As a means of recording the passage of
timeTime is a component of the measuring system used to sequence events, to compare the durations of events and the intervals between them, and to quantify the motions of objects...
, the
12th century is the period from 1101 to 1200 in accordance with the
Julian calendarThe Julian calendar, a reform of the Roman calendar, was introduced by Julius Caesar in 46 BC, and came into force in 45 BC . It was chosen after consultation with the astronomer Sosigenes of Alexandria and was probably designed to approximate the tropical year, known at least since Hipparchus...
in the Christian/
Common EraCommon Era, abbreviated as CE, is a designation for the calendar system most commonly used world-wide for numbering the year part of the date...
. In the history of European culture, this period is considered part of the
High Middle AgesThe High Middle Ages was the period of European history in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries . The High Middle Ages were preceded by the Early Middle Ages and followed by the Late Middle Ages, which by convention end around 1500....
and is sometimes called the
Age of the Cistercians. In
Song DynastyThe Song Dynasty was a ruling dynasty in China between 960 and 1279; it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period, and was followed by the Yuan Dynasty. It was the first government in world history to issue banknotes or paper money, and the first Chinese government to establish a...
China an invasion by
JurchensThe Jurchens The Jurchens The Jurchens , 녀진 Nyŏjin (North Korea) were a Tungusic people who inhabited the region of Manchuria (Northeast China) until the 17th century, when they adopted the name Manchu...
causes a political schism of north and south. The
Khmer EmpireThe Khmer Empire was the third largest empire of South East Asia , based in what is now Cambodia. The empire, which seceded from the kingdom of Chenla, at times ruled over and/or vassalised parts of modern-day Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, Myanmar, and Malaysia...
of Cambodia flourished during this century, while the
FatimidThe Fatimid Caliphate or al-Fātimiyyūn was an Arab Shi'a dynasty that ruled over varying areas of the Maghreb, Egypt, Sicily, Malta and the Levant from 5 January 909 to 1171. The caliphate was ruled by the Fatimids, who established the Egyptian city of Cairo as their capital. The term Fatimite is...
s of Egypt were overtaken by the
Ayyubid dynastyThe Ayyubids were a Sunni Muslim dynasty of Kurdish origin centered in Cairo and Damascus that ruled much of the Middle East during the 12th and 13th centuries CE. The Ayyubid family, under the brothers Ayyub and Shirkuh, originally served as soldiers for the Zengids until they gradually gained...
.
Events
- 1101–1103: David the Builder takes over Kakheti
Kakheti is a historical province in Eastern Georgia inhabitant by Kakhetians who speak a local dialect of Georgian. It is bordered by the small mountainous province of Tusheti and mountain-range of Greater Caucasus to the north, Azerbaijan to the east and the south, and the Georgian province of...
and HeretiHereti was a historic province in Kakheti which itself was part of Georgia. It roughly corresponds to the southeastern corner of the Kakheti region, Eastern Georgia . Part of the province commonly known as Saingilo is now in Azerbaijan...
.
- 1102: King Coloman
Coloman I the Book-lover , also spelled Koloman , King of Hungary...
unites HungaryHungary , in English officially the Republic of Hungary , is a landlocked country in the Carpathian Basin of Central Europe, bordered by Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, and Slovenia. Its capital is Budapest. Hungary is a member of OECD, NATO, EU, V4 and is a Schengen state...
and CroatiaCroatia , officially the Republic of Croatia , is a country in southeast Europe, at the crossroads of the Pannonian Plain, the Balkans, and the Mediterranean Sea. Its capital is Zagreb...
under the Hungarian CrownThe Holy Crown of Hungary , also known as the Crown of Saint Stephen, appears to be the only secular crown today with the "holy" attribute; the Crown of Thorns is also known as the Holy Crown of Jesus, but is in a reliquary in Notre Dame Cathedral.The...
.
- 1103: Church-meeting in Ruisi and Urbnisi
Urbnisi is a village in Georgia’s Shida Kartli region, in the district of Kareli.Situated at the Mtkvari river, it was an important city in the ancient and early medieval Iberia as Georgia was known to the Greeks and Romans. Archaeological studies have demonstrated that the place was inhabited in...
eparchy, reorganization of the Georgian Orthodox Church.
- 1104: Battle of Ertcukhi, King David the Builder defeats army of Seljuks.
- 1107–1111: Sigurd I of Norway
Norway , officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a country in Northern Europe occupying the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, as well as Jan Mayen and the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard under the Spitsbergen Treaty...
becomes the first king in Europe to embark on a crusade to the Holy Land. He fought in Lisbon, various Mediterranean isles and helped the King of JerusalemJerusalem is the capital of Israel and its largest city in both population and area, with a population of 747,600 residents over an area of if disputed East Jerusalem is included...
to take SidonSidon,or Saïda, is the third-largest city in Lebanon. It is located in the South Governorate of Lebanon, on the Mediterranean coast, about 40 km north of Tyre and 40 km south of the capital Beirut. Its name means a fishery...
from the Muslims.
- 1108: By the Treaty of Devol
The Treaty of Devol was an agreement made in 1108 between Bohemond I of Antioch and Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos, in the wake of the First Crusade. It is named after the Byzantine fortress of Devol in Macedonia...
, Bohemond I of Antioch has to submit to the Byzantine EmpireThe Byzantine Empire or Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centered on the capital of Constantinople, and ruled by Emperors in direct and de jure succession to the ancient Roman Emperors...
, becoming the vassal of Alexius I.
- 1109: On June 10, Bertrand of Toulouse
Bertrand of Toulouse or Bertrand of Tripoli was count of Toulouse, and was the first count of Tripoli to rule in Tripoli itself....
captures the County of TripoliThe County of Tripoli was the last Crusader state founded in the Levant, located in what today is known as northern Lebanon, where exists the modern city of Tripoli. The Crusader state was captured and created by Christian forces in 1109, originally held by Bertrand of Toulouse as a vassal of...
.
- 1109: In the Battle of Naklo, Boleslaus III Wrymouth defeats the Pomeranians
The Pomeranians were a group of West Slavic tribes who lived along the shore of the Baltic Sea between Oder and Vistula Rivers...
and re-establishes Polish access to the sea.
- 1109: On August 24, in the Battle of Hundsfeld
The Battle of Hundsfeld or Battle of Psie Pole was allegedly fought on August 24, 1109 between the Holy Roman Empire in aid of Zbigniew of Poland against his stepbrother, Duke Bolesław III Wrymouth of Poland. The Imperial forces were led by Emperor Henry V, while the Polish forces were led by...
, Boleslaus III Wrymouth defeats Emperor Henry VHenry V was King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor , the fourth and last ruler of the Salian dynasty. Henry's reign coincided with the final phase of the great Investiture Controversy, which had pitted pope against emperor...
and stops German expansion eastward.
- 1110–1111: Henry VI
Henry VI was King of Germany from 1190 to 1197, Holy Roman Emperor from 1191 to 1197 and King of Sicily from 1194 to 1197.-Early years:Born in Nijmegen,...
's expedition to Rome to secure the imperial crown.
- 1111. Morning of November 11: Had sufficiently accurate clocks existed, the time 11:11:11 on 11/11/1111 would have occurred. A comparable event will not occur until 2222 (22:22:22 on February 22).
- 1115: siege of Rustavi
Rustavi or Rust'avi is a city in the southeast of Georgia, in the province of Kvemo Kartli, situated 16 miles southeast of the capital Tbilisi. It stands on the Mtkvari River at...
.
- 1116: The Byzantine army defeats the Turks at Philomelion.
- c. 1119: Foundation of the Knights Templar
The Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon , commonly known as the Knights Templar or the Order of the Temple , were among the most famous of the Western Christian military orders...
.
- 1119: David the Builder and Baldwin II of Jerusalem
Baldwin II of Jerusalem, formerly Baldwin II of Edessa, also called Baldwin of Bourcq, born Baldwin of Rethel was the second count of Edessa from 1100 to 1118, and the third king of Jerusalem from 1118 until his death....
meet each other.
- 1120: On January 16, the Council of Nablus, a council of ecclesiastic and secular lords in the crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, establishes the first written laws for the kingdom.
- c. 1121: Battle of Didgori
The battle of Didgori was fought between the armies of the Kingdom of Georgia and the crumbling Great Seljuq Empire at the place of Didgori, 40 km southwest of Tbilisi, the modern-day capital of Georgia, on August 12 1121...
, the greatest military victory of Georgia. King David the Builder with 40,000 GeorgiansThe Georgians are a South Caucasian people and nation mainly centered in Georgia. They also live in Turkey, Russia, the United States, Iran, and other countries....
, 15,000 Kipchak auxiliaries, 500 AlanAlan can refer to:*Alan , the given name*Alan , a short-lived German automobile*Alan , a crater on the Moon*Alan , a race of winged spirits from Tinguian folklorePeople*Alan , Mexican boy-band singer...
mercenaries and 300 French CrusadersThe Crusaders are a New Zealand rugby union team based in Christchurch that compete in the Super 14 . They are the most successful team in Super Rugby history. The franchise represents the Buller, Canterbury, Mid-Canterbury, South Canterbury, Tasman, and West Coast provincial rugby unions...
defeats SeljukSeljuk was the eponymous hero of the Seljuks. He was the son of a certain Duqaq surnamed Timuryaligh -of the iron bow- and either the chief or an eminent member from the Kınık tribe of the Oghuz Turks...
-led Muslim coalition army of 400,000.
- 1121: On December 25, St. Norbert
Saint Norbert of Xanten is a Christian saint and founder of the Norbertine or Premonstratensian order of canons regular.- Life and work :...
and 29 companions made their solemn vows, the beginning of the Premonstratensian Order.
- 1122: Battle of Beroia
The Battle of Beroia was fought between the Pechenegs and Emperor John II Komnenos of the Byzantine Empire in the year 1122 in what is now Bulgaria, and resulted in the disappearance of the Pecheneg people as an independent force....
results in the disappearance of the PechenegsThe Pechenegs or Patzinaks were a semi-nomadic Turkic people of the Central Asian steppes speaking the Pecheneg language which belonged to the Turkic language family.-Origins and area:...
as an independent force.
- 1122: On September 23, the Concordat of Worms
The Concordat of Worms, sometimes called the Pactum Calixtinum by papal historians, was an agreement between Pope Calixtus II and Holy Roman Emperor Henry V on September 23, 1122 near the city of Worms...
was drawn up between Emperor Henry VHenry V was King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor , the fourth and last ruler of the Salian dynasty. Henry's reign coincided with the final phase of the great Investiture Controversy, which had pitted pope against emperor...
and Pope Calixtus II.
- 1122: After a four-hundred-year supremacy of Arabs, king David the Builder captures Tbilisi
Tbilisi is the capital and the largest city of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Mt'k'vari River. The name is derived from an early Georgian form Tp'ilisi and it was officially known as Tiflis until 1936...
and declares it the capital city of GeorgiaGeorgia Georgia Georgia is a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Situated at the juncture of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bounded to the west by the Black Sea, to the north by Russia, to the south by Turkey and Armenia, and to the east by Azerbaijan...
.
- 1123: The Jurchen dynasty forces Koryo
The Goryeo Dynasty or Koryŏ was a sovereign state established in 918 by King Taejo. It united the Later Three Kingdoms in 936 and ruled most of the Korean peninsula until it was removed by the Joseon dynasty in 1392...
to recognize their suzerainty.
- 1125: On June 11, in the Battle of Azaz
In the Battle of Azaz forces of the Crusader States commanded by King Baldwin II of Jerusalem defeated Aq-Sunqur il-Bursuqi's army of Seljuk Turks on June 11, 1125 and raised the siege of the town....
, the Crusader StatesThe Crusader states were a number of mostly 12th- and 13th-century feudal states created by Western European crusaders in Asia Minor, Greece and the Holy Land . The Middle Eastern Islamic powers eventually conquered them...
, led by King Baldwin II of JerusalemBaldwin II of Jerusalem, formerly Baldwin II of Edessa, also called Baldwin of Bourcq, born Baldwin of Rethel was the second count of Edessa from 1100 to 1118, and the third king of Jerusalem from 1118 until his death....
, defeat the Seljuk Turks.
- 1125: on January 24, David the Builder, king of Georgia dies.
- 1125: Lothair
Lothair III of Supplinburg , was Duke of Saxony , King of Germany , and Holy Roman Emperor from 1133 to 1137. He was the son of Count Gebhard of Supplinburg.-A note on the ordinal:...
of Supplinburg, duke of SaxonyThe mediæval Duchy of Saxony was a late Early Middle Ages "Carolingian stem duchy" covering the greater part of Northern Germany. It covered the area of the modern German states of Lower Saxony, North Rhine-Westphalia, and Saxony-Anhalt and most of Schleswig-Holstein...
, is elected Holy Roman EmperorThe Holy Roman Emperor is a term used by historians to denote a Middle Ages ruler, who as German King had in addition received the title of "Emperor of the Romans" from the Pope of the Holy Roman Church, and after the 16th century, the elected monarch governing the Holy Roman Empire, a Central...
instead of the nearest heir, Frederick of SwabiaFrederick I Barbarossa was elected King of Germany at Frankfurt on 4 March 1152 and crowned in Aachen on 9 March, crowned King of Italy in Pavia in 1154, and finally crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Adrian IV on 18 June 1155. He was crowned King of Burgundy at Arles on 30 June 1178...
