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As a means of recording the passage of time
Time

Time is a component of the measurement used to sequence events, to compare the durations of events and the intervals between them, and to quantify the motions of objects....
, the 13th century was that century
Century

A century is one hundred consecutive years.Centuries are numbered names of numbers in English#Ordinal_numbers in English and many other languages ....
 which lasted from 1201 through 1300 in accordance with the Julian calendar
Julian calendar

The Julian calendar, a reform of the Roman calendar, was introduced by Julius Caesar in 46 BC, and came into force in 45 BC . It was chosen after consultation with the astronomer Sosigenes of Alexandria and was probably designed to approximate the tropical year, known at least since Hipparchus....
 in the Christian/Common Era
Common Era

Common Era, abbreviated as CE, is a designation for the calendar system most commonly used in the Western world, and also internationally, for numbering the year part of the calendar date....
. In the history of European culture, this period is considered part of the High Middle Ages
High Middle Ages

The High Middle Ages was the periodization of history of Europe in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries . The High Middle Ages were preceded by the Early Middle Ages and followed by the Late Middle Ages, which by convention end around 1500....
, and after its conquests in Asia the Mongol Empire
Mongol Empire

The Mongol Empire was the List of largest empires#Contiguous Empires empire and the largest bar none. It emerged from the unification of Mongols and Turkic peoples tribes in modern day Mongolia, and grew through Mongol invasions, after Genghis Khan had been proclaimed ruler of all Mongols in 1206....
 stretched from Eastern Asia to Eastern Europe
Eastern Europe

Eastern Europe is a term that applies to the geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the Europe. Throughout history and to a lesser extent today, parts of Eastern Europe has been distinguishable from Western Europe and other regions due to cultural, religious, economic, and historical reasons, even though there i...
.








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As a means of recording the passage of time
Time

Time is a component of the measurement used to sequence events, to compare the durations of events and the intervals between them, and to quantify the motions of objects....
, the 13th century was that century
Century

A century is one hundred consecutive years.Centuries are numbered names of numbers in English#Ordinal_numbers in English and many other languages ....
 which lasted from 1201 through 1300 in accordance with the Julian calendar
Julian calendar

The Julian calendar, a reform of the Roman calendar, was introduced by Julius Caesar in 46 BC, and came into force in 45 BC . It was chosen after consultation with the astronomer Sosigenes of Alexandria and was probably designed to approximate the tropical year, known at least since Hipparchus....
 in the Christian/Common Era
Common Era

Common Era, abbreviated as CE, is a designation for the calendar system most commonly used in the Western world, and also internationally, for numbering the year part of the calendar date....
. In the history of European culture, this period is considered part of the High Middle Ages
High Middle Ages

The High Middle Ages was the periodization of history of Europe in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries . The High Middle Ages were preceded by the Early Middle Ages and followed by the Late Middle Ages, which by convention end around 1500....
, and after its conquests in Asia the Mongol Empire
Mongol Empire

The Mongol Empire was the List of largest empires#Contiguous Empires empire and the largest bar none. It emerged from the unification of Mongols and Turkic peoples tribes in modern day Mongolia, and grew through Mongol invasions, after Genghis Khan had been proclaimed ruler of all Mongols in 1206....
 stretched from Eastern Asia to Eastern Europe
Eastern Europe

Eastern Europe is a term that applies to the geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the Europe. Throughout history and to a lesser extent today, parts of Eastern Europe has been distinguishable from Western Europe and other regions due to cultural, religious, economic, and historical reasons, even though there i...
.

Events

Premongol
Mongol Archer

Europe
Europe

Europe is, conventionally, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally divided from Asia to its east by the water divide of the Ural Mountains, the Ural , the Caspian Sea, and by the Caucasus Mountains to the southeast....


  • 1204 — Fourth Crusade
    Fourth Crusade

    The Fourth Crusade was originally designed to conquer Islam Jerusalem by means of an invasion through Egypt. Instead, in April 1204, the Crusaders of Western Europe invaded and conquered the Christianity city of Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire....
     of 1202-1204 captures Zara
    Zara

    Zara may refer to:...
     for Venice
    Venice

    Venice is a city in northern Italy, the capital city of the Italian regions Veneto, a population of 271,251 . Together with Padua, Italy, the city is included in the Padua-Venice Metropolitan Area ....
     and sacks Byzantine
    Byzantine Empire

    Byzantine Empire and Eastern Roman Empire are conventional names used to describe the Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centered on its capital of Constantinople....
     Constantinople
    Constantinople

    Constantinople was the empire capital of the Roman Empire , the Byzantine Empire , the Latin Empire , and the Ottoman Empire . Strategically located between the Golden Horn and the Sea of Marmara at the point where Europe meets Asia, Byzantine Constantinople had been the capital of a Christendom empire, successor to ancient ancient Greece...
    , creating the Latin Empire
    Latin Empire

    The Latin Empire or Latin Empire of Constantinople is the name given by historians to the Crusader state founded by the leaders of the Fourth Crusade on lands captured from the Byzantine Empire after their sack of Constantinople in 1204 and ended in 1261....
    .
  • 1204 — Fall of Normandy
    Normandy

