
   using scientific
  Science
  
  In its broadest sense, science refers to any systematic knowledge or practice. In its more usual restricted sense, science refers to a system of acquiring knowledge based on scientific method, as well as to the organized body of knowledge gained through such research....
   methods.
• Galileo Galilei
  Galileo Galilei
  
  Galileo Galilei was a Grand Duchy of Tuscany physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution....
   (1564 – 1642) was a Tuscan
  Tuscany
  
  Tuscany is a region in Italy. It has an area of and a population of about 3.6 million inhabitants. The regional capital is Florence.Tuscany is known for its landscapes and its artistic legacy....
   (Italian
  Italian people
  
  The Italian people are a Southern European ethnic group located primarily in Italy and, by virtue of a wide-ranging Italian diaspora, throughout Western Europe, the Americas and Australia....
  ) physicist
  Physicist
  
  A physicist is a scientist who studies or practices physics. Physicists study a wide range of physical phenomena in many Physics#Major fields of physics spanning all length scales: from atom particles of which all ordinary matter is made to the behavior of the material Universe as a whole ....
  , mathematician
  Mathematician
  
  A mathematician is a person whose primary area of study and/or research is the field of mathematics....
  , astronomer
  Astronomer
  
  An astronomer is a scientist who studies Celestial body such as planets, stars, and Galaxy.Historically, astronomy was more concerned with the classification and description of phenomena in the sky, while astrophysics attempted to explain these phenomena and the differences between them using physical laws....
  , and philosopher who played a major role in the scientific revolution
  Scientific revolution
  
  The period which many History of science call the Scientific Revolution is commonly viewed as the foundation and origin of modern science.It was a time roughly coinciding with the later part of the Middle Ages and through the Renaissance in which scientific ideas in physics, astronomy, and biology evolved rapidly....
  .
• Konrad Gessner (1516 – 1565) was a Swiss
  Switzerland
  
  Switzerland is a landlocked Swiss Alps country of roughly 7.7 million people in Western Europe with an area of 41,285 km?. Switzerland is a federal republic consisting of 26 states called Cantons of Switzerland....
   naturalist
  Natural history
  
  Natural history is the scientific research of plants or animals, leaning more towards the observational than experimental methods of study, and encompasses more research that is published in magazines than in academic journals....
  , bibliographer, Botanist, His three-volume Historiae Animalium (1551-1558) is considered the beginning of modern zoology
  Zoology
  
  Zoology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of animals. The most common pronunciation of "zoology" is ; however, an alternative pronunciation is ....
  
• William Gilbert
  William Gilbert
  
  William Gilbert, also known as Gilbard, was an English physicist and a natural philosopher. He was an early Copernican principle, and passionately rejected both the prevailing Aristotelian philosophy and the Scholastic method of university teaching....
  , also known as Gilbard, 1544 – 1603) was an English physician and a natural philosopher.
• Edward Wright
  Edward Wright (mathematician)
  
  Edward Wright was an England mathematician and cartographer noted for his book Certaine Errors in Navigation , which for the first time explained the mathematical basis of the Mercator projection, and set out a reference table giving the linear scale multiplication factor as a function of latitude, calculated for each minute of arc up to...
  , (baptized 1561; died 1615), English mathematician
  Mathematician
  
  A mathematician is a person whose primary area of study and/or research is the field of mathematics....
   and cartographer who determined the mathematical basis of the Mercator projection
  Mercator projection
  
  The Mercator projection is a Map projection#Triangular presented by the Flemish people geographer and cartographer Gerardus Mercator, in 1569....
   and produced the first maps in England
  England
  
  native_name =|conventional_long_name = England|common_name = England|image_flag = Flag of England.svg|image_coat = England COA.svg|symbol_type = Royal Coat of Arms...
   according to this method.
• Gerardus Mercator
  Gerardus Mercator
  
  Gerardus Mercator was a Flanders cartographer. He was born in Rupelmonde in the County of Flanders. He is remembered for the Mercator projection world map named after him....
   (5 March 1512 – 2 December 1594), famous cartographer

Inventions, discoveries, introductions

Related article: List of 16th century inventions

Timeline of invention

The timeline of historic inventions is a chronological list of particularly important or significant technological inventions.Note: Dates for inventions are often controversial....
.