, beginning the great struggle of Guelf and Ghibelline.
- 1125–1156: Reign of Demetre I
Demetre I , from the Bagrationi dynasty, was King of Georgia from 1125 to 1156. He is also known as a poet.-Life:Demetre was the eldest son of King David the Builder by his first wife Rusudan of Armenia...
of GeorgiaGeorgia Georgia Georgia is a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Situated at the juncture of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bounded to the west by the Black Sea, to the north by Russia, to the south by Turkey and Armenia, and to the east by Azerbaijan...
.
- 1127: The Northern Song dynasty
The Song Dynasty was a ruling dynasty in China between 960 and 1279; it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period, and was followed by the Yuan Dynasty. It was the first government in world history to issue banknotes or paper money, and the first Chinese government to establish a...
loses power over northern China to the JurchensThe Jurchens The Jurchens The Jurchens , 녀진 Nyŏjin (North Korea) were a Tungusic people who inhabited the region of Manchuria (Northeast China) until the 17th century, when they adopted the name Manchu...
of Manchuria.
- 1128: On June 24, Portugal
Portugal , officially the Portuguese Republic , is a country located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of mainland Europe and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east...
gains independence from the kingdom of LeónKingdom of León was an independent country situated in the northwest region of the Iberian Peninsula. It was founded in 910 AD when the Christian princes of Asturias along the northern coast of the peninsula shifted their main seat from Oviedo to the city of León...
at the Battle of São MamedeThe Battle of São Mamede took place on June 24, 1128 near Guimarães and is considered the seminal event for the foundation of Portugal. Portuguese forces led by Afonso I of Portugal defeated forces led by his mother Teresa of León and her lover Fernão Peres de Trava. Following São Mamede, the...
; (recognised by LeónLeón is a province of northwestern Spain, in the northwestern part of the autonomous community of Castile and León.About one quarter of its population of 500,200 lives in the capital, León. The weather is cold and dry during the winter....
in 1143).
- 1130–1180: Fifty-year drought in the American Southwest
The Southwestern United States is defined as the states that lie west of the Mississippi River, with the qualification of a certain northern limit such as the 37, 38, 39, or 40 degree north latitude. A 97.33 longitude degree west could qualify as the separation of the American Southwest from the...
.
- 1130–1138: Papal schism, Pope Innocent II vs. Antipope Anacletus II.
- 1130: Sigurd I of Norway
Norway , officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a country in Northern Europe occupying the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, as well as Jan Mayen and the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard under the Spitsbergen Treaty...
dies. A golden era of 95 years comes to an end for Norway as civil wars between the members of Harald Fairhair's family line rage for the remainder of the century.
- 1130: On Christmas Day, Roger II is crowned King of Sicily
Sicily is the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea. It is an autonomous region of Italy. Several much smaller islands surrounding it are considered to be part of Sicily....
, the royal title being given to him by the AntipopeAn antipope is a person who, in opposition to a sitting Bishop of Rome, makes a widely accepted claim to be the Pope. In the past, antipopes were typically those supported by a fairly significant faction of cardinals and kingdoms...
Anacletus II.
- 1132: The Southern Song Dynasty establishes China's first permanent standing navy
A navy is the branch of a nation's armed forces principally designated for naval warfare and amphibious warfare; namely, lake- or ocean-borne combat operations and related functions...
, although China had a long naval history prior. The main admiral's office was stationed at the port of Dinghai.
- 1132–1183: the Chinese navy increases from a mere 3,000 marine soldiers to 52,000 marine soldiers stationed in 20 different squadrons. During this time, hundreds of treadmill-operated paddle wheel
A paddle steamer is a ship or boat driven by a steam engine that uses one or more paddle wheels to develop thrust for propulsion. It is also a type of steamboat. Boats with paddle wheels on the sides are termed sidewheelers, while those with a single wheel on the stern are known as sternwheelers....
craft are assembled for the navy, in order to combat the Jurchen's Jin Dynasty in the north.
- 1135–1154: The Anarchy
The Anarchy or The Nineteen-Year Winter refers to a period of English history during the reign of the Norman King Stephen of Blois, which was characterised by civil war and unsettled government...
is a period of civil warA civil war is a war between organized groups within a single nation state, or, less commonly, between two nations created from a formerly-united nation state. The aim of one side may be to take control of the nation or a region, to achieve independence for a region, or to change government policies...
in EnglandEngland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the North Sea to the east, with the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...
.
- 1136: Suger begins rebuilding abbey church at St Denis
The Cathedral Basilica of St Denis is a large abbey church in the commune of Saint-Denis, now a northern suburb of Paris. The abbey church was created a cathedral in 1966 and is the seat of the Bishop of Saint-Denis, Pascal Michel Ghislain Delannoy...
north of ParisParis is the capital of France and the country's most populous city. It is situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region...
, which is regarded as the first major GothicGothic architecture is a style of architecture which flourished during the high and late medieval period. It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture....
building.
- 1137: On July 22, the future King Louis VII of France
Louis VII, called the Younger or the Young, , was King of France, the son and successor of Louis VI . He ruled from 1137 until his death. He was a member of the House of Capet...
marries EleanorEleanor of Aquitaine was one of the wealthiest and most powerful women in Western Europe during the High Middle Ages...
, the Duchess of Aquitaine.
- 1138: On October 11, the 1138 Aleppo earthquake
The 1138 Aleppo earthquake was an earthquake that was located near the town of Aleppo in northern Syria on 11 October 1138. The United States Geological Survey lists it as the fourth deadliest earthquake in history...
devastates much of northern Syria.
- 1139: in April, the Second Lateran Council ends the papal schism.
- 1139: On July 5, Pope
The pope is the Bishop of Rome and, as such, is leader of the worldwide Catholic Church...
Innocent II confirms Roger II as King of SicilySicily is the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea. It is an autonomous region of Italy. Several much smaller islands surrounding it are considered to be part of Sicily....
in the Treaty of MignanoThe Treaty of Mignano of 1139 was the treaty which ended more than a decade of constant war in the Italian Mezzogiorno following the union of the mainland duchy of Apulia and Calabria with the County of Sicily in 1127...
.
- 1139: On July 26, the Portuguese defeat the Almoravids
The Almoravids are a Berber dynasty of Sahara, which lived between the current Senegal and south of the current Morocco It is affiliated to the Berber tribe of Sanhadja and Lemtuna...
led by Ali ibn YusufAli ibn Yusuf was an Almoravid ruler in North Africa and Al-Andalus who was an ethnic Berber, reigned 1106–1142....
in the Battle of OuriqueThe Battle of Ourique saw the forces of Portuguese Prince Afonso Henriques defeat the Almoravid Moors led by Ali ibn Yusuf...
; Prince Afonso Henriques is acclaimed King of Portugal by his soldiers.
- 1140–1150: Collapse of the Ancestral Puebloan
Ancient Pueblo People or Ancestral Puebloans were an ancient Native American culture centered on the present-day Four Corners area of the United States -- comprised of southern Utah, northern Arizona, northwest New Mexico, and a lesser section of Colorado...
culture at Chaco Canyon
- 1143: Afonso Henriques is proclaimed King of Portugal by the cortes.
- 1144: On December 24, Edessa
The Siege of Edessa took place from November 28 to December 24, 1144, resulting in the fall of the capital of the crusader County of Edessa to Zengi, the atabeg of Mosul and Aleppo.- Background :...
falls to the Atabeg ZengiImad ad-Din Atabeg Zengi was the son of Aq Sunqur al-Hajib, governor of Aleppo under Malik Shah I...
.
- 1145–1148: The Second Crusade
The Second Crusade was the second major crusade launched from Europe. It was called in 1145, in response to the fall of the County of Edessa the previous year to the forces of Zengi. The county had been founded during the First Crusade by Baldwin of Boulogne in 1098...
is launched in response to the fall of the County of EdessaThe County of Edessa was one of the Crusader states in the 12th century, based around Edessa, a city with an ancient history and an early tradition of Christianity....
.
- 1147: A new Berber
Berbers are the indigenous peoples of North Africa west of the Nile Valley. They are discontinuously distributed from the Atlantic to the Siwa oasis, in Egypt, and from the Mediterranean to the Niger River. Historically they spoke various Berber languages, which together form a branch of the...
dynasty, the Almohads, led by Emir Abd al-Mu'minAbd al-Mu'min was the first Amir of the Almohad Empire.Abd al-Mu'min born in Nedroma current Algeria. He was the only one berber not coming from Morocco which forced him to be diplomatic to be accepted by the group and the others leaders...
, takes North AfricaNorth Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent, linked by the Sahara to Sub-Saharan Africa.Geopolitically, the UN definition of Northern Africa includes the following seven countries or territories; Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Sudan, Tunisia,Mauritania, and...
from the Almoravides and soon invades the Iberian PeninsulaThe Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe and includes modern-day Spain, Portugal, Andorra and Gibraltar and a very small area of France. It is the westernmost of the three major southern European peninsulas—the Iberian, Italian, and Balkan peninsulas...
. The Almohads began as a religious movement to rid IslamIslam Islam Islam ( al-’islām,
[There are ten pronunciations of Islam in English, differing in whether the first or second syllable has the stress, whether the s is or , and whether the a is pronounced as in father, as in cat, or (when the stress is on the i) as in the a of sofa...]
of impurities.
- 1147: The Wendish Crusade
The Wendish Crusade was an 1147 campaign, one of the Northern Crusades and also a part of the Second Crusade, led primarily by the Kingdom of Germany inside the Holy Roman Empire and directed against the Polabian Slavs ....
against the Polabian SlavsPolabian Slavs is a collective term applied to a number of West Slavic tribes who lived along the Elbe, between the Baltic Sea to the north, the Saale and Limes Saxonicus to the west, the Sudetes and Franconia to the south, and Poland to the east. They have also been known as the Elbe Slavs and as...
(or "WendsThe term Wends or Wendish is used in Germanic languages for Slavs living near or within Germanic settlement areas after the migration period...
") in what is now northern and eastern GermanyGermany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium,...
.
- 1150: Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona
Raymond Berengar IV or Ramon Berenguer IV , sometimes called the Holy, was the Count of Barcelona who effected the union between the Kingdom of Aragon and the Principality of Catalonia into the Crown of Aragon....
marries PetronillaPetronilla can refer to:*Saint Petronilla*Petronilla of Aquitaine*Petronilla of Aragon*Petronilla de Meath*Petronilla daughter of Hugh, son of Charlemagne, and mother of Ingelger of Anjou...
, the Queen of AragonAragon is an autonomous community of Spain. Located in northeastern Spain, the region comprises three provinces from north to south: Huesca, Zaragoza, and Teruel. Its capital is Zaragoza .Aragon's northern province of Huesca borders France and is positioned in the middle of the Pyrenees...
.
- 1154: the Moroccan
A Moroccan is something of, from, or related to Morocco, a country in North Africa.The term may also refer to:* A person from Morocco, or of Moroccan descent. For information about the Moroccan people, see Demographics of Morocco and Culture of Morocco...
-born Muslim geographerA geographer is a scientist whose area of study is geography, the study of Earth's physical environment and human habitat.Though geographers are historically known as people who make maps, map making is actually the field of study of cartography, a subset of geography...
Muhammad al-IdrisiAbu Abd Allah Muhammad al-Idrisi al-Qurtubi al-Hasani al-Sabti or simply Al Idrisi was an Andalusian geographer, cartographer, Egyptologist and traveller who lived in Sicily, at the court of King Roger II. Muhammed al-Idrisi was born in the North African city of Ceuta then belonging to the...
publishes his Geography.
- 1155: Pope Adrian IV
Pope Adrian IV , born Nicholas Breakspear or Breakspeare, was Pope from 1154 to 1159.Adrian IV is the only Englishman who has occupied the papal chair...
grants overlordship of IrelandIreland is the third-largest island in Europe and the twentieth-largest island in the world. It lies to the north-west of continental Europe and is surrounded by hundreds of islands and islets. To the east of Ireland, separated by the Irish Sea, is the island of Great Britain...
to Henry II of EnglandHenry II, called Curtmantle ruled as King of England , Count of Anjou, Count of Maine, Duke of Normandy, Duke of Aquitaine, Duke of Gascony, Count of Nantes, Lord of Ireland and, at various times, controlled parts of Wales, Scotland and western France...
in the bullA Papal bull is a particular type of letters patent or charter issued by a pope. It is named after the bulla that was appended to the end to authenticate it....
LaudabiliterLaudabiliter was a papal bull ostensibly issued in 1155 by Adrian IV to give the Angevin King Henry II of England the right to assume control over Ireland. It was under this document that the kings of England, from Henry II until Henry VIII , derived the title Lord of Ireland...
.
- 1158: Duke Vladislav II is rewarded with an hereditary crown by Frederick Barbarossa for his aid against the Italian cities.
- 1161: the Song Dynasty Chinese navy
A navy is the branch of a nation's armed forces principally designated for naval warfare and amphibious warfare; namely, lake- or ocean-borne combat operations and related functions...