    Normandy is a geographical region corresponding to the former Duchy of Normandy. It is situated along the coast of France south of the English Channel between Brittany and Picardy and comprises territory in northern France and the Channel Islands....
     from Angevin
    Angevin

    Angevin is the name applied to the residents of Anjou, a former province of the Ancien R?gime in France, as well as to the residents of Angers....
     hands to the French
    France

    France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France....
     King, Philip Augustus, end of Norman
    Normans

    The Normans were the people who gave their names to Normandy, a region in northern France. They descended from Viking conquerors of the territory and the native population of mostly Frankish and Gallo-Roman stock....
     domination of France
    France

    France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France....
    .
  • 1212 — The Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa
    Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa

    The July 16 1212 battle of Las Navas de Tolosa is considered a major turning point in the history of Medieval Iberian Peninsula. The forces of King Alfonso VIII of Castile were joined by the armies of his Christian rivals, Sancho VII of Navarre, Pedro II of Aragon and Afonso II of Portugal in battle against the Berber people Muslim Almohad...
     in Iberia
    Iberian Peninsula

    The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe and includes modern-day Spain, Portugal, Andorra and Gibraltar and a very small area of France....
     sees the beginning of a rapid Christian
    Christian

    A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a Monotheism#Christian view religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus and interpreted by Christians to have been prophesied in the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament....
     reconquest
    Reconquista

    The Reconquista was a period of 800 years in the Middle Ages during which several Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula succeeded in retaking the Iberian Peninsula from the Muslims....
     of the southern half of the Iberian peninsula
    Iberian Peninsula

    The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe and includes modern-day Spain, Portugal, Andorra and Gibraltar and a very small area of France....
    , mainly from 1230-1248, with the defeat of Moorish
    Al-Andalus

    Al-Andalus was the Arabic name given to the parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Arab Muslims, at various times in the period between 711 and 1492....
     forces.
  • 1213 — France defeats the Spanish
    Spain

    Spain or the Kingdom of Spain , is a country located in Southern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.The Spanish constitution does not establish any official denomination of the country, even though Espa?a , Estado espa?ol and Naci?n espa?ola are used interchangeably....
     Kingdom of Aragon
    Kingdom of Aragon

    The Kingdom of Aragon was an old Monarchy in the Iberian Peninsula, corresponding to the modern-day Autonomous communities of Spain of Aragon , in Spain....
     at the Battle of Muret
    Battle of Muret

    At the Battle of Muret on 12 September 1213 the Crusade army of Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester defeated the Crown of Aragon forces of Peter II of Aragon, at Muret near Toulouse....
    .
  • 1214 — France defeats English
    England

    native_name =|conventional_long_name = England|common_name = England|image_flag = Flag of England.svg|image_coat = England COA.svg|symbol_type = Royal Coat of Arms...
     and Imperial German
    Germany

    Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands....
     forces at the Battle of Bovines.
  • 1215 — King John of England
    John of England

    John reigned as List of English monarchs from 6 April 1199, until his death. He succeeded to the throne as the younger brother of King Richard I of England, who died without issue....
     signs Magna Carta
    Magna Carta

    Magna Carta , also called Magna Carta Libertatum , is an Kingdom of England legal charter, originally issued in the year 1215. It was written in Latin....
     at Runnymede
    Runnymede

    Runnymede is a water-meadow alongside the River Thames in the England county of Surrey, and just over west of central London. It is notable for its association with the sealing of the Magna Carta, and as a consequence is the site of a collection of memorials....
    .
  • 1217-1221 — Fifth Crusade
    Fifth Crusade

    The Fifth Crusade was an attempt to take back Jerusalem and the rest of the Holy Land by first conquering the powerful Ayyubid state in Egypt....
     captures Egyptian
    Egyptian

    Egyptian may refer to:* Of or pertaining to Egypt, a country in northeastern Africa** A citizen of Egypt. See Demographics of Egypt.** Egyptians, an ethnic group in North Africa...
     Ayyubid port city of Damietta
    Damietta

    Damietta, Damiata, or Domyat is a harbor and the capital of the governorate of Domyat Governorate, Egypt. It is located at the intersection between the Mediterranean Sea and the Nile, about north of Cairo....
    , ultimately Crusaders
    Crusaders

    The Crusaders are a New Zealand rugby union team based in Christchurch that compete in the Super 14 . They are the most successful team in Super Rugby history....
     withdraw.
  • 1221 — Venice
    Venice

    Venice is a city in northern Italy, the capital city of the Italian regions Veneto, a population of 271,251 . Together with Padua, Italy, the city is included in the Padua-Venice Metropolitan Area ....
     signs a trade treaty with the Mongol Empire
    Mongol Empire

    The Mongol Empire was the List of largest empires#Contiguous Empires empire and the largest bar none. It emerged from the unification of Mongols and Turkic peoples tribes in modern day Mongolia, and grew through Mongol invasions, after Genghis Khan had been proclaimed ruler of all Mongols in 1206....
    .
  • 1222 — Andrew II of Hungary
    Andrew II of Hungary

    Andrew II the Jerosolimitan , King of Hungary . He was the younger son of King B?la III of Hungary, who invested him with the government of the Principality of Halych....
     signs the Golden Bull
    Golden Bull of 1222