• The Columbian Exchange
  Columbian Exchange
  
  The Columbian Exchange has been one of the most significant events in the history of world ecology, agriculture, and culture. The term is used to describe the enormous widespread exchange of plants, animals, foods, human populations , communicable diseases, and ideas between the Eastern Hemisphere and Western Hemisphere hemispheres that oc...
   introduces many plants, animals and diseases to the Old
  Old World
  
  The Old World consists of those parts of Earth known to Europeans, Asians, and Africans in the 15th century....
   and New World
  New World
  
  The New World is one of the names used for the non-Eurasian/non-African parts of the Earth, specifically the Americas and Australasia. When the term originated in the late 15th century, the Americas were new to the Europeans, who previously thought of the world as consisting only of Europe, Asia, and Africa ....
  s.
• Introduction of the spinning wheel
  Spinning wheel
  
  A spinning wheel is a device for spinning thread or yarn from natural or synthetic fibers....
   revolutionizes textile
  Textile
  
  A textile is a flexible material consisting of a network of natural or artificial fibres often referred to as thread or yarn. Yarn is produced by Spinning raw wool fibres, linen, cotton, or other material on a spinning wheel to produce long strands known as yarn....
   production in Europe.
• Modern square root
  Square root
  
  In mathematics, a square root of a number x is a number r such that r2 = x, or, in other words, a number r whose square is x....
   symbol (v )
• The letter J
  J
  
  J or j is a consonant in Esperanto orthography, representing a voiced postalveolar fricative , and is equivalent to the voiced postalveolar fricative, , or the voiced retroflex fricative, ....
   is introduced into the English alphabet.
• Copernicus
  Nicolaus Copernicus
  
  Nicolaus Copernicus was the first astronomer to formulate a scientifically-based heliocentrism cosmology that displaced the Earth from the center of the universe....
   publishes his theory that the Earth and the other planets revolve around the Sun (1543)
• Gregorian Calendar
  Gregorian calendar
  
  The Gregorian calendar is the internationally accepted civil calendar. It was first proposed by the Calabrian doctor Aloysius Lilius, and decreed by Pope Gregory XIII, after whom it was named, on 24 February 1582 by the papal bull Inter gravissimas....
   adopted by Catholic countries (1582)
• 1513: Juan Ponce de León
  Juan Ponce de León
  
  Juan Ponce de Le?n was a Spain conquistador. He became the first Governor of Puerto Rico by appointment of the Monarchy of Spain. He is also notable for his voyage to Florida, the first known European excursion there, as well as for being associated with the legend of the Fountain of Youth, which was said to be in Florida....
   sights Florida
  Florida
  
  Florida is a U.S. state located in the Southeastern United States of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the northeast....
   and Vasco Núñez de Balboa
  Vasco Núñez de Balboa
  
  Vasco N??ez de Balboa was a Spanish people explorer, governor, and conquistador. He is best known for having crossed the Isthmus of Panama to the Pacific Ocean in 1513, becoming the first European to lead an expedition to have seen or reached the Pacific from the New World....
   sights the eastern edge of the Pacific Ocean
  Pacific Ocean
  
  The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth's oceanic divisions. Its name is derived from the Latin name Mare Pacificum, "peaceful sea", bestowed upon it by the Portugal explorer Ferdinand Magellan....
  .
• 1519-22
  1522
  
  Year 1522 was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar....
  : Ferdinand Magellan
  Ferdinand Magellan
  
  Ferdinand Magellan was a Portuguese people List of maritime explorers who, while in the service of the Spanish Crown, tried to find a westward route to the Spice Islands of Indonesia....
   and Juan Sebastián Elcano
  Juan Sebastián Elcano
  
  Juan Sebasti?n Elcano , 1486/1487 – Pacific Ocean, August 4, 1526) was a navigator. He completed the first world circumnavigation in history....
   lead the first circumnavigation
  Circumnavigation
  
  To circumnavigate a place, such as an island, a continent, or the Earth, is to travel all the way around it by boat or ship. More recently, the term has also been used to cover aerial round-the-world flights....
   of the World.
• 1519-1540: In America, Hernando de Soto
  Hernando de Soto (explorer)
  
  Hernando de Soto was a Spanish people Exploration and conquistador who, while leading the first European expedition deep into the territory of the modern-day United States, was the first European to discover the Mississippi River....
   expeditions map the Gulf of Mexico
  Gulf of Mexico
  
  The Gulf of Mexico is the ninth largest body of water in the world. Considered a smaller part of the Atlantic Ocean, it is an oceanic basin largely surrounded by the North American continent and the island of Cuba....
   coastline and bays.
• 1540: Francisco Vásquez de Coronado
  Francisco Vásquez de Coronado
  