, employing gunpowderGunpowder, also called black powder, is a mixture of sulfur, charcoal, and potassium nitrate. It burns rapidly, producing volumes of hot solids and gases which can be used as a propellant in firearms and as a pyrotechnic composition in fireworks. The term gunpowder also refers broadly to any...
bombs launched from trebuchetA trebuchet or trebucket is a siege engine that was employed in the Middle Ages either to smash masonry walls or to throw projectiles over them...
s, defeats the enormous Jin Dynasty navy in the East China Sea in the Battle of TangdaoThe naval Battle of Tangdao took place in 1161 between the Jurchen Jin and the Southern Song Dynasty of China on the East China Sea. It was an attempt by the Jin to invade and conquer the Southern Song Dynasty, yet resulted in failure and defeat for the Jurchens. The Jin Dynasty navy was set on...
and on the Yangtze RiverThe Yangtze River, or Chang Jiang , Tibetan: Bri-chu, is the longest river in China and Asia, and the third-longest in the world, after the Nile in Africa and the Amazon....
in the Battle of CaishiThe naval Battle of Caishi took place in 1161 and was the result of an attempt by forces of the Jurchen Jin to cross the Yangtze River, thus beginning an invasion of Southern Song China...
.
- 1161: Khilij Arslan IV, Sultan of Rum
The Sultanate of Rûm was the continuation of the Great Seljuq Empire in Anatolia, in direct lineage from 1077 to 1307, with capitals first at İznik and then at Konya. Since the court of the sultanate was highly mobile, cities like Kayseri and Sivas also functioned at times as capitals...
, makes peace with the empire, recognizing the emperor's primacy.
- 1161: Siege of Ani
Ani is a ruined and uninhabited medieval city-site situated in the Turkish province of Kars, beside the border with Armenia. It was once the capital of a medieval Armenian kingdom that covered much of present day Armenia and eastern Turkey...
, GeorgianGeorgia Georgia Georgia is a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Situated at the juncture of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bounded to the west by the Black Sea, to the north by Russia, to the south by Turkey and Armenia, and to the east by Azerbaijan...
troops take over control of city.
- 1162: Genghis Khan
Genghis Khan , ; 1162–1227), born , was the founder, Khan and Khagan of the Mongol Empire, the largest contiguous empire in history....
, founder of the Mongol EmpireThe Mongol Empire was an empire from the 13th and 14th century spanning from Eastern Europe across Asia. It is the largest contiguous empire in the history of the world...
, born as Temüjin.
- 1163: The Norwegian Law of Succession
The Norwegian Law of Succession was introduced in 1163. The law was an accord between Erling Skakke and Archbishop Øystein, where Erling's son Magnus Erlingsson inherited the throne, in exchange for greater power to the church...
takes effect.
- 1168: King Valdemar I of Denmark
Valdemar I of Denmark , also known as Valdemar the Great, was King of Denmark from 1157 until 1182. Buried in Skt. Bendts Church, Ringsted....
conquers ArkonaCape Arkona is a cape on the island of Rügen in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. Cape Arkona is the tip of the Wittow peninsula, just a few kilometres north of the Jasmund National Park....
on the Island of RügenRügen or Rugia is Germany's largest island. It is located in the Baltic Sea off the coast of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. Rügen makes up the principal part of the Rügen District, which also includes the neighboring islands Hiddensee and Ummanz, as well as several small islands.- Geography :Rügen is...
, the strongest pagan fortress and temple in Northern EuropeNorthern Europe is the northern part or region of Europe. The United Nations defines Northern Europe as including the following countries and dependent regions:** ** ** Ireland** Svalbard and Jan Mayen** ** Channel Islands: and...
.
- 1169: start of the conquest of Ireland
The Norman invasion of Ireland was a Norman military expedition to Ireland that took place on 1 May 1169 at the behest of Dermot MacMurrough , the King of Leinster. It was partially consolidated by Henry II on 18 October 1171 and led to the eventual entry of the Lordship of Ireland into the Angevin...
. Richard fitzGilbert de ClareRichard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, Lord of Leinster, Justiciar of Ireland , known as Strongbow, was a Cambro-Norman lord notable for his leading role in the Norman invasion of Ireland....
('Strongbow') makes an alliance with the exiled Irish chief, Dermot MacMurrough, to help him recover his kingdom of LeinsterLeinster is one of the Provinces of Ireland. It lies in the east of Ireland and comprises the counties of Carlow, Dublin, Kildare, Kilkenny, Laois, Longford, Louth, Meath, Offaly, Westmeath, Wexford and Wicklow. Leinster has the largest population of the four provinces of Ireland...
.
- 1170: Thomas Becket
Thomas Becket was Archbishop of Canterbury from 1162 to his death. He is venerated as a saint and martyr by both the Roman Catholic Church and the Anglican Communion...
is murdered.
- 1171: Saladin
Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb , better known in the Western world as Saladin, was a Kurdish Muslim who became the Sultan of Egypt and Syria. He led Islamic opposition to the Franks and other European Crusaders in the Levant...
deposes the last FatimidThe Fatimid Caliphate or al-Fātimiyyūn was an Arab Shi'a dynasty that ruled over varying areas of the Maghreb, Egypt, Sicily, Malta and the Levant from 5 January 909 to 1171. The caliphate was ruled by the Fatimids, who established the Egyptian city of Cairo as their capital. The term Fatimite is...
Caliph Al-'Āḍid, initiating the Ayyubid dynastyThe Ayyubids were a Sunni Muslim dynasty of Kurdish origin centered in Cairo and Damascus that ruled much of the Middle East during the 12th and 13th centuries CE. The Ayyubid family, under the brothers Ayyub and Shirkuh, originally served as soldiers for the Zengids until they gradually gained...
.
- 1171: On November 11, Henry II of England
Henry II, called Curtmantle ruled as King of England , Count of Anjou, Count of Maine, Duke of Normandy, Duke of Aquitaine, Duke of Gascony, Count of Nantes, Lord of Ireland and, at various times, controlled parts of Wales, Scotland and western France...
lands in Ireland to assert his claim as Lord of Ireland.
- 1174: William I of Scotland
William I , known as the Lion or Garbh, "the Rough", reigned as King of Scots from 1165 to 1214. His reign was the second longest in Scottish history before the Act of Union with England in 1707,...
is captured in a raid by the English, accepts the feudal lordship of the English crown and does ceremonial allegiance at York.
- 1175: Hōnen Shōnin (Genkū) founds the Jōdo shū
, also known as Jodo Buddhism, is a branch of Pure Land Buddhism derived from the teachings of the Japanese ex-Tendai monk Hōnen. It was established in 1175 and is the most widely practiced branch of Buddhism in Japan, along with Jodo Shinshu....
(Pure Land) sect of Buddhism.
- 1176: On September 17, The Battle of Myriokephalon
The Battle of Myriokephalon, also known as the ', or in Turkish, was a battle between the Byzantine Empire and the Seljuk Turks in Phrygia on September 17, 1176...
(Myriocephalum; Turkish: Miryakefalon Savaşı) is fought between the Byzantine EmpireThe Byzantine Empire or Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centered on the capital of Constantinople, and ruled by Emperors in direct and de jure succession to the ancient Roman Emperors...
and the Seljuk Turks in PhrygiaIn antiquity, Phrygia was a kingdom in the west central part of Anatolia, in what is now modern-day Turkey. The Phrygians initially lived in the southern Balkans; according to Herodotus, under the name of Bryges , changing it to Phruges after their final migration to Anatolia, via the...
. It was a serious reverse for the Byzantine forces and was to be the final, unsuccessful, effort by the Byzantines to recover the interior of AnatoliaAnatolia is a geographic region of Western Asia, comprising most of the modern Republic of Turkey. The region is bounded by the Black Sea to the north, the Caucasus to the northeast, the Iranian plateau to the southeast, the Mediterranean Sea to the south and the Aegean Sea to the west...
from the Seljuk Turks.
- 1178: Chinese writer Zhou Qufei, a Guangzhou
Guangzhou , in English formerly known as Canton and also known as Kwangchow, is a sub-provincial city and the capital of Guangdong Province in the southern part of the People's Republic of China.It is a port on the Pearl River,...
customs officer, writes of an island far west in the Indian OceanThe Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's oceanic divisions, covering about 20% of the water on the Earth's surface. It is bounded on the north by South Asia ; on the west by Africa; on the east by Indochina, the Sunda Islands, and Australia; and on the south by the Southern Ocean...
(possibly MadagascarMadagascar, or Republic of Madagascar , is an island nation in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern coast of Africa. The main island, also called Madagascar, is the fourth-largest island in the world, and is home to 5% of the world's plant and animal species, of which more than 80% are endemic to...
), from where people with skin "as black as lacquer" and with frizzy hair were captured and purchased as slaves by Arab merchants.
- 1180–1185: the Genpei War
The was a conflict between the Taira and Minamoto clans and in late-Heian period Japan. It resulted in the fall of the Taira clan and establishment of the Kamakura shogunate under Minamoto Yoritomo in 1192....
in Japan.
- 1182: revolt of the people of Constantinople
Constantinople was the imperial capital of the Roman Empire , the Byzantine/Eastern Roman Empire , the Latin Empire , and the Ottoman Empire...
against the Latins, whom they massacre, proclaiming Andronicus I Comnenus co-emperor.
- 1183: Andronicus I Comnenus has his nephew Alexius II Comnenus strangled.
- 1183: the final Peace of Constance
The Peace of Constance of 1183 was signed in Konstanz by Frederick Barbarossa and representatives of the Lombard League. It confirmed the Peace of Venice of 1177. The Italian cities retained local jurisdiction over their territories, and had the freedom to elect their own councils and to enact...
between Frederick BarbarossaFrederick I Barbarossa was elected King of Germany at Frankfurt on 4 March 1152 and crowned in Aachen on 9 March, crowned King of Italy in Pavia in 1154, and finally crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Adrian IV on 18 June 1155. He was crowned King of Burgundy at Arles on 30 June 1178...
, the pope, and the Lombard towns.
- 1184: Queen Tamar, king of Georgia accedes to the throne.
- 1185: Andronicus I Comnenus is deposed and executed as a result of the Norman
The Normans were the people who gave their names to Normandy, a region in northern France. They descended from Viking conquerors of the territory and the native population of mostly Frankish and Gallo-Roman stock...
massacre of the Greeks of Thessalonika.
- 1185: Founding of the cathedral school (Katedralskolan) in Lund
Lund is a city in the province of Scania, southern Sweden. The town has 76,188 inhabitants in 2005, out of a municipal total of 105,000. It is the seat of Lund Municipality, Skåne County. The city is believed to have been founded around 990, when the Scanian lands belonged to Denmark...
, SwedenSweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe...
. The school is the oldest in northern Europe, and one of the oldest in Europe.
- 1185: beginning in this year the Kamakura Shogunate
The Kamakura shogunate was a feudal military dictatorship in Japan headed by the shoguns from 1185 to 1333. It was based in Kamakura...
deprives the Emperor of JapanThe of Japan is the symbol of the state and of the unity of the Japanese people. He is the head of the Japanese Imperial Family. He is also the highest authority of the Shinto religion...
of political power.
- 1186: On January 27, the future Emperor Henry VI marries Constance of Sicily
Constance was the heiress of the Norman kings of Sicily and the wife of Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor. She was Queen of Sicily in 1194-1198, jointly with her husband from 1194 to 1197, and with her infant son Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, in 1198.-Biography:Constance was the posthumous...
, the heiress to the Sicilian throne.
- 1187: On July 4, in the Battle of Hattin
The Battle of Hattin took place on Saturday, July 4, 1187, between the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem and the forces of the Ayyubid dynasty....
, SaladinṢalāḥ ad-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb , better known in the Western world as Saladin, was a Kurdish Muslim who became the Sultan of Egypt and Syria. He led Islamic opposition to the Franks and other European Crusaders in the Levant...
defeats the King of JerusalemJerusalem is the capital of Israel and its largest city in both population and area, with a population of 747,600 residents over an area of if disputed East Jerusalem is included...
.
- 1187: The Swedish royal and commercial center Sigtuna
Sigtuna is a locality situated in Sigtuna Municipality, Stockholm County, Sweden with 7,204 inhabitants in 2005. It is the namesake of the municipality even though the seat is in Märsta....
is attacked by Baltic-Finnish raiders from Couronia and Estonia
- 1189–1192: The Third Crusade
The Third Crusade , also known as the Kings' Crusade, was an attempt by European leaders to reconquer the Holy Land from Saladin ....
is an attempt by European leaders to reconquer the Holy LandThe Holy Land , generally refers to the geographical region of the Levant called Land of Canaan or Land of Israel in the Bible, and constitutes the Promised land...
from SaladinṢalāḥ ad-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb , better known in the Western world as Saladin, was a Kurdish Muslim who became the Sultan of Egypt and Syria. He led Islamic opposition to the Franks and other European Crusaders in the Levant...
.
- 1191: September 7, Saladin
Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb , better known in the Western world as Saladin, was a Kurdish Muslim who became the Sultan of Egypt and Syria. He led Islamic opposition to the Franks and other European Crusaders in the Levant...
is defeated by Richard I of England at the Battle of ArsufThe Battle of Arsuf was a battle of the Third Crusade in which Richard I of England defeated Saladin at Arsuf.After capturing Acre in 1191, Richard fought many engagements with Saladin, whose main objective was to prevent the recapture of Jerusalem...