    The Golden Bull of 1222 was a golden bull, or edict, issued by King Andrew II of Hungary. The law established the rights of Hungary's noblemen, including the right to disobey the King when he acted contrary to law ....
     which affirms the privileges of Hungarian
    Hungary

    Hungary , officially in English the Republic of Hungary , is a landlocked country in the Carpathian Basin of Central Europe, bordered by Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, and Slovenia....
     nobility.
  • 1223 — The Mongol Empire
    Mongol Empire

    The Mongol Empire was the List of largest empires#Contiguous Empires empire and the largest bar none. It emerged from the unification of Mongols and Turkic peoples tribes in modern day Mongolia, and grew through Mongol invasions, after Genghis Khan had been proclaimed ruler of all Mongols in 1206....
     defeats various Russian
    Russia

    Russia , or the Russian Federation , is a list of countries spanning more than one continent country extending over much of northern Eurasia....
     principalities at the Battle of the Kalka River
    Battle of the Kalka River

    The Battle of the Kalka River took place on May 31, 1223, between the Mongol Empire and Kievan Rus', Galicia-Volhynia, and several other Rus' principalities and the Cumans, under the command of Mstislav the Bold and Mstislav III of Kiev....
    .
  • 1228-1229 — Sixth Crusade
    Sixth Crusade

    The Sixth Crusade started in 1228 as an attempt to reconquer Jerusalem. It began only seven years after the failure of the Fifth Crusade....
     under Frederick II Hohenstaufen returns Jerusalem
    Jerusalem

    Jerusalem is the capital of Israel and its List of Israeli cities in both population and area, with a population of 747,600 residents over an area of if Positions on Jerusalem East Jerusalem is included....
     to the Crusader States
    Crusader states

    The Crusader states were a number of mostly 12th- and 13th-century Feudalism states created by Western European crusaders in Asia Minor, Greece and the Holy Land ....
    .
  • 1228-1241 — First Holy Roman Empire
    Holy Roman Empire

    The Holy Roman Empire was a union of territories in Central Europe during the Middle Ages and the Early modern Europe under a Holy Roman Emperor....
    -Papacy War.
  • 1237-1240 — Mongol Empire
    Mongol Empire

    The Mongol Empire was the List of largest empires#Contiguous Empires empire and the largest bar none. It emerged from the unification of Mongols and Turkic peoples tribes in modern day Mongolia, and grew through Mongol invasions, after Genghis Khan had been proclaimed ruler of all Mongols in 1206....
     conquers Russia
    Russia

    Russia , or the Russian Federation , is a list of countries spanning more than one continent country extending over much of northern Eurasia....
    .
  • 1241 — Mongol Empire
    Mongol Empire

    The Mongol Empire was the List of largest empires#Contiguous Empires empire and the largest bar none. It emerged from the unification of Mongols and Turkic peoples tribes in modern day Mongolia, and grew through Mongol invasions, after Genghis Khan had been proclaimed ruler of all Mongols in 1206....
     defeats Hungary
    Hungary

    Hungary , officially in English the Republic of Hungary , is a landlocked country in the Carpathian Basin of Central Europe, bordered by Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, and Slovenia....
     at the Battle of Mohi
    Battle of Mohi

    The Battle of Mohi, or Battle of the Saj? River, was the main battle between the Mongol Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary during the Mongol invasion of Europe....
     and defeats Poland
    Poland

    Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe. Poland is bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian Enclave and exclave, to the north....
     at the Battle of Legnica
    Battle of Legnica

    The Battle of Legnica , also known as the Battle of Liegnitz or Battle of Wahlstatt , was a battle between the Mongol Empire and the combined defending forces of European fighters that took place at Legnickie Pole near the city of Legnica in Silesia on April 9 1241....
    . Hungary
    Hungary

    Hungary , officially in English the Republic of Hungary , is a landlocked country in the Carpathian Basin of Central Europe, bordered by Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, and Slovenia....
     and Poland
    Poland

    Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe. Poland is bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian Enclave and exclave, to the north....
     ravaged.
  • 1242 — Russians
    Russians

    The Russian people are an East Slavs ethnic group, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries.The English language term Russians is used to refer to the citizens of Russia, regardless of their ethnicity ; in Russian language, the demonym Russian is translated as Rossiyanin ....
     defeat the Teutonic Knights
    Teutonic Knights

    The Order of the Teutonic Knights of St. Mary's Hospital in Jerusalem , or for short the Teutonic Order was a Germans Roman Catholic religious order....
     at the Battle of Lake Peipus.
  • 1243-1250—Second Holy Roman Empire
    Holy Roman Empire

    The Holy Roman Empire was a union of territories in Central Europe during the Middle Ages and the Early modern Europe under a Holy Roman Emperor....
    -Papacy War.
  • 1244 — Ayyubids and Khwarezmians defeat the Crusaders
    Crusaders

    The Crusaders are a New Zealand rugby union team based in Christchurch that compete in the Super 14 . They are the most successful team in Super Rugby history....
     and their Arab
    Arab

    An Arab is a person who Identity as such on linguistic or cultural grounds. The plural form, Arabs , refers to the Ethnocultural group at large....
     allies at the Battle of La Forbie
    Battle of La Forbie