  Francisco V?zquez de Coronado y Luj?n was a Spain conquistador, who visited New Mexico and other parts of what are now the southwestern United States between 1540 and 1542....
   sights the Grand Canyon
  Grand Canyon
  
  The Grand Canyon is a steep-sided gorge carved by the Colorado River in the United States in the state of Arizona....
  .
• 1541-42
  1542
  
  Year 1542 was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar....
  : Francisco de Orellana
  Francisco de Orellana
  
  Francisco de Orellana was a Spain explorer and conquistador. He completed the first known navigation through the length of the Amazon River. He named this river and founded Guayaquil....
   sails the length of the Amazon River
  Amazon River
  
  The Amazon River of South America is the list of rivers by length in the world by volume, with a total river flow greater than the next top eight largest rivers combined....
  .
• 1559-1562: Spanish settlements in Alabama
  Alabama
  
  Alabama is a state located in the Southern United States of the United States of America. It is bordered by Tennessee to the north, Georgia to the east, Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south, and Mississippi to the west....
  /Florida
  Florida
  
  Florida is a U.S. state located in the Southeastern United States of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the northeast....
   and Georgia
  Georgia (U.S. state)
  
  Georgia is a U.S. state in the United States and was one of the original Thirteen Colonies that revolted against United Kingdom rule in the American Revolution....
   confirm dangers of hurricanes and local native warring tribes.
• 1565: Spanish settlers outside New Spain
  New Spain
  
  The Viceroyalty of New Spain , was the political unit of Spain territories in North America and Asia-Pacific. The territory included the present-day Southwestern United States, Central America, the Caribbean, and the Philippines....
   (Mexico) colonize Florida
  Florida
  
  Florida is a U.S. state located in the Southeastern United States of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the northeast....
  's coastline at St. Augustine.
• 1597: Opera
  Opera
  
  Opera is an Performing arts in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work which combines a text and a musical score. Opera is part of the Western classical music tradition....
   in Florence
  Florence
  
  Florence is the Capital city of the Italy Regions of Italy of Tuscany and of the provinces of Italy Province of Florence. It is the most populous city in Tuscany and has a population of 364,779 ....
   by Jacopo Peri
  Jacopo Peri
  
  Jacopo Peri was an Italy composer and singer of the transitional period between the Renaissance music and Baroque music styles, and is often called the inventor of opera....
  .
• 1500: First portable watch
  Watch
  
  A watch is a timepiece that is made to be worn on a person. The term now usually refers to a wristwatch, which is worn on the wrist with a strap or bracelet....
   is created by Peter Henlein of Germany
  Germany
  
  Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands....
  .
• 1545: Theory of complex numbers is first developed by Gerolamo Cardamo of Italy.
• 1558: Camera obscura
  Camera obscura
  
  The camera obscura is an optical device used, for example, in drawing or for entertainment. It is one of the inventions leading to photography....
   is first used in Europe by Giambattista della Porta
  Giambattista della Porta
  
  Giambattista della Porta , also known as Giovanni Battista Della Porta, and John Baptist Porta was an Italy scholar, polymath and playwright who lived in Naples at the time of the Scientific Revolution and Protestant Reformation....
   of Italy
  Italy
  
  Italy , officially the Italian Republic , is a country located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe and on the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily and Sardinia....
  .
• 1565: Invention of the graphite
  Graphite
  
  The mineral graphite is one of the allotropes of carbon. It was named by Abraham Gottlob Werner in 1789 from the Greek language ??afe?? : "to draw/write", for its use in pencils, where it is commonly called lead, as distinguished from the actual metallic element lead....
   pencil
  Pencil
  
  A pencil is a writing or drawing instrument consisting of a thin stick of pigment and clay, usually encased in a thin wood cylinder, though paper and plastic sheaths are also used....
   (in a wooden holder) by Conrad Gesner. Modernized in 1812.
• 1568: Gerardus Mercator
  Gerardus Mercator
  
  Gerardus Mercator was a Flanders cartographer. He was born in Rupelmonde in the County of Flanders. He is remembered for the Mercator projection world map named after him....
   creates the first European Mercator Projection
  Mercator projection
  
  The Mercator projection is a Map projection#Triangular presented by the Flemish people geographer and cartographer Gerardus Mercator, in 1569....
   map, after Su Song
  Su Song
  