.
- 1192: In April, Conrad I
Conrad I or Konrad I may refer to:* Conrad I, Count of Auxerre in 859–864* Conrad I of Germany, Duke of Franconia and King of Germany in 911–918* Conrad I, Duke of Swabia in 983–997* Conrad I, Duke of Carinthia in 1004–1011...
of MontferratMontferrat is part of the region of Piedmont in Northern Italy. It comprises roughly the modern provinces of Alessandria and Asti. Montferrat is one of the most important wine districts of Italy...
is elected King of JerusalemJerusalem is the capital of Israel and its largest city in both population and area, with a population of 747,600 residents over an area of if disputed East Jerusalem is included...
, then assassinated a few days later, before the coronation, by two HashshashinThe Hashshashin from which the word assassin is thought to originate, was the Arabic designation of the Nizari branch of the Ismā'īlī Shia Muslims during the Middle Ages...
.
- 1192: Battle of Jaffa
The Battle of Jaffa took place during the Crusades, as one of a series of campaigns between Saladin's army and the forces of King Richard I of England. It was the final battle of the Third Crusade, after which Saladin and King Richard were able to negotiate a truce...
, King Richard the Lionheart defeats SaladinṢalāḥ ad-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb , better known in the Western world as Saladin, was a Kurdish Muslim who became the Sultan of Egypt and Syria. He led Islamic opposition to the Franks and other European Crusaders in the Levant...
.
- 1192: Minamoto Yoritomo is appointed Sei-i Taishōgun, "barbarian-subduing great general, shōgun for short, the first military dictator to bear this title.
- 1193: Nalanda
Nālandā is the name of an ancient university in Bihar, India.The site of Nalanda is located in the Indian state of Bihar, about 55 miles south east of Patna, and was a Buddhist center of learning from 427 to 1197 CE...
, the great IndiaIndia, officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal...
n Buddhist educational centre, is destroyed.
- 1193: the first known merchant guild
A guild is an association of craftsmen in a particular trade.The earliest guilds were formed as confraternities of workers. They were organized in a manner something between a trade union, a cartel and a secret society...
.
- 1195: On June 16, struggle of Shamqori. Georgian
Georgia Georgia Georgia is a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Situated at the juncture of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bounded to the west by the Black Sea, to the north by Russia, to the south by Turkey and Armenia, and to the east by Azerbaijan...
forces annihilate the army of Abu Baqar.
- 1198: the brethren of the Crusader hospital in Acre are raised to a military order of knights, the Teutonic Knights
The Order of the Teutonic Knights of St. Mary's Hospital in Jerusalem , or for short the Teutonic Order , is a German Roman Catholic religious order. It was formed to aid Catholics on their pilgrimages to the Holy Land and to establish hospitals to care for the sick and injured...
, formally known as the Order of the Knights of the Hospital of St. Mary of the Teutons in Jerusalem.
- 1199: Pope Innocent III
Pope Innocent III was Pope from 8 January 1198 until his death. He was born with the name Lotario de Conti.-Early life and election to the Papacy:Lotario de' Conti was born Gavignano, near Anagni...
writes to Kaloyan, inviting him to unite the Bulgarian Church with the Roman Catholic ChurchThe Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the world's largest Christian church. With more than a billion members, over half of all Christians and more than one-sixth of the world's population, the Catholic Church is a communion of the Western, or Latin Rite Church, and...
.
- c. 1200: The Toltec
The word Toltec refers to populations and polities that inhabited pre-Columbian central Mexico. The word has been used in different ways in Mesoamerican studies by different scholars to refer to the ancestors mentioned in the mythical/historical narratives of the Aztecs...
Empire collapses.
- Renaissance of the 12th century
The Renaissance of the 12th century was a period of many changes during the High Middle Ages. It included social, political and economic transformations, and an intellectual revitalization of Europe with strong philosophical and scientific roots...
in Europe.
- Gothic Architecture
Gothic architecture is a style of architecture which flourished during the high and late medieval period. It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture....
begins in FranceFrance , officially the French Republic , is a country located in Western Europe, with several overseas islands and territories located on other continents. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean...
.
- Conflict between the Khmer Empire
The Khmer Empire was the third largest empire of South East Asia , based in what is now Cambodia. The empire, which seceded from the kingdom of Chenla, at times ruled over and/or vassalised parts of modern-day Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, Myanmar, and Malaysia...
and ChampaThe kingdom of Champa was an Indianized kingdom of Malayo-Polynesian origins and controlled what is now southern and central Vietnam from approximately the 7th century through to 1832...
. Angkor WatAngkor Wat , is a temple complex at Angkor, Cambodia, built for the king Suryavarman II in the early 12th century as his state temple and capital city. As the best-preserved temple at the site, it is the only one to have remained a significant religious centre since its foundation—first Hindu,...
is built under the Hindu king Suryavarman IISuryavarman II was king of the Khmer Empire from 1113 A.D. to 1145-1150 A.D. and the builder of Angkor Wat, which he dedicated to the Hindu god Vishnu...
. At the end of the century the Buddhist Jayavarman VIIJayavarman VII was a king of the Khmer Empire in present day Siem Reap. Cambodia. He was the son of King Dharanindravarman II and Queen Sri Jayarajacudamani. He married Jayarajadevi and then, after her death, married her sister Indradevi...
becomes ruler.
- The medieval Serbia
Serbia , officially the Republic of Serbia , is a country located in both Central and Southeastern Europe. Its territory covers the southern part of the Pannonian Plain and central part of the Balkans...
n state is formed by Stefan NemanjaStefan Nemanja was a Medieval Serb nobleman, descended from the Vukanović who was Grand Prince of the medieval Serb state of Raška from 1166 to 1199. He established control over the territories of neighboring Serb states, including Zeta/Doclea, and unified them into a single state...
and continued by the Nemanjić dynasty.
- Pierre Abelard teaches.
- Expansion of the Tu'i Tonga Empire
Some early European commentators have propagated the notion of a pre-historic "Tui Tonga Empire" or "Tongan Empire" in Oceania. This idea has long been a source of cultural pride among some Tongans even though it has been seriously challenged and generally discounted by modern archaeologists,...
.
Significant people
- Adrian IV, pope
- Aelred, Saint, English monk and spiritual writer
- Afonso I
Afonso I or Alfonso I , or also Affonso or Alphonso or Alphonsus , sometimes rendered in English as Alphonzo or Alphonse, depending on the Spanish or French influence, more commonly known as Afonso Henriques , nicknamed the...
Henriques, first king of Portugal
- Alan IV, Duke of Brittany
Alan IV Fergant was Duke of Brittany, from 1084 until his abdication in 1112. He was also Count of Nantes and Count of Rennes. He was son of Hawise, Duchess of Brittany and Duke Hoel II. He was known as Alan Fergant, which in Breton means "Alan the Younger"...
- Albert of Jerusalem, Saint, Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem
The Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem is the title possessed by the Latin Rite Catholic Archbishop of Jerusalem. The Archdiocese of Jerusalem has jurisdiction for all Latin Rite Catholics in Israel, Palestine, Jordan and Cyprus. In Jerusalem, the Catholic community is the largest Christian community,...
- Albert of Louvain, Saint, Bishop of Liège
Liège is a municipality and a city of Belgium. The term Liège or Liege may also refer to:* Liege, a party to the oath of allegiance in feudalism .* Liège Island, in the Antarctic...
- Alexander I of Scotland
Alexander I or Alaxandair mac Maíl Coluim , called "The Fierce", King of the Scots or King of Alba, was the fourth son of Máel Coluim mac Donnchada by his wife Margaret of Wessex, grandniece of Edward the Confessor...
, king
- Alexius I Comnenus, emperor
- Alexius II Comnenus, emperor
- Alexius III Angelus, emperor
- Alfonso II of Aragon
Alfonso II or Alfons I , called the Chaste or the Troubadour, was the King of Aragon and Count of Barcelona from 1162 until his death. He was the son of Ramon Berenguer IV of Barcelona and Petronilla of Aragon and the first King of Aragon who was also Count of Barcelona...
, king
- Alfonso VI of Castile
Alfonso VI , nicknamed the Brave or the Valiant, was King of León from 1065, king of King of Castile and de facto King of Galicia from 1072, and self-proclaimed "Emperor of all Spain"...
, king
- Alfonso VII of Castile, king
- Alfonso VIII of Castile
Alfonso VIII , called the Noble or el de las Navas, was the King of Castile from 1158 to his death and King of Toledo. He is most remembered for his part in the Reconquista and the downfall of the Almohad Caliphate...
, king
- Amadeus of Lausanne, Blessed, Bishop of Lausanne
Lausanne is a city in Romandy, the French-speaking part of Switzerland, situated on the shores of Lake Geneva , and facing Évian-les-Bains and with the Jura mountains to its north-west. Lausanne is located some northeast of Geneva. It is the capital of the canton of Vaud and of the district of...
- Andrei I Bogolyubsky, Prince of Suzdal
Suzdal is a town in Vladimir Oblast, Russia, situated north-east of Moscow, from the city of Vladimir, on the Kamenka River. Population: -History:...
- Andronicus I Comnenus, emperor
- Anselm
Anselm may refer to any of several historical figures or their works:*Saint Anselm, 8th-century Abbot of Nonantula*Anselm II, Archbishop of Milan *Anselm of Liège , chronicler*Anselm III, Archbishop of Milan...
, Saint, Abbot of Bec and Archbishop of CanterburyCanterbury lies at the heart of the City of Canterbury, a local government district of Kent, in South East England. It lies on the River Stour....
- Anthelm, Saint, Abbot of the Grand Chartreuse
- Arthur I, Duke of Brittany
Arthur I was Duke of Brittany between 1194 and 1203. The posthumous son of Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany and Constance, Duchess of Brittany...
- Averroes Ibn Rushd, Spanish Islamic polymath
- Baldwin IV of Jerusalem
Baldwin IV of Jerusalem , called the Leper or the Leprous, the son of Amalric I of Jerusalem and his first wife, Agnes of Courtenay, was king of Jerusalem from 1174 to 1185. His full sister was Queen Sibylla of Jerusalem and his nephew through this sister was the child-king Baldwin V...
, king
- Bela II, king of Hungary
Hungary , in English officially the Republic of Hungary , is a landlocked country in the Carpathian Basin of Central Europe, bordered by Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, and Slovenia. Its capital is Budapest. Hungary is a member of OECD, NATO, EU, V4 and is a Schengen state...
- Bela III, king of Hungary
Hungary , in English officially the Republic of Hungary , is a landlocked country in the Carpathian Basin of Central Europe, bordered by Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, and Slovenia. Its capital is Budapest. Hungary is a member of OECD, NATO, EU, V4 and is a Schengen state...
- Bernard, Saint, Abbot of Clairvaux
Clairvaux can mean the following,*Clairvaux Abbey in France.*Clairvaux Prison, France, on the site of the abbey.*Saint Bernard of Clairvaux*Clairvaux Mackillop College in Brisbane, Australia.*The Clairvaux Lakes in France....
, preacher and reformer
- Bertha, Duchess of Brittany
Bertha of Cornwall , also known as Bertha of Brittany , was hereditary Duchess of Brittany between 1148 until her death. Bertha was the eldest daughter of Conan III of Brittany by Maude, the illegitimate daughter of King Henry I of England...
- Berthold, Saint, found of the Carmelite Order
- Bhaskara II, Indian mathematician and astronomer
- Bohemund I of Antioch
Bohemond I, also spelled Bohemund or Boamund, , Prince of Taranto and Prince of Antioch, was one of the leaders of the First Crusade as he led the whole Crusader army until the conquest of Antioch.-Early life:...
, prince
- Boleslaus III Wrymouth, king of Poland
Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe . Poland is bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north...
- Boleslav IV the Curly, high duke of Poland
Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe . Poland is bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north...
- Bruno of Segni, Saint, bishop
- Calixtus II, pope
- Canute V of Denmark
Canute V of Denmark Canute V of Denmark Canute V of Denmark was a King of Denmark and a co-regent with Sweyn III and Valdemar I between 1146 and 1157.Canute was the son of King Niels' son Magnus, who had slain Canute Lavard, the uncle of Sweyn III...
, king
- Canute VI of Denmark
Canute VI was King of Denmark . Canute VI was the eldest son of King Valdemar I and Sophia of Polotsk.-Life:...
, king
- Chakhrukhadze
Chakhrukhadze is a Georgian poet of the late 12th/early 13th century traditionally credited to have written Tamariani , a collection of twenty two odes and one elegy praising, often deifying Queen Tamar of Georgia...
, GeorgianGeorgia Georgia Georgia is a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Situated at the juncture of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bounded to the west by the Black Sea, to the north by Russia, to the south by Turkey and Armenia, and to the east by Azerbaijan...
poet
- Christina of Markyate
Christina of Markyate was born in Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire c. 1095-1100, and died perhaps after 1155. As a young girl or adolescent, she took a vow of chastity, so her parents' attempts to force her unwillingly into marriage led her to run away from home and go into hiding under the care of a...
, Prioress of St. Albans Abbey
- Coloman I
Coloman I the Book-lover , also spelled Koloman , King of Hungary...