    The Battle of La Forbie, also known as the Battle of Harbiyah, was fought October 17, 1244 – October 18, 1244 between the allied armies and the Egyptian army of Sultan as-Salih Ayyub, reinforced with Khwarezmian mercenaries....
    .
  • 1249 — End of the Portuguese
    Portugal

    Portugal , officially the Portuguese Republic , is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Located in southwestern Europe, Portugal is the westernmost country of mainland Europe and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east....
     Reconquista
    Reconquista

    The Reconquista was a period of 800 years in the Middle Ages during which several Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula succeeded in retaking the Iberian Peninsula from the Muslims....
     against the Moors
    Al-Andalus

    Al-Andalus was the Arabic name given to the parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Arab Muslims, at various times in the period between 711 and 1492....
    , when King Afonso III of Portugal
    Afonso III of Portugal

    Afonso III , or Affonso , Alfonso or Alphonso or Alphonsus , the Bolognian or the Brave , the fifth List of Portuguese monarchs and the first to use the title King of Portugal and the Algarve, since 1249....
     reconquers the Algarve
    Algarve

    The Algarve is the southernmost region of mainland Portugal Portugal. It has an area of 5,412 square kilometres with approximately 410,000 permanent inhabitants, and incorporates 16 municipalities....
    .
  • 1248-1254 — Seventh Crusade
    Seventh Crusade

    The Seventh Crusade was a crusade led by Louis IX of France from 1248 to 1254. Approximately 50,000 gold bezants was paid in ransom for King Louis who, along with thousands of his troops, were captured and defeated by the Egyptian army led by the Ayyubid Sultan Al-Muazzam Turanshah supported by the Bahri dynasty Mamluks led by Faris ad-Din A...
     capturesEgyptian
    Egyptian

    Egyptian may refer to:* Of or pertaining to Egypt, a country in northeastern Africa** A citizen of Egypt. See Demographics of Egypt.** Egyptians, an ethnic group in North Africa...
     Ayyubid port city of Damietta
    Damietta

    Damietta, Damiata, or Domyat is a harbor and the capital of the governorate of Domyat Governorate, Egypt. It is located at the intersection between the Mediterranean Sea and the Nile, about north of Cairo....
    , Crusaders
    Crusaders

    The Crusaders are a New Zealand rugby union team based in Christchurch that compete in the Super 14 . They are the most successful team in Super Rugby history....
     ultimately withdraw. Mamelukes overthrow Ayyubid Dynasty.
  • 1261 — Byzantines under Michael VIII retake Constantinople
    Constantinople

    Constantinople was the empire capital of the Roman Empire , the Byzantine Empire , the Latin Empire , and the Ottoman Empire . Strategically located between the Golden Horn and the Sea of Marmara at the point where Europe meets Asia, Byzantine Constantinople had been the capital of a Christendom empire, successor to ancient ancient Greece...
     from the Crusaders
    Crusaders

    The Crusaders are a New Zealand rugby union team based in Christchurch that compete in the Super 14 . They are the most successful team in Super Rugby history....
     and Venice
    Venice

    Venice is a city in northern Italy, the capital city of the Italian regions Veneto, a population of 271,251 . Together with Padua, Italy, the city is included in the Padua-Venice Metropolitan Area ....
    .
  • 1268 — Fall of the Crusader State of Antioch
    Antioch

    Antioch on the Orontes was an ancient city on the eastern side of the Orontes River. It is near the modern city of Antakya, Turkey.Founded near the end of the 4th century BC by Seleucus I Nicator, one of Alexander the Great's generals, Antioch eventually rivaled Alexandria as the chief city of the nearer East and was a cradle of gentile hi...
     to the Mamelukes.
Chinesischer Maler Von 1238 001
*1271 — Edward I of England
Edward I of England

Edward I , popularly known as Longshanks, the English Justinian, and the Hammer of the Scots , was a House of Plantagenet King of England who achieved historical fame by conquering large parts of Wales and almost succeeding in doing the same to Scotland....
 and Charles of Anjou arrive in Acre, starting the Ninth Crusade
Ninth Crusade

The Ninth Crusade, which is sometimes grouped with the Eighth Crusade, is commonly considered to be the last major Middle Ages Crusade to the Holy Land....
 against Baibars
Baibars

Baibars, or al-Malik al-Zahir Rukn al-Din Baybars al-Bunduqdari , nicknamed Abu al-Futuh , was an important Mamluk Sultan of Egypt and Syria....
.
  • 1282 — Aragon
    Aragon

    Aragon is an autonomous communities of Spain of Spain. Located in northeastern Spain, the region comprises three provinces of Spain from north to south: Huesca , Zaragoza , and Teruel ....
     acquires Sicily
    Sicily

    Sicily is an Autonomous regions with special statute of Italy. Of all the regions of Italy, Sicily covers the largest land area at 25,708 km? and currently has just over five million inhabitants....
    , after the Sicilian Vespers
    Sicilian Vespers

    The Sicilian Vespers is the name given to a rebellion in Sicily in 1282 against the rule of the Angevin king Charles I of Naples, who had taken control of the island with Papacy support in 1266....
    .
  • 1284 — Peterhouse, Cambridge
    Peterhouse, Cambridge