  Su Song was a renowned Chinese people Scholar-bureaucrat, Chinese astronomy, History of cartography#China, horology, Traditional Chinese medicine, mineralogy, zoology, botany, mechanics and Chinese architecture, Chinese poetry, antiquarian, and Foreign relations of Imperial China of the Song Dynasty ....
   in 11th century China.
• 1572: Supernova SN 1572
  SN 1572
  
  SN 1572 , "B Cassiopeiae" , or 3C 10 was a supernova of Type Ia supernova in the constellation Cassiopeia , one of about eight supernovae visible to the naked eye in historical records....
   is observed by Tycho Brahe
  Tycho Brahe
  
  Tycho Brahe, born Tyge Ottesen Brahe , was a Danish nobility known for his accurate and comprehensive astronomy observations. Coming from Sk?neland, then part of Denmark, now part of modern-day Sweden, Brahe was well known in his lifetime as an astronomy and alchemy....
   in the Milky Way
  Milky Way
  
  The Milky Way, sometimes called simply the Galaxy, is the galaxy in which the Solar System is located. It is a barred spiral galaxy that is part of the Local Group of galaxies....
  .
• 1582: Gregorian calendar
  Gregorian calendar
  
  The Gregorian calendar is the internationally accepted civil calendar. It was first proposed by the Calabrian doctor Aloysius Lilius, and decreed by Pope Gregory XIII, after whom it was named, on 24 February 1582 by the papal bull Inter gravissimas....
   is introduced in Europe
  Europe
  
  Europe is, conventionally, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally divided from Asia to its east by the water divide of the Ural Mountains, the Ural , the Caspian Sea, and by the Caucasus Mountains to the southeast....
   by Pope Gregory XIII
  Pope Gregory XIII
  
  Pope Gregory XIII , born Ugo Boncompagni, was Pope from 1572 to 1585....
  .
• c. 1583: Galileo Galilei
  Galileo Galilei
  
  Galileo Galilei was a Grand Duchy of Tuscany physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution....
   of Pisa
  Pisa
  
  Pisa is a city in Tuscany, central Italy, on the right bank of the mouth of the Arno River on the Ligurian Sea. It is the capital city of the Province of Pisa....
  , Italy
  Italy
  
  Italy , officially the Italian Republic , is a country located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe and on the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily and Sardinia....
   identifies the constant swing of a pendulum
  Pendulum
  
  A pendulum is a weight suspended from a pivot so it can swing freely.When a pendulum is displaced from its resting Mechanical equilibrium, it is subject to a restoring force due to gravity that will accelerate it back toward the equilibrium position....
  , leading to development of reliable timekeepers.
• 1585: earliest known reference to the 'sailing carriage
  Wheelbarrow
  
  A wheelbarrow is a small hand-propelled vehicle, usually with just one wheel, designed to be pushed and guided by a single person using two handles to the rear or a sail may be used to guide the ancient wheelbarrow by wind....
  ' in China
  China
  
  China is a Culture of China, an ancient civilization, and, depending on perspective, a national or multinational entity extending over a large area in East Asia....
  .
• 1589: William Lee
  William Lee
  
  William Lee or Will Lee or Bill Lee or Billy Lee may refer to:...
   invents the stocking frame
  Stocking frame
  
  A stocking frame was a mechanical knitting machine used in the textiles industry. It was invented by William Lee of Calverton, Nottinghamshire near Nottingham in 1589....
  .
• 1591: First flush toilet
  Toilet
  
  A toilet is a plumbing fixture and disposal system primarily intended for the disposal of the excretory system: urine and feces. Additionally, vomit and menstrual waste is sometimes disposed in toilets in western societies....
   is introduced by Sir John Harrington of England
  England
  
  native_name =|conventional_long_name = England|common_name = England|image_flag = Flag of England.svg|image_coat = England COA.svg|symbol_type = Royal Coat of Arms...
  , the design published under the title 'The Metamorphosis of Ajax'.
• 1593 - Galileo Galilei
  Galileo Galilei
  
  Galileo Galilei was a Grand Duchy of Tuscany physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution....
   invents a thermometer
  Thermometer
  
  The thermometer is a device that measures temperature or temperature gradient using a variety of different principles; it comes from the Greek language roots thermo, heat, and meter, to measure....
  .
• 1596: William Barents discovers Spitsbergen
  Spitsbergen
  
  Spitsbergen is a Norway island, the largest island of the Svalbard archipelago in the Arctic Ocean. The island of Spitsbergen covers approximately 39,044 km? ....
  .

Decades and years