, King of HungaryHungary , in English officially the Republic of Hungary , is a landlocked country in the Carpathian Basin of Central Europe, bordered by Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, and Slovenia. Its capital is Budapest. Hungary is a member of OECD, NATO, EU, V4 and is a Schengen state...
- Conan IV, Duke of Brittany
Conan IV of Penthièvre , called "the Young", was duke of Brittany, from 1156 to his death. He was son of Alan the Black, 1st Earl of Richmond and Bertha of Brittany. He was his mother's heir as Duke Conan III...
, the Younger
- Conrad I
Conrad I or Konrad I may refer to:* Conrad I, Count of Auxerre in 859–864* Conrad I of Germany, Duke of Franconia and King of Germany in 911–918* Conrad I, Duke of Swabia in 983–997* Conrad I, Duke of Carinthia in 1004–1011...
of MontferratMontferrat is part of the region of Piedmont in Northern Italy. It comprises roughly the modern provinces of Alessandria and Asti. Montferrat is one of the most important wine districts of Italy...
, King elect of JerusalemJerusalem is the capital of Israel and its largest city in both population and area, with a population of 747,600 residents over an area of if disputed East Jerusalem is included...
- Constance, Duchess of Brittany
Constance of Penthièvre was hereditary Duchess of Brittany between 1171 and 1196...
- David I of Scotland
David I or Dabíd mac Maíl Choluim was a 12th-century ruler who was Prince of the Cumbrians and later King of the Scots . The youngest son of Malcolm III and Margaret, David spent most of his childhood in Scotland, but was exiled to England temporarily in 1093...
, king
- David the Builder, King of Georgia
Georgia Georgia Georgia is a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Situated at the juncture of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bounded to the west by the Black Sea, to the north by Russia, to the south by Turkey and Armenia, and to the east by Azerbaijan...
- David V king of Georgia
Georgia Georgia Georgia is a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Situated at the juncture of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bounded to the west by the Black Sea, to the north by Russia, to the south by Turkey and Armenia, and to the east by Azerbaijan...
- David Soslani, husband of Queen Tamar
-Personal name:* Tamar , a female name of Hebrew origin, now popular among various peoples** Tamar , married in turn to Er and then, when widowed, to his younger brother Onan; had children by their father Judah...
- Demetre I
Demetre I , from the Bagrationi dynasty, was King of Georgia from 1125 to 1156. He is also known as a poet.-Life:Demetre was the eldest son of King David the Builder by his first wife Rusudan of Armenia...
, king of GeorgiaGeorgia Georgia Georgia is a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Situated at the juncture of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bounded to the west by the Black Sea, to the north by Russia, to the south by Turkey and Armenia, and to the east by Azerbaijan...
- Dominic de Guzmán
Saint Dominic , also known as Dominic of Osma, often called Dominic de Guzmán and Domingo de Guzmán Garcés was the founder of the Friars Preachers, popularly called the Dominicans or Order of Preachers , a Catholic religious order...
, Saint, founder of the Order of Preachers
- Edgar of Scotland
Edgar or Étgar mac Maíl Choluim , nicknamed Probus, "the Valiant" , was king of Alba from 1097 to 1107...
, king
- Edmund of Abingdon
Edmund Rich was a 13th-century Archbishop of Canterbury in England.-Early life and career:...
, Saint, theologian, Archbishop of CanterburyCanterbury lies at the heart of the City of Canterbury, a local government district of Kent, in South East England. It lies on the River Stour....
- Eleanor of Aquitaine
Eleanor of Aquitaine was one of the wealthiest and most powerful women in Western Europe during the High Middle Ages...
, queen consort of FranceFrance , officially the French Republic , is a country located in Western Europe, with several overseas islands and territories located on other continents. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean...
and later of the Kingdom of EnglandThe Kingdom of England was, from 927 to 1707, a sovereign state and island country to the northwest of continental Europe. At its zenith, the Kingdom of England spanned the southern two-thirds of the island of Great Britain and several smaller outlying islands—what is today the legal unit of...
- Emeric I of Hungary
Imre is a Hungarian masculine first name. It may refer to any of the following individuals :*Imre Ámos , painter*Imre Antal , pianist*Imre Bródy , physicist...
, king
- Engelbert II of Berg
Count Engelbert II of Berg, also known as Saint Engelbert, Engelbert of Cologne, Engelbert I, Archbishop of Cologne or Engelbert I of Berg, Archbishop of Cologne was Archbishop of Cologne and a saint; he was the victim of a notorious murder by a member of his own family.-Early life:Engelbert was...
, Saint, Archbishop of CologneCologne is Germany's fourth-largest city , and is the largest city both in the German Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia and within the Rhine-Ruhr Metropolitan Area, one of the major European metropolitan areas with more than ten million inhabitants...
- Eric I of Denmark
Eric I of Denmark , also known as Eric the Good Eric Evergood , was King of Denmark following his brother Olaf I in 1095. He was a son of King Sweyn Estridson, by his wife Gunhild Sveinsdotter, and he married Boedil Thurgotsdatter.He was born in the town of Slangerup in North Zealand...
, king
- Eric II of Denmark
Erik II Emune was king of Denmark between 1134 and 1137. His nickname means "the Memorable". Erik was an illegitimate son of Eric I of Denmark....
, king
- Eric III of Denmark
Eric Lamb was the king of Denmark from 1137 until he abdicated in 1146. He was the grandson of Eric I of Denmark....
, king
- Eric IX of Sweden
Eric IX of Sweden was a Swedish king c.1150 – 1160...
, Saint, king
- Erik Gnupsson
Erik Gnupsson or Eiríkr Gnúpsson, also known as Henricus , was born in Iceland. He became a clergyman and later was appointed the Bishop of Greenland, residing at Garðar.-External links:***...
, Bishop of Greenland
- Eugene III
Pope Blessed Eugene III , born Bernardo da Pisa, was Pope from 1145 to 1153. He was the first Cistercian to become Pope.-Early life:...
, Blessed, pope
- Eystein I of Norway
Eystein I was king of Norway from 1103 to 1123.Eystein became king together with his brothers Sigurd and Olaf when his father Magnus Barefoot died in 1103...
, king
- Eystein II of Norway
Eystein Haraldsson , born c 1125 apparently in Scotland, died 1157 in Bohuslän, Norway, was king of Norway from 1142 to 1157. He ruled as co-ruler with his brothers, Inge Haraldsson and Sigurd Munn...
, king
- Eysteinn Erlendsson
Eysteinn Erlendsson was Archbishop of Nidaros from 1161 to his death in 1188. His family came from Trøndelag, and he was related to most of the local nobility. He was educated at Saint-Victor, in Paris. As a priest he served as steward to King Inge Krokrygg of Norway...
, Saint, Bishop of Nidaros
- Felix of Valois, Saint, co-founder of the Order of the Holy Trinity for the Redemption of Captives
The Order of the Holy Trinity is a Catholic religious order that was founded in the area of Cerfroid, some 80 km northeast of Paris, at the end of the twelfth century. The founder was St. John de Matha, whose feast day is celebrated on 17 December...
- Francis of Assisi
Saint Francis of Assisi was a Catholic deacon and the founder of the Order of Friars Minor, more commonly known as the Franciscans....
, Saint, founder of the Order of Friars Minor
- Frederick Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor
- Galdino della Sala, Saint, Archbishop of Milan
- Gelasius II, pope
- Genghis Khan
Genghis Khan , ; 1162–1227), born , was the founder, Khan and Khagan of the Mongol Empire, the largest contiguous empire in history....
, Great KhanKhagan or Great Khan Khagan or Great Khan Khagan or Great Khan ((Old Turkic ; ; ; alternatively spelled Chagan, Khaghan, Kagan, Kağan, Qagan, Qaghan), is a title of imperial rank in the Turkic and Mongolian languages equal to the status of emperor and someone who rules a Khaganate (empire, greater...
of the Mongol EmpireThe Mongol Empire was an empire from the 13th and 14th century spanning from Eastern Europe across Asia. It is the largest contiguous empire in the history of the world...
- Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany
Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany and Earl of Richmond was Duke of Brittany between 1181 and 1186, through his marriage with the heiress Constance. Geoffrey was the fourth son of King Henry II of England and Eleanor, Duchess of Aquitaine.-Family:He was a younger maternal half-brother of Marie de...
- Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou
Geoffrey , called the Handsome and Plantagenet, was the Count of Anjou, Touraine, and Maine by inheritance from 1129 and then Duke of Normandy by conquest from 1144...
and Duke of NormandyDuke of Normandy is a title held or claimed by various Norman, English and French rulers from the tenth century until the end of the French monarchy...
- George III, king of Georgia
Georgia is a state in the United States. One of the original Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution, it had been the last of the Thirteen Colonies to be established, in 1733. Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution, on January...
- Geza II, king of Hungary
Hungary , in English officially the Republic of Hungary , is a landlocked country in the Carpathian Basin of Central Europe, bordered by Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, and Slovenia. Its capital is Budapest. Hungary is a member of OECD, NATO, EU, V4 and is a Schengen state...
- Gilbert of Sempringham
Saint Gilbert of Sempringham became the only Englishman to found a convent, mainly because the Cistercian monks at Citeaux declined his request to assist him in helping a group of women living with lay brothers and sisters, in 1148...
, Saint, founder of the GilbertinesThe Gilbertine Order of Canons Regular was founded around 1130 by St. Gilbert in Sempringham, Lincolnshire, where he was a parish priest. It was the only completely English religious order, and died out with the Dissolution of the Monasteries. Brian Golding has written a useful early history of...
.
- Giorgi Mtcignobartuxuces-Tchkondideli, Georgian
Georgia Georgia Georgia is a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Situated at the juncture of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bounded to the west by the Black Sea, to the north by Russia, to the south by Turkey and Armenia, and to the east by Azerbaijan...
political and ecclesiastical figure
- Haakon II of Norway
Haakon II Sigurdsson , king of Norway from 1157 until 1162.-Biography:An illegitimate son of Sigurd Munn, he succeeded his uncle Øystein II, and was killed by Erling Skakke at Sekken in Romsdalen on July 7 1162....
the Broad-shouldered, king
- Harald IV of Norway
Harald Gille , king of Norway, was born in Ireland. His byname Gille is probably from Gilla Críst, i.e...
, king
- Henry (Bishop of Uppsala), Saint
- Henry, Count of Portugal
Henry of Burgundy, Count of Portugal was Count of Portugal from 1093 to his death. He was the son of Henry of Burgundy, heir of Robert I, Duke of Burgundy, and brother of Hugh I, Duke of Burgundy and Eudes I, Duke of Burgundy. His name is Henri in modern French, Henricus in Latin, Enrique in...
- Henry I of England
Henry I was the fourth son of William I the Conqueror. He succeeded his elder brother William II as King of England in 1100 and defeated his eldest brother, Robert Curthose, to become Duke of Normandy in 1106...
, king and Duke of NormandyDuke of Normandy is a title held or claimed by various Norman, English and French rulers from the tenth century until the end of the French monarchy...
- Henry II of England
Henry II, called Curtmantle ruled as King of England , Count of Anjou, Count of Maine, Duke of Normandy, Duke of Aquitaine, Duke of Gascony, Count of Nantes, Lord of Ireland and, at various times, controlled parts of Wales, Scotland and western France...
, king and Duke of NormandyDuke of Normandy is a title held or claimed by various Norman, English and French rulers from the tenth century until the end of the French monarchy...
- Henry IV of Germany, king and emperor
- Henry V of Germany
Henry V was King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor , the fourth and last ruler of the Salian dynasty. Henry's reign coincided with the final phase of the great Investiture Controversy, which had pitted pope against emperor...
, king and emperor
- Henry VI of Germany, king and emperor
- Hildegard of Bingen
Hildegard of Bingen , also known as Blessed Hildegard, Saint Hildegard, and Sybil of the Rhine, was a Christian mystic, German Benedictine abbess, author, counselor, linguist, naturalist, scientist, philosopher, physician, herbalist, poet, channeller, visionary, composer, and polymath...
, Saint, polymathA polymath is a person whose expertise fills a significant number of subject areas. In less formal terms, a polymath may simply refer to someone who is very knowledgeable...
and first Western musical composer known by name
- Hōnen Shōnin
Hōnen is the religious reformer and founder of the first independent branch of Japanese Pure Land Buddhism called . In the related Jōdo Shinshū sect, he is considered the Seventh Patriarch...
(Genkū), religious founder
- Honorius II
Pope Honorius II , born Lamberto Scannabecchi , was pope from December 21, 1124, to February 13, 1130....
, pope
- Hugh II, Duke of Burgundy
Hugh II of Burgundy was duke of Burgundy between 1103 and 1143. Hugh was son of Odo I, Duke of Burgundy.-Marriage and issue:He married, in about 1115, Felicia-Matilda of Mayenne, daughter of...
- Hugh III, Duke of Burgundy
Hugh III of Burgundy was duke of Burgundy between 1162 and 1192. Hugh was the eldest son of duke Odo II and Marie of Champagne, daughter of Theobald and Mathilda of Carinthia....
- Hugh of Grenoble, Saint, bishop
- Hugh of Lincoln
Hugh of Lincoln was at the time of the Reformation the best-known English saint after Thomas Becket.-Life:...