    Peterhouse is the oldest college in the University of Cambridge. It was founded in 1284 by Hugo de Balsham, Bishop of Ely. Peterhouse has 284 undergraduates, 130 graduate students and 45 fellows, making it the smallest University_of_Cambridge/Colleges in Cambridge, except for certain colleges that admit only women, graduates, or mature studen...
     founded by Hugo de Balsham, the Bishop of Ely
    Bishop of Ely

    The Bishop of Ely is the Ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of Ely in the Province of Canterbury.The diocese roughly covers the county of Cambridgeshire , together with a section of north-west Norfolk and has its Episcopal see in the Ely, Cambridgeshire, where the seat is located at the Ely Cathedral....
    .
  • 1285 — Second Mongol raid
    Tatar invasions

    The Mongol invasion of Europe from the east took place over the course of three centuries, from the Middle Ages to the early modern period.The terms Tatars or Tartars are applied to nomadic Turkic peoples who, themselves, were conquered by Mongols and incorporated to their horde....
     against Hungary
    Kingdom of Hungary

    The Kingdom of Hungary , which existed from 1000 to 1918, and then from 1920 to 1946, was a considerable state in Central Europe....
    , led by Nogai Khan
    Nogai Khan

    Nogai , also called Isa Nogai, was a general and de facto ruler of the Golden Horde and a great-grandson of Genghis Khan. His father was Baul/Teval Khan, the 7th son of Jochi....
    .
  • 1289 — Crusader State of Tripoli
    Tripoli

    Tripoli is the largest and Capital city of Libya.Tripoli has a population of 1.69 million. The city is located in the northwest of the country on the edge of the desert, on a point of rocky land projecting into the Mediterranean Sea and forming a bay....
     falls to the Mamelukes.
  • 1291 — The Swiss Confederation of Uri
    Canton of Uri

    Uri is one of the 26 cantons of Switzerland. It is located in Central Switzerland. The canton's territory covers the valley of the Reuss River between Lake Lucerne and the St....
    , Schwyz
    Schwyz

    The town of is the capital of the Cantons of Switzerland of Canton of Schwyz in Switzerland. its population is 14'171. With the territory of 1 E7 m?, the population density is 269/km?....
    , and Unterwalden
    Unterwalden

    Unterwalden is the old name for what is now two cantons in central Switzerland, south of Lake Lucerne. It consists of two half-cantons, an upper part, Obwalden, and a lower part, Nidwalden....
     forms.
  • 1291 — Mamluk
    Mamluk

    A mamluk was a slavery soldier who converted to Islam and served the Muslim caliphs and the Ayyubid sultans from the 9th to the 13th centuries....
     Sultan of Egypt al-Ashraf Khalil captures Acre
    Siege of Acre (1291)

    The Siege of Acre took place in 1291 and resulted in the loss of the Crusades-control city of Acre to the Muslims. It is considered one of the most important battles of the time period....
    , thus ending the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem
    Kingdom of Jerusalem

    The Kingdom of Jerusalem was a Christianity kingdom established in the Levant in 1099 after the First Crusade. It lasted nearly two hundred years, from 1099 until 1291 when the last remaining possession, Acre, Israel, was destroyed by the Mamluks....
     (the final Christian
    Christian

    A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a Monotheism#Christian view religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus and interpreted by Christians to have been prophesied in the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament....
     landholding remaining from the Crusades
    Crusades

    The Crusades were a series of religious war waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal opponents. Crusades were fought mainly against Muslims, though campaigns were also directed against Paganism Slavic peoples, Jews, Eastern Orthodox Church, Mongols, Catharism, Hussites, Waldensians, Old Prussians, and political enemi...
    ).

Significant people

  • Genghis Khan
    Genghis Khan

    Genghis Khan , born , was the founder, Khan and Khagan of the Mongol Empire, the World's largest empires contiguous empire in history....
    , founder of Mongol Empire
    Mongol Empire

    The Mongol Empire was the List of largest empires#Contiguous Empires empire and the largest bar none. It emerged from the unification of Mongols and Turkic peoples tribes in modern day Mongolia, and grew through Mongol invasions, after Genghis Khan had been proclaimed ruler of all Mongols in 1206....
  • Batu Khan
    Batu Khan

    Batu Khan was a Mongols ruler and the founder of the Blue Horde. Batu was a son of Jochi and grandson of Genghis Khan. His Blue Horde became the Golden Horde , which ruled Kievan Rus' and the Caucasus for around 250 years, after also destroying the armies of Poland and Hungary....
    , Mongol
    Mongols

    The name Mongol specifies one or several ethnic groups, now mainly located in Mongolia, China, and Russia....
     ruler and the founder of the Golden Horde
    Golden Horde

    The Golden Horde is a East-Slavic designation for the Mongol?later Turkic languages?Muslim khanate established in the western part of the Mongol Empire after the Mongol invasion of Rus' in the 1240s: present-day Russia, Ukraine, Moldova, Kazakhstan, and the Caucasus....
  • Haakon Haakonsson, king of Norway
    Norway