, Saint, bishop
- Huizong, Emperor of China
China is a cultural region, an ancient civilization, and, depending on perspective, a national or multinational entity extending over a large area in East Asia....
- Humbert III, Count of Savoy, Blessed
- Ida of Boulogne
Ida of Lorraine was a saint and noblewoman.She was born in Bouillon, Ardenne, South Belgium, the daughter of Godfrey III, Duke of Lower Lorraine and his wife, Doda..- Family :...
, Saint, countess
- Inge I of Norway
Inge Haraldsson, old Norse Ingi Haraldsson was king of Norway from 1136 to 1161. Inge’s reign fell within the start of the period known in Norwegian history as the civil war era. He was never the sole ruler of the country. He is often known as Inge the Hunchback , because of his physical disability...
Hunchback, king
- Innocent II
Pope Innocent II , born Gregorio Papareschi, was pope from 1130 to 1143, and was probably one of the clergy in personal attendance on the antipope Clement III .-Early years:...
, pope
- Innocent III, pope
- Isaac II Angelus, emperor
- Ivan Asen I of Bulgaria
Ivan Asen I ruled as emperor of Bulgaria 1189-1196. The year of his birth is unknown.-Life:...
, king
- Ivo of Chartres
Saint Ivo ' of Chartres was the Bishop of Chartres from 1090 until his death and an important canon lawyer during the Investiture Crisis....
, Saint, bishop
- Jayavarman VII
Jayavarman VII was a king of the Khmer Empire in present day Siem Reap. Cambodia. He was the son of King Dharanindravarman II and Queen Sri Jayarajacudamani. He married Jayarajadevi and then, after her death, married her sister Indradevi...
, KhmerThe Khmer Empire was the third largest empire of South East Asia , based in what is now Cambodia. The empire, which seceded from the kingdom of Chenla, at times ruled over and/or vassalised parts of modern-day Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, Myanmar, and Malaysia...
emperor
- John II Comnenos
John II Komnenos or Comnenus was Byzantine emperor from 1118 to 1143. Also known as Kaloïōannēs , he was the eldest son of emperor Alexios I Komnenos and Irene Doukaina...
, emperor
- John of England
John , King of England, reigned from 6 April 1199 until his death. He acceded to the throne as the younger brother of King Richard I, who died without issue...
, king and Duke of NormandyDuke of Normandy is a title held or claimed by various Norman, English and French rulers from the tenth century until the end of the French monarchy...
- John of Matha
Saint John of Matha was a Christian saint of the 12th century and founder of the Order of the Most Holy Trinity. He was born on 1154 at Faucon in Provence, France. As a youth, he was educated at Aix-en-Provence, and later studied theology at the University of Paris...
, Saint, co-founder of the Order of the Holy Trinity for the Redemption of CaptivesThe Order of the Holy Trinity is a Catholic religious order that was founded in the area of Cerfroid, some 80 km northeast of Paris, at the end of the twelfth century. The founder was St. John de Matha, whose feast day is celebrated on 17 December...
- Kaloyan of Bulgaria
Kaloyan the Romanslayer , Ivan I , ruled as emperor of Bulgaria 1197-1207. He was born in about 1168/1169...
, king
- Lawrence O'Toole, Saint, Archbishop of Dublin
Dublin is the largest city and capital of Ireland. It is officially known in Irish as Baile Átha Cliath or Áth Cliath ; the English name comes from the Irish Dubh Linn meaning "black pool". It is located near the midpoint of Ireland's east coast, at the mouth of the River Liffey and at the...
- Leopold III, Margrave of Austria
Saint Leopold III was the Margrave of Austria in 1095-1136. He is the patron saint of Austria, of the city of Vienna, of Lower Austria, and, jointly with Saint Florian, of Upper Austria. His feast day is November 15....
, Saint
- Lin Tinggui
Lin Tinggui was a Chinese painter of the Southern Song Dynasty...
, Chinese painter of Buddhist themes
- Louis VI of France
Louis VI , called the Fat , was King of France from 1108 until his death . Chronicles called him "roi de Saint-Denis". The first member of the House of Capet to make a lasting contribution to the centralizing institutions of royal power, Louis was born in Paris, the son of Philip I and his first...
, king
- Louis VII of France
Louis VII, called the Younger or the Young, , was King of France, the son and successor of Louis VI . He ruled from 1137 until his death. He was a member of the House of Capet...
, king
- Lucius II
Pope Lucius II , born Gherardo Caccianemici dal Orso, was pope from March 9, 1144, until his death.Born in Bologna, he became a canon in his native city, then cardinal priest of Santa Croce in Gerusalemme, later treasurer of the Roman Church, papal legate in Germany for Pope Honorius II , and later...
, pope
- Magnus Erlendsson, Earl of Orkney
Saint Magnus, Earl Magnus Erlendsson of Orkney, was the first Earl of Orkney to bear that name, and ruled from 1108 to about 1115. His story is told in two sagas, Magnus' saga the shorter and longer and one legend, Legenda de sancto Magno....
, Saint
- Magnus III of Norway
Magnus Barefoot son of Olaf Kyrre and grandson of Harald Hardrada, was King of Norway from 1093 until 1103 and King of Mann and the Isles from 1099 until 1102...
, king
- Magnus IV of Norway
Magnus IV , also known as Magnus the Blind and Magnus Sigurdsson, was king of Norway from 1130 to 1135 and again from 1137 to 1139. His period as king marked the beginning of the civil war era in Norway, which lasted until 1240.Magnus was the son of King Sigurd Jorsalfar of Norway and Borghild...
the Blind, king
- Magnus V of Norway
Magnus Erlingsson was a king of Norway, probably born in Etne in Hordaland. He was son of Erling Skakke and Kristin Sigurdsdatter, daughter of king Sigurd Jorsalfare. He was named king in 1161, and was the first Norwegian king to be crowned. His father Erling took the title of earl and held the...
, king
- Maimonides
Moses Maimonides, also known as Rabbi Moshe ben Maimon or the acronym the Rambam , was born in Cordoba, Spain on March 30, 1135, and died in Egypt on December 13, 1204....
, Jewish philosopher
- Malachy O'More
Saint Malachy was the Archbishop of Armagh, to whom were attributed several miracles and a vision of the identity of the last 112 Popes...
, Saint, Archbishop of ArmaghArmagh is a large settlement in Northern Ireland, and the county town of County Armagh. It is an ancient religious site of worship of both Celtic paganism and Christianity. Armagh was granted a Royal Charter by Queen Elizabeth II in 1994, and city status was officially re-conferred in 1995. Armagh...
- Malcolm IV of Scotland
Malcolm IV , nicknamed Virgo, "the Maiden" , King of Scots, was the eldest son of Earl Henry and Ada de Warenne...
, king
- Manuel I Comnenus, emperor
- Matilda of Tuscany
Matilda of Canossa , called la Gran Contessa or the Great Countess, was an Italian noblewoman, the principal Italian supporter of Pope Gregory VII during the Investiture Controversy. She is one of the few medieval women to be remembered for her military accomplishments...
, countess
- Mechtildis
Mechtildis was Benedictine abbess and renowned miracle worker. Mechtildis was the daughter of Count Berthold of Andechs, whose wife, Sophie, founded a monastery on their estate at Diessen, Bavaria, and placed their daughter there at the age of five. In 1153, the Bishop of Augsburg placed her as...
, Saint, abbess
- Minamoto no Yoritomo
was the founder and the first shogun of the Kamakura Shogunate of Japan. He ruled from 1192 until 1199.-Early life and exile :Yoritomo was the third son of Minamoto no Yoshitomo, the heir of the Minamoto clan, and his official wife, a daughter of Fujiwara no Suenori, who was a member of the...
, shōgun is a military rank and historical title for Hereditary Commanders in Chief of the Armed Forces of Japan. The modern rank is equivalent to a Generalissimo...
of Japanis an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, People's Republic of China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south...
, founder of the Kamakura ShogunateThe Kamakura shogunate was a feudal military dictatorship in Japan headed by the shoguns from 1185 to 1333. It was based in Kamakura...
- Muhammad of Ghor
Muḥammad Shahābuddīn Ghorī , originally called Mu'izzuddīn Muḥammad Ibn Sām but famously known as Muḥammad of Ghor and Muḥammad Ghorī, , was a powerful governor and general and ultimately sultan of the Ghorid dynasty, centered in modern day Afghanistan...
, AfghanThe Islamic Republic of Afghanistan is a landlocked country in south central Asia. It is variously described as being located within Central Asia, South Asia, or the Middle East...
ruler
- Nerses of Lambron
Saint Nerses of Lambron was the Archbishop of Tarsus in the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia who is remembered as one of the most significant figures in Armenian literature and ecclesiastical history.-Life:...
, Saint, Archbishop of Tarsus, theologian
- Niels of Denmark
Niels of Denmark , was king of Denmark following his brother Eric I. He was presumably the youngest son of king Sweyn Estridson and married Margaret Fredkulla, princess of Sweden, with whom he had Magnus the Strong, and later Ulvhild Håkansdotter.Four of Niels' older brothers had ascended to the...
, king
- Norbert of Xanten, Saint, founder of the Premonstratensian
The Order of Canons Regular of Prémontré, also known as the Premonstratensians, the Norbertines, or in Britain and Ireland as the White Canons , are a Catholic religious order of canons regular founded at Prémontré near Laon in 1120 by Saint Norbert, who later became Archbishop of Magdeburg...
Order of canons regular, Archbishop of MagdeburgMagdeburg , the capital city of the Bundesland of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, is situated at the Elbe River and was one of the most important medieval cities of Europe. Emperor Otto I, the first Holy Roman Emperor, lived during most of his reign in the town and was buried in the cathedral after his death...
- Odo I
Odo I, surnamed Borel and called the Red, was Duke of Burgundy between 1079 and 1103. Eudes was the second son of Henry of Burgundy and grandson of Robert I. He became the duke following the abdication of his older brother, Hugh I, who retired to become a Benedictine monk...
, Duke of BurgundyThe Duchy of Burgundy was a feudal territory in Medieval Europe. It roughly conforms to the modern Bourgogne, although it grew to have considerable possessions in the Low Countries as well...
- Odo II
Eudes II of Burgundy was Duke of Burgundy between 1143 and 1162. Eudes was the eldest son of duke Hugh II and Matilda de Turenne. He married Marie de Champagne, daughter of Theobald II, Count of Champagne and Matilda of Carinthia...
, Duke of BurgundyThe Duchy of Burgundy was a feudal territory in Medieval Europe. It roughly conforms to the modern Bourgogne, although it grew to have considerable possessions in the Low Countries as well...
- Odo III
Eudes III of Burgundy was duke of Burgundy between 1192 and 1218. Eudes was the eldest son of duke Hugh III and his first wife Alice, daughter of Matthias I, Duke of Lorraine...
, Duke of BurgundyThe Duchy of Burgundy was a feudal territory in Medieval Europe. It roughly conforms to the modern Bourgogne, although it grew to have considerable possessions in the Low Countries as well...
- Odo of Cambrai
Odo of Cambrai was a Benedictine monk, scholar and bishop. He was born at Orleans.In 1087 he was invited by the canons of Tournai to teach in that city, and there soon won a great reputation. He became a Benedictine monk in St. Martin's, Tournai, of which be became abbot later...
, Saint, bishop, theologian
- Olaf Magnusson of Norway
Olaf Magnusson was king of Norway 1103–1115. He was the son of King Magnus Barefoot.Olaf became king together with his brothers Sigurd Jorsalfar and Øystein Magnusson when his father Magnus Barefoot died in 1103. Since he was still very young, his older brothers acted as regents for his part of...
, king
- Olegarius
Saint Olegarius Bonestruga was the Bishop of Barcelona from 1116 and Archbishop of Tarragona from 1118 until his death...
, Saint, Archbishop of Tarragona
- Omar Khayyám
Omar Khayyám , , was a Persian polymath, mathematician, philosopher, astronomer and poet. He also wrote treatises on mechanics, geography, music and was a physicist....
, PersianIran , officially the Islamic Republic of Iran is a country in Western Asia. The name Iran has been in use natively since the Sassanid period and came into international use from 1935, before which the country was known internationally as Persia...
poet and astronomer
- Opizars, Beshqen and Beqa, celebrated Georgian
Georgia Georgia Georgia is a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Situated at the juncture of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bounded to the west by the Black Sea, to the north by Russia, to the south by Turkey and Armenia, and to the east by Azerbaijan...
gold-smiths.
- Otto of Bamberg
Saint Otto of Bamberg was a medieval German bishop and missionary who, as papal legate, converted much of Pomerania to Christianity.-Life:Otto was born into a noble family in Mistelbach, Franconia...
, Saint, bishop, chancellor of the Holy Roman EmpireThe Holy Roman Empire was a union of territories in Central Europe during the Middle Ages and the Early Modern period under a Holy Roman Emperor. The first emperor of the Holy Roman Empire was Otto I, crowned in 962. The last was Francis II, who abdicated and dissolved the Empire in 1806 during...
- Paschal II, pope
- Peter Abelard
Peter Abelard was a medieval French scholastic philosopher, theologian and preeminent logician. The story of his affair with and love for Héloïse has become legendary...
, philosopher
- Peter Nolasco, Saint, co-founder of the Order of Our Lady of Ransom
The Royal, Celestial and Military Order of Our Lady of Mercy and the Redemption of the Captives also known as Our Lady of Ransom is a Roman Catholic religious order established in 1218 by St. Peter Nolasco in the city of Barcelona, at that time in the Kingdom of Aragon, for the redemption of...
- Peter, Bishop of Poitiers, Saint
- Peter IV of Bulgaria
Peter IV ruled as emperor of Bulgaria 1185-1197. The names of his parents are unknown, and before he was proclaimed emperor in 1185, Peter IV was named Theodore...
, king
- Philip I of France
Philip I , called the Amorous, was King of France from 1060 to his death. His reign, like that of most of the early Direct Capetians, was extraordinarily long for the time...
, king
- Philip II of France
Philip II Augustus was the King of France from 1180 until his death. A member of the House of Capet, Philip Augustus was born at Gonesse in the Val-d'Oise, the son of Louis VII and his third wife, Adela of Champagne...
, Augustus, king
- Prithviraj Chauhan, king of Ajmer
This article is about a city in central Rajasthan, for the historical region, see Ajmer region.Ajmer , formerly written Ajmere, is a city in Ajmer District in India's Rajasthan state. Ajmer is a very beautiful city, surrounded by the spectacular Aravalli Mountains. Ajmer, also known as Ajaymeru,...
in IndiaIndia, officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal...
- Raymond of Fitero
Saint Raymond of Fitero was a monk, abbot, and founder of the Order of Calatrava. His birthplace is unknown; Saint-Gaudens , Tarazona , and Barcelona have all been proposed as the place of his birth.As a young man, he felt a religious vocation, and he became a canon priest at the cathedral at...
, Saint, founder of the Order of CalatravaThe Order of Calatrava was the first military order founded in Castile, but the second to receive papal approval. The papal bull confirming the Order of Calatrava as a Militia was given by Pope Alexander III on September 26, 1164.-Origins and Foundation:...
- Raymond of Peñafort
Saint Raymond of Penyafort, O.P. was born in Vilafranca del Penedès, a small town near Barcelona, Catalonia, around 1175. He was educated in Barcelona and also at the University of Bologna, where he received doctorates in both civil and canon law. From 1195 to 1210, he taught canon law...
, Saint, canon lawyer
- Richard I of England
Richard I was King of England from 6 July 1189 until his death in 1199.He also ruled as Duke of Normandy, Duke of Aquitaine, Duke of Gascony, Lord of Ireland, Lord of Cyprus, Count of Anjou, Count of Maine, Count of Nantes and Overlord of Brittany at various times during the same period...
, king and Duke of NormandyDuke of Normandy is a title held or claimed by various Norman, English and French rulers from the tenth century until the end of the French monarchy...
- Richard of Chichester
Saint Richard of Chichester is a saint who was Bishop of Chichester. His shrine in Chichester Cathedral was a richly-decorated centre of pilgrimage which was destroyed in 1538.-Life:St...
, Saint, bishop
- Richard of St. Victor
Richard of Saint Victor , was one of the most important mystical theologians of 12th century Paris, then the intellectual center of Europe. Richard, a Scot, was prior of the famous Augustinian abbey of Saint-Victor in Paris from 1162 until his death in 1173.Richard was a student of the great...
, theologian
- Robert Curthose, Duke of Normandy
Duke of Normandy is a title held or claimed by various Norman, English and French rulers from the tenth century until the end of the French monarchy...
- Robert de Bethune
Robert de Bethune was a medieval Bishop of Hereford. The son of a knight, he became a teacher before becoming a canon, a type of monk, by 1115. He was elected prior of Llanthony Priory in the middle 1120s, and was named bishop by King Henry I of England in 1130...
, Bishop of HerefordHereford is a cathedral city, civil parish and county town of Herefordshire, England. It lies on the River Wye, approximately east of the border with Wales, southwest of Worcester, and northwest of Gloucester...
- Roger II of Sicily
Roger II was King of Sicily, son of Roger I of Sicily and successor to his brother Simon. He began his rule as Count of Sicily in 1105, later became Duke of Apulia and Calabria , then King of Sicily...
, king
- Saladin
Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb , better known in the Western world as Saladin, was a Kurdish Muslim who became the Sultan of Egypt and Syria. He led Islamic opposition to the Franks and other European Crusaders in the Levant...
, ruler of EgyptEgypt , officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Western Asia...
and SyriaSyria , officially the Syrian Arab Republic , is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south and Israel to the southwest....
- Sancho I of Portugal
Sancho I , nicknamed the Populator , second monarch of Portugal, was born on 11 November 1154 in Coimbra and died on 26 March 1212 in the same city. He was the second but only surviving legitimate son and fourth child of Afonso I Henriques of Portugal by his wife, Maud of Savoy. Sancho succeeded...
, king
- Sava
Saint Archbishop Sava , baptised name Rastko Nemanjić was the youngest son of Serbian ruler Stefan Nemanja, Eastern Orthodox monk, first archibishop of Serbian Orthodox Church, diplomat, writer, law giver and foundator of several important medieval monasteries.He is consider one of the most...
, Saint, organizer and liberator of the Serbian Orthodox ChurchThe Serbian Orthodox Church or the Church of Serbia is one of the autocephalous...
- Shao Yong
Shao Yong , courtesy name Yaofu , named Shào Kāngjié after death, was a Song Dynasty Chinese philosopher, cosmologist, poet and historian who greatly influenced the development of Neo-Confucianism in China....
, Chinese poet, historian, and philosopher
- Sigurd I of Norway
Sigurd I Magnusson , also known as Sigurd Jorsalfare was king of Norway from 1103 to 1130...
, king
- Sigurd II of Norway
Sigurd Haraldsson or Sigurd Munn Sigurd Haraldsson or Sigurd Munn Sigurd Haraldsson or Sigurd Munn (old Norse Sigurðr Haraldsson (1133–1155) was king of Norway from 1136 to 1155. He was son of Harald Gille, king of Norway and his mistress Tora Guttormsdotter (Þóra Guthormsdóttir). He ruled as...
, king
- Stefan Nemanja
Stefan Nemanja was a Medieval Serb nobleman, descended from the Vukanović who was Grand Prince of the medieval Serb state of Raška from 1166 to 1199. He established control over the territories of neighboring Serb states, including Zeta/Doclea, and unified them into a single state...
, king of Serbia
- Stefan Nemanjić, king of Serbia
- Stephen II
Stephen II may refer to:* Pope-elect Stephen was, from the 16th century to 1960 considered a valid pope under the name Stephen II.* Pope Stephen II, his successor, was called Stephen III before 1961...
, king of HungaryHungary , in English officially the Republic of Hungary , is a landlocked country in the Carpathian Basin of Central Europe, bordered by Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, and Slovenia. Its capital is Budapest. Hungary is a member of OECD, NATO, EU, V4 and is a Schengen state...
- Stephen Harding
Saint Stephen Harding , is a Christian saint and monastic abbot, one of the founders of the Cistercian Order.Stephen Harding was born in Dorset, England. He was a speaker of Old English, Norman French and Latin. He was placed in Sherborne Abbey at a young age, but eventually put aside the cowl...
, Saint, abbot, co-founder of the Cistercian Order
- Stephen of England
Stephen often known as Stephen of Blois was a grandson of William the Conqueror. He was the last Norman King of England, from 1135 to his death, and also the Count of Boulogne jure uxoris. His reign was marked by civil war with his rival the Empress Matilda and general chaos, known as The Anarchy...
, king and Duke of NormandyDuke of Normandy is a title held or claimed by various Norman, English and French rulers from the tenth century until the end of the French monarchy...
- Suger
Suger was one of the last French abbot-statesmen, a historian, and the influential first patron of Gothic architecture....
, Abbot of St.-Denis
- Suryavarman II
Suryavarman II was king of the Khmer Empire from 1113 A.D. to 1145-1150 A.D. and the builder of Angkor Wat, which he dedicated to the Hindu god Vishnu...
, KhmerThe Khmer Empire was the third largest empire of South East Asia , based in what is now Cambodia. The empire, which seceded from the kingdom of Chenla, at times ruled over and/or vassalised parts of modern-day Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, Myanmar, and Malaysia...
emperor
- Sverker I of Sweden
Sverker I Kolson or Sverker the Elder was a king of Sweden c. 1130–1156.-Biography:Sverker was a mighty landowner from Östergötland...
, king
- Sverre of Norway
Sverre Sigurdsson was king of Norway from 1184 to 1202. He married Margareta Eriksdotter, the daughter of the Swedish king Eric the Saint, by whom he had the daughter Kristina Sverresdotter....
, king
- Sweyn III of Denmark
Sven III Grathe was the king of Denmark between 1146 and 1157. He served as a co-regent with Canute V of Denmark from 1152 until 1154 and again in 1157.Sweyn was the illegitimate son of Erik II Emune and a mistress....
- Tamar of Georgia
Tamar , of the Bagrationi dynasty, was Queen Regnant of Georgia from 1184 to 1213...
, queen
- Thomas Becket
Thomas Becket was Archbishop of Canterbury from 1162 to his death. He is venerated as a saint and martyr by both the Roman Catholic Church and the Anglican Communion...
, Saint, Archbishop of CanterburyCanterbury lies at the heart of the City of Canterbury, a local government district of Kent, in South East England. It lies on the River Stour....
and ChancellorChancellor is the title of various official positions in the governments of many nations. The original chancellors were the Cancellarii of Roman courts of justice—ushers who sat at the cancelli or lattice work screens of a basilica or law court, which separated the judge and counsel from the...
of EnglandEngland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the North Sea to the east, with the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...
- Valdemar I of Denmark
Valdemar I of Denmark , also known as Valdemar the Great, was King of Denmark from 1157 until 1182. Buried in Skt. Bendts Church, Ringsted....
, the Great, king
- Vladimir II Monomakh
Vladimir II Monomakh —or Vladimir in English — was a famous Velikiy Kniaz of Kievan Rus'.- Family :...
, prince of KievKiev or Kyiv , is the capital and the largest city of Ukraine, located in the north central part of the country on the Dnieper River. The population as of the 2001 census was 2,611,300...
- Vladislav I Herman of Poland, king
- William I of Scotland
William I , known as the Lion or Garbh, "the Rough", reigned as King of Scots from 1165 to 1214. His reign was the second longest in Scottish history before the Act of Union with England in 1707,...
, the Lion, king
- William I of Sicily
William I , called the Bad or the Wicked, was the second king of Sicily, ruling from his father's death in 1154 to his own. He was the fourth son of Roger II and Elvira of Castile...
, king
- William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke
William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke , also called William the Marshal , was an Anglo-Norman soldier and statesman. He has been described as the "greatest knight that ever lived"...
, knightA knight was a "gentleman soldier" or member of the warrior class of the Middle Ages in Europe. In other Indo-European languages, cognates of cavalier or rider are more prevalent suggesting a connection to the knight's mode of transport...
and statesman
- William of Malmesbury
William of Malmesbury , English historian of the 12th century, was born about the year 1080/1095, in Wiltshire. His father was Norman and his mother English...
, English historian
- Yue Fei
Yue Fei was a famous Chinese patriot and military general who fought for the Southern Song Dynasty against the Jurchen armies of the Jin Dynasty...
, Chinese general
- Yusuf ibn Tashfin
Yusuf ibn Tashfin was a king of the Berber Almoravid empire in North Africa and Al-Andalus .-Succession to power:...
, Almoravid ruler of North Africa and Spain
- Zhang Zeduan
Zhang Zeduan , alias Zheng Dao, was a famous Chinese painter during the twelfth century, during the transitional period from the Northern Song to the Southern Song Dynasty, and was instrumental in the early history of the Chinese art style known as shan shui.-Biography:He was a native of Dongwu...
, Chinese painter
- Zhou Jichang
Zhou Jichang , Japanese: Shuu Kijou) was a Chinese painter of the Song Dynasty . His artwork featured many central themes of Chinese Buddhism and Buddhist folklore....
, Chinese painter
- Zhu Xi
Zhu Xi or Chu Hsi was a Song Dynasty Confucian scholar who became the leading figure of the School of Principle and the most influential rationalist Neo-Confucian in China...
, Neo-Confucian Chinese philosopher
- Zhu Yu
Zhu Yu was an author of the Chinese Song Dynasty . He retired in Huang Gang of Hubei province, bought a country house and named it "Pingzhou"; he called himself "Expert Vegetable Grower of Pingzhou ".Between 1111 and 1117 AD, Zhu Yu wrote the book Pingzhou Ketan , and had it published in 1119 AD...
, Chinese maritime author
Inventions, discoveries and introductions
- List of 12th century inventions
- Beginning of the Gothic architecture
Gothic architecture is a style of architecture which flourished during the high and late medieval period. It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture....
style in FranceFrance , officially the French Republic , is a country located in Western Europe, with several overseas islands and territories located on other continents. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean...
.
- Building of Angkor Wat
Angkor Wat , is a temple complex at Angkor, Cambodia, built for the king Suryavarman II in the early 12th century as his state temple and capital city. As the best-preserved temple at the site, it is the only one to have remained a significant religious centre since its foundation—first Hindu,...
in Khmer empireThe Khmer Empire was the third largest empire of South East Asia , based in what is now Cambodia. The empire, which seceded from the kingdom of Chenla, at times ruled over and/or vassalised parts of modern-day Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, Myanmar, and Malaysia...