    Norway , officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a constitutional monarchy in Northern Europe that occupies the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula....
     from 1217 to 1263. After the long civil war Norway would again prosper under his rule and come to dominate Scandinavian politics.
  • Kaloyan
    Kaloyan of Bulgaria

    Kaloyan the Romanslayer , Ivan I , ruled as emperor of Bulgaria 1197-1207. He was born in about 1168/1169. The name Kalojan , signifies the "Good John" or the "Handsome John", and is derived from Greek Kaloioannes, a standard augmentation of the names of Byzantine emperors named "John" in the Komnenian and later periods....
    , Emperor of Bulgaria
    Bulgaria

    The state of Bulgaria , Scientific transliteration Balgarija, officially the Republic of Bulgaria has played a significant role in the Balkans in south-eastern Europe for over fourteen centuries....
  • Ivan Asen II
    Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria

    Ivan Asen II , in English language sometimes known as John Asen II, ruled as Emperor of Bulgaria from 1218 to 1241, during the Second Bulgarian Empire....
    , Emperor of Bulgaria
  • Edward I of England
    Edward I of England

    Edward I , popularly known as Longshanks, the English Justinian, and the Hammer of the Scots , was a House of Plantagenet King of England who achieved historical fame by conquering large parts of Wales and almost succeeding in doing the same to Scotland....
    , English King
  • Ottokar II of Bohemia
    Ottokar II of Bohemia

    Ottokar II , called The Iron and Golden King, was the King of Bohemia from 1253 until 1278. He was the Duke of Austria , Styria , Carinthia and Carniola also....
    , King of Bohemia
    List of rulers of Bohemia

    This is a list of Monarch of Bohemia. Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia, and Lusatia are territories which are or have been considered Czech lands or Lands of the Bohemian Crown ....
  • Baibars
    Baibars

    Baibars, or al-Malik al-Zahir Rukn al-Din Baybars al-Bunduqdari , nicknamed Abu al-Futuh , was an important Mamluk Sultan of Egypt and Syria....
    , Mameluk sultan of Egypt
    Egypt

    Egypt is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Western Asia. Covering an area of about , Egypt borders the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south and Libya to the west....
  • Ibn Taymiyyah, famous Hanbali
    Hanbali

    Hanbali is one of the four schools of Fiqh or Shariah within Sunni Islam . It is also claimed to be a school of aqeedah in Sunni Islam according to the Wahabi and Salafi sects but Sunni scholars reject this position....
    , Salafi
    Salafi

    Salafi , is an Islamic movement that takes the ancestors of the patristic period of early Islam as models.Early usage of the term appears in the book Al-Ansab by Abu Sa'd Abd al-Kareem al-Sama'ni, who died in the year 1166 ....
     Scholar of Islam
  • Dante Alighieri
    Dante Alighieri

    Durante degli Alighieri , commonly known as Dante Alighieri, was a Florence poet of the Middle Ages. His Magnum opus, the Divine Comedy , is often considered the greatest literary work composed in the Italian language and a masterpiece of world literature....
    , Italian writer
  • William Marshal
    William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke

    William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke , also called William the Marshal , was an Anglo Norman soldier and statesman. He has been described as the "greatest knight that ever lived" ....
    , knight
    Knight

    File:Gothic armor 2.jpgKnight is the term for a social position originating in the Middle Ages. In the Commonwealth of Nations, knighthood is a non-heritable form of gentry....
     and statesman.
  • Saint Thomas Aquinas, theologian
  • Giotto di Bondone
    Giotto di Bondone

    Giotto di Bondone , better known simply as Giotto, was an italy Painting and architect from Florence. He is generally considered the first in a line of great artists who contributed to the Italian Renaissance....
    , Italian painter
  • Cimabue
    Cimabue

    Cenni di Pepo Cimabue also known as Bencivieni di Pepo or in modern Italian, Benvenuto di Giuseppe, was an Italy Painting and creator of mosaics from Florence....
    , Florentine painter
  • Sundiata Keita
    Sundiata Keita

    Sundiata Keita or Sundjata Keyita or Mari Djata I or just Sundiata. was the founder of the Mali Empire and celebrated as a hero of the Malinke people people of West Africa in the semi-historical Epic of Sundiata....
     semi-historical founder of the Mali Empire
    Mali Empire

    The Mali Empire or Manding Empire or Manden Kurufa was a West African civilization of the Mandinka people from c. 1230 to c. 1600. The empire was founded by Sundiata Keita and became renowned for the wealth of its rulers, especially Mansa Mansa Musa....
  • Alexander of Hales
    Alexander of Hales

    Alexander Hales was a scholasticism theology. He was born at Hailes Abbey, Gloucestershire, England ca. 1183, and died in Paris on August 21, 1245....
    , philosopher and theologian
  • Albertus Magnus
    Albertus Magnus

    Saint Albertus Magnus, Ordo Praedicatorum , also known as Saint Albert the Great and Albert of Cologne, was a Dominican Order Dominican friar and bishop who achieved fame for his comprehensive knowledge of and advocacy for the peaceful Relationship between religion and science....
    , German philosopher and theologian
  • Francis of Assisi
    Francis of Assisi