.
- First European universities
Medieval university is an institution of higher learning which was established during High Middle Ages period and is a corporation.The first European medieval institutions generally considered to be universities were established in Italy, France, and England in the late 11th and the 12th centuries...
founded.
- Christian humanism
Christian Humanism is the belief that human freedom and individualism are intrinsic parts of, or are at least compatible with, Christian doctrine and practice. It is a philosophical union of Christian and humanist principles.- Origins :...
becomes a self-conscious philosophical tendency in Europe.
- Earliest record of a miracle play, in Dunstable, England.
- Beginning of trouvère
Trouvère , sometimes spelled trouveur, is the Northern French form of the word troubadour . It refers to poet-composers who were roughly contemporary with and influenced by the troubadours but who composed their works in the northern dialects of France...
music and poetry in FranceFrance , officially the French Republic , is a country located in Western Europe, with several overseas islands and territories located on other continents. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean...
.
- Georgian
The Georgians are a South Caucasian people and nation mainly centered in Georgia. They also live in Turkey, Russia, the United States, Iran, and other countries....
poet Shota RustaveliShota Rustaveli was a Georgian poet of the 12th century, and the greatest classic of Georgian secular literature. He is author of "The Knight in the Panther's Skin" , the Georgian national epic poem.- Biography :...
composes his epic poem The Knight in the Panther's SkinThe Knight in the Panther's Skin is an epic poem, consisting of over 1600 quatrains, was written in the 12th century by the Georgian epic-poet Shota Rustaveli, who was a Prince and Treasurer at the royal court of Queen Tamar of Georgia...
- Beginning of the Ars antiqua
Ars antiqua, also called ars veterum or ars vetus, refers to the music of Europe of the late Middle Ages between approximately 1170 and 1310, covering the period of the Notre Dame school of polyphony and the subsequent years which saw the early development of the motet...
period in the history of Western European musicClassical music is the mainstream music produced in, or rooted in the traditions of Western liturgical and secular music, encompassing a broad period from roughly the 9th century to present times...
.
- The Madrid Skylitzes
The Madrid Skylitzes is a heavily illustrated illuminated manuscript of the Synopsis of Histories , by John Skylitzes, which covers the reigns of the Byzantine emperors from the death of Nicephorus I in 811 to the deposition of Michael IV in 1057...
manuscript illustrates the Synopsis of Histories by John SkylitzesJohn Skylitzes, latinized as Ioannes Scylitzes was a Greek historian of the late 11th century. According to Seibt, he was born in the beginning of 1040's and died after 1101.- Life :...
.
- Earliest Western account of a mariner's compass
A compass is a navigational instrument for determining direction relative to the Earth's magnetic poles. It consists of a magnetized pointer free to align itself with Earth's magnetic field. The compass greatly improved the safety and efficiency of travel, especially ocean travel...
, by Alexander NeckamAlexander Neckam was an English scholar and teacher.-Biography:Born at St Albans, Hertfordshire, England, on the same night as King Richard I, Neckam's mother, Hodierna, nursed the prince with her own son, who thus became Richard's foster-brother...
is "De utensilibus" (see Shen KuoShen Kuo or Shen Gua , style name Cunzhong and pseudonym Mengqi Weng , was a polymathic Chinese scientist and statesman of the Song Dynasty...
).
- Although known in China since the 5th century BC
The 5th century BC started the first day of 500 BC and ended the last day of 401 BC.-Overview:This century saw the beginning of a period of philosophical brilliance among Western civilizations, particularly the Greeks which would continue all the way through the 4th century until the time of...
, the blast furnaceA blast furnace is a type of metallurgical furnace used for smelting to produce industrial metals, generally iron.In a blast furnace, fuel and ore are continuously supplied through the top of the furnace, while air is blown into the bottom of the chamber, so that the chemical reactions take place...
for smelting cast ironCast iron usually refers to grey iron, but also identifies a large group of ferrous alloys, which solidify with a eutectic. The colour of a fractured surface can be used to identify an alloy. White cast iron is named after its white surface when fractured, due to its carbide impurities which...
first appears in Europe, in and around LapphyttanLapphyttan in Norberg, Sweden, may be regarded as the type site for the Medieval Blast Furnace. Its date is probably between 1150 and 1350. It produced cast iron, which was then fined to make balls of iron known as osmonds. Osmonds occur in English Customs records in the 1250s and seem to be...
, Sweden, as early as 1150.
- First fire and plague insurance
Insurance, in law and economics, is a form of risk management primarily used to hedge against the risk of a contingent loss. Insurance is defined as the equitable transfer of the risk of a loss, from one entity to another, in exchange for a premium, and can be thought of as a guaranteed and known...
(in IcelandThe Republic of Iceland is a European island country located in the North Atlantic Ocean. It has a population of about 320,000 and a total area of 103,000 km². Its capital and largest city is Reykjavík, whose surrounding area is home to approximately two thirds of the national population...
).
- First authenticated influenza
Influenza, commonly referred to as the flu, is an infectious disease caused by RNA viruses of the family Orthomyxoviridae , that affects birds and mammals. The name influenza is Italian and means "influence"...
epidemics.
- Invention of the Kente cloth
Kente cloth, known locally as nwentoma, is a type of silk fabric made of interwoven cloth strips and is native to the country of Ghana, where it was first developed in the 12th century. It is sometimes used to make shirts.- Etymology :...
.
- Start of Middle English
Middle English is the name given by historical linguists to the diverse forms of the English language in use between the late 11th century and about 1470, when the Chancery Standard, a form of London-based English, began to become widespread, a process aided by the introduction of the printing...
.
- Introduction of Christianity in Finland
Finland , officially the Republic of Finland
, is a Nordic country and democracy situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. It borders Sweden on the west, Russia on the east, and Norway on the north, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland...
, KareliaKarelia , the land of the Karelian peoples, is an area in Northern Europe of historical significance for Finland, Russia, and Sweden...
and EstoniaEstonia , officially the Republic of Estonia , is a country in Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea, to the south by Latvia , and to the east by the Russian Federation...
- Hoysala architecture
Hoysala architecture is the building style developed under the rule of the Hoysala Empire between the 11th and 14th centuries, in the region known today as Karnataka, a state of India. Hoysala influence was at its peak in the 13th century, when it dominated the Southern Deccan Plateau region...
reaches a peak.
- Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi
Other important Muslim mystics carry the name Suhrawardi, particularly Abu 'l-Najib al-Suhrawardi and his paternal nephew Abu Hafs Umar al-Suhrawardi."Shahāb ad-Dīn" Yaḥyá ibn Ḥabash as-Suhrawardī was an Iranic...
(1155–1191) founder of school of illumination (Ishraq).
- 1165—The Liuhe Pagoda
Liuhe Pagoda , literally Six Harmonies Pagoda or Six Harmonies Tower, is multi-storied Chinese pagoda in southern Hangzhou, Zhejiang province, China. It is located at the foot of Yuelun Hill, facing the Qiantang River...
of Hangzhou' is a sub-provincial city located in the Yangtze River Delta in the People's Republic of China, and the capital of Zhejiang province. Located southwest of Shanghai, as of 2004 the entire Hangzhou Region or Prefecture-level city had a registered population of 6.4 million people...
, China, is built.
- 1111—The Chinese Donglin Academy
The Donglin Academy , also known as the Guishan Academy , was originally built in A.D. 1111 during the Northern Song dynasty at present-day Wuxi in China...
is founded
- 1107—The Chinese engineer Wu Deren combines the mechanical compass
A compass is a navigational instrument for determining direction relative to the Earth's magnetic poles. It consists of a magnetized pointer free to align itself with Earth's magnetic field. The compass greatly improved the safety and efficiency of travel, especially ocean travel...
vehicle of the South Pointing ChariotThe South Pointing Chariot is widely regarded as one of the most complex geared mechanisms of the ancient Chinese civilization, and was continually used throughout the medieval period as well. It was supposedly invented sometime around 2600 BC in China by the Yellow Emperor Huang Di, yet the first...
with the distance-measuring odometerAn odometer indicates distance traveled by a car or other vehicle. The device may be electronic, mechanical, or a combination of the two. The word derives from the Greek words ""hodós", meaning "path" or "way", and "métron", "measure".-Description:In the early autos a top reading of 99,999 was...
device.
- The Durham Cathedral
The Cathedral Church of Christ, Blessed Mary the Virgin and St Cuthbert of Durham, commonly referred to as Durham Cathedral, in the city of Durham, England, is the seat of the Anglican Bishop of Durham. The Bishopric dates from 995, with the present cathedral being founded in AD 1093...
of England is completed.
- The kasbah
A kasbah or Qassabah is a type of medina, Islamic city, or fortress.It was a place for the local leader to live and as a defense when the city was under attack. A kasbah has high walls which usually have no windows. Sometimes, they were built on the top of hill to make them easier to defend...
of Marrakesh is built, city gate Bab AgnaouBab Agnaou is one of the nineteen gates of Marrakech, Morocco. It was built in the 12th century in the time of the Almohad dynasty....
and the Koutoubia mosque.
- 1104—The Venice Arsenal of Venice
Venice is a city in northern Italy, the capital of the region Veneto, a population of 271,367 . Together with Padua, the city is included in the Padua-Venice Metropolitan Area . The city historically was an independent nation...
, Italy, is founded. It employed some 16000 people for the mass productionMass production is the production of large amounts of standardized products, including and especially on assembly lines...
of sailing ships in large assembly lineAn assembly line is a manufacturing process in which parts are added to a product in a sequential manner using optimally planned logistics to create a finished product much faster than with handcrafting-type methods...
s, hundreds of years before the Industrial RevolutionThe Industrial Revolution was a period from the 18th to the 19th century where major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, and transport had a profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions in the United Kingdom. The changes subsequently spread throughout Europe, North...
.
- 1106- Finished building of Gelati
Gelati may refer to:* Gelati Monastery, a medieval monastery in Georgia* Gelato, an Italian ice cream* A layered parfait of water ice and frozen custard, popular in the Philadelphia metropolitan region....
.
- 1185 First record of windmills.
- Theotokos of Vladimir
The Theotokos of Vladimir , also known as Our Lady of Vladimir or Virgin of Vladimir , is one of the most venerated Orthodox icons and a typical example of Byzantine iconography. The Theotokos is regarded as the holy protectress of Russia...
, icon, probably from ConstantinopleConstantinople was the imperial capital of the Roman Empire , the Byzantine/Eastern Roman Empire , the Latin Empire , and the Ottoman Empire...
, faces only are made. The rest has been retouched. It is now kept at Tretyakov GalleryThe State Tretyakov Gallery is an art gallery in Moscow, Russia, the foremost depository of Russian fine art in the world.The gallery's history starts in 1856 when the Moscow merchant Pavel Mikhailovich Tretyakov acquired works by Russian artists of his day with the aim of creating a collection,...
, MoscowMoscow is the capital and the largest city of Russia. It is also the largest metropolitan area in Europe, and ranks among the largest urban areas in the world. Moscow is a major political, economic, cultural, religious, financial, educational, and transportation centre of Russia and the world, a...
.
- Mid-12th century – Cappella Palatina
The Palatine Chapel is the royal chapel of the Norman kings of Sicily situated on the ground floor at the center of the Palazzo Reale in Palermo....
, PalermoPalermo is a historic city in Southern Italy, the capital of the autonomous region Sicily and the Province of Palermo. The city is noted for its rich history, culture, architecture and gastronomy, playing an important role throughout much of its existence; it is over 2,700 years old...
, SicilySicily is the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea. It is an autonomous region of Italy. Several much smaller islands surrounding it are considered to be part of Sicily....
, is built.
- Mid-12th century – Chamber of King Roger, Norman Palace, Palermo
Palermo is a historic city in Southern Italy, the capital of the autonomous region Sicily and the Province of Palermo. The city is noted for its rich history, culture, architecture and gastronomy, playing an important role throughout much of its existence; it is over 2,700 years old...
, SicilySicily is the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea. It is an autonomous region of Italy. Several much smaller islands surrounding it are considered to be part of Sicily....
, is built.
- Shiva Nataraja, from Thanjavur
Thanjavur Thanjavur Thanjavur ( (tañcāvūr), also known by its anglicised name Tanjore, is a municipality and the headquarters of the Thanjavur district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It has a population of a 221,185 (2001 census)....
, Tamil NaduTamil Nadu is one of the 28 states of India. Its capital and largest city is Chennai . Tamil Nadu lies in the southernmost part of the Indian Peninsula and is bordered by Puducherry , Kerala, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh...
, is made. Chola DynastyThe Chola Empire was ruled by a Dravidian Tamil dynasty of that name that ruled primarily in southern India until the 13th century. The dynasty originated in the fertile valley of the Kaveri River...
. It is now kept at National Museum of IndiaThe National Museum in New Delhi is the largest museum in India. It holds variety of articles ranging from pre-historic era to modern works of art. It is run by the Ministry of Culture, part of the Government of India...
, New DelhiNew Delhi is the capital of India. It is situated within the metropolis of Delhi and serves as the seat of the Government of India and the Government of the National Capital Territory of Delhi....
.