    Francis of Assisi was a friar and the founder of the Order of Friars Minor, more commonly known as the Franciscans.He is known as the patron saint of animals, the Natural environment and Italy, and it is customary for Catholic Church es to hold ceremonies honoring animals around his feast day of 4 October....
    , founder of the Franciscan order
    Franciscan

    The term Franciscan is commonly used to refer to members of Catholic religious orders that follow a body of regulations known as "The rule of St....
  • Robert Grosseteste
    Robert Grosseteste

    Robert Grosseteste , England statesman, scholasticism, theologian and Bishop of Lincoln, was born of humble parents at Stradbroke in Suffolk. Alistair Cameron Crombie calls him "the real founder of the tradition of scientific thought in mediaeval Oxford, and in some ways, of the modern English intellectual tradition"....
    , English statesman, theologian, and scientist
  • Roger Bacon
    Roger Bacon

    For the Nova Scotia premier see Roger Bacon .Roger Bacon, Order of Friars Minor , also known as Doctor Mirabilis , was an England philosopher and Franciscan friar who placed considerable emphasis on empiricism....
    , Franciscan, philosopher, and scientist
  • Birger jarl
    Birger jarl

    , born Birger Magnusson , was a Sweden statesman, a member of the House of Bjelbo, who played a pivotal role in the consolidation of Sweden while a earl from 1248 until his death....
    , Swedish statesman, earl, and founder of Stockholm
    Stockholm

    is the capital and largest city of Sweden. It is the site of the national Swedish Government of Sweden, the Parliament of Sweden, and the official residence of the Swedish Monarchy of Sweden....
  • Bonaventure
    Bonaventure

    Saint Bonaventure of Bagnoregio , born John of Fidanza , was an Italian medieval Scholasticism theologian and philosopher, the eighth Minister General of the Order of Friars Minor, commonly called the Franciscans....
    , Franciscan theologian
  • Petrus Peregrinus, scientist
  • Louis IX of France
    Louis IX of France

    Louis IX , commonly Saint Louis, was List of French monarchs from 1226 to his death. He was also Counts of Artois from 1226 to 1237. Born at Poissy, near Paris, he was a member of the House of Capet and the son of Louis VIII of France and Blanche of Castile....
    , St. Louis, French king and crusader
  • Marco Polo
    Marco Polo

    Marco Polo was a trader and exploration from the Venetian Republic who gained fame for his worldwide travels, recorded in the book Il Milione also known as Oriente Poliano and the Description of the World....
    , Venetian
    Venice

    Venice is a city in northern Italy, the capital city of the Italian regions Veneto, a population of 271,251 . Together with Padua, Italy, the city is included in the Padua-Venice Metropolitan Area ....
     trader and explorer
  • Frederick II
    Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor

    Frederick II , of the House of Hohenstaufen dynasty, was an Kingdom of Italy pretender to the title of King of the Romans from 1212 and unopposed holder of that monarchy from 1215....
    , emperor of the Holy Roman Empire
    Holy Roman Empire

    The Holy Roman Empire was a union of territories in Central Europe during the Middle Ages and the Early modern Europe under a Holy Roman Emperor....
  • Ramon Llull
    Ramon Llull

    Ramon Llull was a Majorcan writer and philosopher born into a wealthy family in Palma de Mallorca, Majorca, in the Balearic Islands, then part of the Crown of Aragon, now part of Spain....
    , Majorcan philosopher
  • Kublai Khan
    Kublai Khan

    Sorry, no overview for this topic
    , Khan ruler, founder of Yuan Dynasty
    Yuan Dynasty

    The Yuan Dynasty , or Great Yuan Empire was both the continuation of the Mongol Empire and the Mongol founded historical state in Mongolia and China, lasting officially from 1271 to 1368....
     in China
    China

    China is a Culture of China, an ancient civilization, and, depending on perspective, a national or multinational entity extending over a large area in East Asia....
  • Alexander Nevsky
    Alexander Nevsky

    Saint Alexander Nevsky was the Grand Prince of Novgorod and Vladimir-Suzdal during some of the most trying times in the country's history. Commonly regarded as the key figure of medieval Russia, Alexander was the grandson of Vsevolod the Big Nest and rose to legendary status on account of his military victories over the German invaders whi...
    , Grand Prince of Novgorod and Vladimir
    Vladimir

    Vladimir is a types of inhabited localities in Russia in Russia, located on the Klyazma River, to the east of Moscow along the M7 motorway . It is the administrative center of Vladimir Oblast....
  • Saadi
    Saadi

    Saadi or Sadi may refer to:geography:* S?di, village in Azerbaijan*Sadi, Nepalfamily name:* Saadi dynasty, a dynasty of Morocco* Saadi , medieval Persian Sufi poet...
     Persian poet
  • Snorri Sturluson
    Snorri Sturluson

    Snorri Sturluson was an Icelandic historian, poet and politician. He was two-time elected lawspeaker at the Icelandic parliament, the Althing....
    , historian and saga-writer
  • William Wallace
    William Wallace

    William Wallace was a Scotland knight and landowner who is known for leading a resistance during the Wars of Scottish Independence and regarded as a patriot and national hero....
    , Scottish
    Scottish people

    The Scots people are a nation and an ethnic group indigenous to Scotland.Historically, as an ethnic group, they emerged from an amalgamation of Celts, Picts, Gaels and Brythons....
     national leader
  • Bιla IV of Hungary
    Bιla IV of Hungary

    B?la IV...
     rebuilder of Hungary
    Hungary

    Hungary , officially in English the Republic of Hungary , is a landlocked country in the Carpathian Basin of Central Europe, bordered by Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, and Slovenia....
     after the devastating Mongol invasion
  • Lembitu, Estonian ruler
  • Queen Tamara, ruler of Georgia
    Georgia (country)

    Georgia is a transcontinental country in the Caucasus region, located at the dividing line between Europe and Asia. It is bordered by the Russia to the north, Azerbaijan to the east, Armenia to the south, and Turkey to the southwest....
  • Lasha Giorgi, King Giorgi IV of Georgia
    Georgia (country)

    Georgia is a transcontinental country in the Caucasus region, located at the dividing line between Europe and Asia. It is bordered by the Russia to the north, Azerbaijan to the east, Armenia to the south, and Turkey to the southwest....
  • Queen Rusudan
    Rusudan

    Rusudan may refer to:* Rusudan, daughter of Demetre I of Georgia, 12th-13th century* Rusudan, daughter of Giorgi III of Georgia, 12th-13th century...
    , Queen Regnant of Georgia
    Georgia (country)

    Georgia is a transcontinental country in the Caucasus region, located at the dividing line between Europe and Asia. It is bordered by the Russia to the north, Azerbaijan to the east, Armenia to the south, and Turkey to the southwest....


Inventions, discoveries, introductions

  • List of 13th century inventions
    Timeline of invention

    The timeline of historic inventions is a chronological list of particularly important or significant technological inventions.Note: Dates for inventions are often controversial....
  • The motet
    Motet

    In Western music, motet is a word that is applied to a number of highly varied choir musical compositions.The name comes either from the Latin movere, or a Latinized version of Old French mot, "word" or "verbal utterance." The Medieval Latin for "motet" is "motectum", and the Italian mottetto was also used....
     form originates out of the Ars antiqua
    Ars antiqua

    Ars antiqua, also called ars veterum or ars vetus, refers to the music of Europe of the late Middle Ages between approximately 1170 and 1310, covering the period of the Notre Dame school of polyphony and the subsequent years which saw the early development of the motet....
     tradition of Western European music
    Classical music

    Classical music is a broad term that usually refers to mainstream music produced in, or rooted in the traditions of Western art history Religious music and secular music, encompassing a broad period from roughly the 9th century to present times....
    .
  • Manuscript culture
    Manuscript culture

    Manuscript culture refers to the development and use of the manuscript as a means of storing and disseminating information until the age of printing....
     develops out of this time period in cities in Europe, which denotes a shift from monasteries to cities for books.
  • Pecia system
    Manuscript culture

    Manuscript culture refers to the development and use of the manuscript as a means of storing and disseminating information until the age of printing....
     of copying books develops in Italian university-towns and was taken up by the University of Paris
    University of Paris

    The historic University of Paris first appeared in the 12th century. In 1970 it was reorganized as 13 autonomous university . The university is often referred to as the Sorbonne or La Sorbonne after the collegiate institution founded about 1257 by Robert de Sorbon....
     in the middle of the century.
  • Wooden movable type
    Movable Type

    Movable Type is a blog software developed by the company Six Apart. It was publicly announced on 3 September 2001, and version 1.0 was publicly released on 8 October 2001....
     printing invented by the Chinese governmental minister Wang Zhen
    Wang Zhen (official)

    Wang Zhen was an official of the Yuan Dynasty of China. He is credited with the invention of the first wooden movable type printing in the world, while his predecessor of the Song Dynasty , Bi Sheng , invented the world's first earthenware movable type printing....
     in 1298.
  • The earliest known rocket
    Rocket

    A rocket or rocket vehicle is a missile, aircraft or other vehicle which obtains thrust by the Reaction of the rocket to the ejection of fast moving fluid exhaust from a rocket engine....
    s, landmines, and handguns
    History of firearms

    Gunpowder was discovered in China in the 9th century. Its discovery in the 800s and the subsequent invention of firearms in the 1100s both coincided with long periods of disunity during which there was some immediate use for infantry and siege weapons....
     are made by the Chinese for use in warfare.
  • The Chinese adopt the windmill
    Windmill

    A windmill is a machine that is powered by the energy of the wind. It is designed to convert the energy of the wind into more useful forms using rotating blades or sails....
     from the Islamic world.
  • 1280s
    1280s

    The 1280s is the decade starting January 1, 1280 and ending December 31, 1289.Europe in the 1280s was marked by naval warfare on the Mediterranean Sea and consolidation of power by the major states....
     Eyeglasses invented in Italy
    Italy

    Italy , officially the Italian Republic , is a country located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe and on the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily and Sardinia....
    .

Decades and years


External links

  • by James J. Walsh
    James Joseph Walsh

    James Joseph Walsh, M.D., LL.D., Litt.D., Sc.D. was an United States physician and author, born in City of New York. He graduated from Fordham University in 1884 and from the University of Pennsylvania in 1895....
    , 1907