John Marshall John Marshall was an United States statesman and jurist who more than anyone else shaped American constitutional law and made the Supreme Court a center of power. Marshall was the fourth Chief Justice of the United States, serving from February 4, 1801 until his death.
	John Masefield John Edward Masefield, Order of Merit, , was an England poet and writer, and Poet Laureate from 1930 until his death in 1967. He is remembered as the author of the classic children's novels The Midnight Folk and The Box of Delights, two novels "Captain Margaret" and "Multitude and Solitude" and a great deal of memorable poetry, including "The Everlasting Mercy", and "Sea-Fever", from his anthology Saltwater Ballads.
	John Maynard Keynes John Maynard Keynes, 1st Baron Keynes, Order of the Bath was a UK economist whose ideas, called Keynesian economics, had a major impact on modern economic and political theory as well as on many governments' fiscal policies. He is particularly remembered for advocating Economic interventionism government policy, by which the government would use fiscal and monetary measures to aim to mitigate the adverse effects of economic recessions, depression s and economic boom
	John Millington Synge John Millington Synge was an Ireland dramatist, poet, prose writer, and collector of folklore. He was a key figure in the Irish Literary Revival and was one of the cofounders of the Abbey Theatre. He is best known for the play The Playboy of the Western World, which caused riots in Dublin during its opening run at the Abbey.
	John Mills Sir John Mills, Order of the British Empire, born Lewis Ernest Watts Mills, was an Academy Awards winning England actor whose career spanned seventy years and more than 120 films.
	John Milton Milton redirects here, for other uses, see Milton John Milton was an England poet, best-known for his epic poem Paradise Lost.
	John Muir John Muir was one of the earliest modern preservationists. His letters, essays, and books telling of his adventures in nature, especially in the Sierra Nevada, were read by millions and are still popular today.
	John Napier John Napier or Neper, nicknamed Marvellous Merchiston was a Scotland mathematics, physicist, astronomer/astrologer and eighth Laird of Merchiston. He is most remembered as the inventor of logarithms and Napier's bones, and for popularizing the use of the decimal point.
	John Paul Jones John Paul Jones was USA first well-known US Navy hero in the American Revolutionary War. John Paul Jones was born John Paul in 1747 in the Kirkcudbrightshire on the southern coast of Scotland. John Pauls father was a gardener in Arbigland, and his mother was a member of Clan MacDuff.
	John Philip Sousa John Philip Sousa , popularly known as "The March King", was an United States composer and Conducting of the late Romantic era known particularly for American march music.
	John Quincy Adams The Julian calendar was introduced in 46 BC by Julius Caesar and took force in 45 BC . It was chosen after consultation with the astronomer Sosigenes of Alexandria and was probably designed to approximate the tropical year, known at least since Hipparchus . It has a regular year of 365 days divided into 12 months, and a leap day is added to February every four years.
	John Ruskin John Ruskin is best known for his work as an art critic and social critic, but is remembered as an author, poet and artist as well. Ruskin's essays on art and architecture were extremely influential in the Victorian era and Edwardian period eras.
	John Singer Sargent John Singer Sargent was the most successful portrait painter of his era, as well as a gifted landscape painter and watercolorist. He was an United States expatriate who lived most of his life in Europe. Sargent was born in Florence, Italy to American parents. He studied in Italy and Germany, and then in Paris under Emile Auguste Carolus-Duran.
	John Singleton Copley John Singleton Copley was a Boston,_Massachusetts-born United States artist of the colonial period, famous for his portraits of important figures in colonial New England, particularly men and women of the middle class. His portraits were innovative in that they tended to portray their subjects with artifacts that were indicative of their lives.
	John Steinbeck John Ernst Steinbeck III was one of the best known and most widely read American literature of the 20th century. A winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1962, he is best known for his novella Of Mice and Men and his Pulitzer Prize-winning novel The Grapes of Wrath , both of which examine the lives of the working class and the migrant worker during the Great Depression.
	John Stuart Mill John Stuart Mill , an England philosopher and political economy, was an influential liberal thinker of the 19th century. He was an advocate of utilitarianism, the ethical theory that was systemised by his godfather, Jeremy Bentham, but adapted to German romanticism.
	John the Baptist John the Baptist is regarded as a prophet by four religions: Christianity, Islam, Mandaeanism, and the Bah' Faith. This is asserted in the Synoptic Gospels, the Qur'an and the Bah' Faith. According to , he was a relative of Jesus, though Mandaeans dispute this.
	John the Evangelist John the Evangelist is the name used to refer to the author of the Gospel of John and 1 John. Tradition has identified him with John the Apostle , John the Presbyter , and with John of Patmos .
	John Trumbull John Trumbull was a famous United States artist from the time of the American Revolutionary War. He was born in Lebanon, Connecticut. His father was Jonathan Trumbull, Governor of Connecticut. He entered the 1771 junior class at Harvard University at age 15.
	John Tuzo Wilson John Tuzo Wilson, Order of Canada , Order of the British Empire , Doctor of Science , Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada was a Canada geophysicist and geologist who achieved worldwide acclaim for his contributions to the theory of plate tectonics, the idea that the rigid outer layers of the Earth, the lithosphere, are broken up into numerous pieces or "plates" that move independently over the weaker asthenosphere.
	John Tyler John Tyler was the tenth President of the United States. A long-time Democratic Party , he was elected Vice President on the Whig ticket and on becoming president, in 1841, he broke with that party. His most famous achievement was the annexation of the Republic of Texas in 1845.
	John Tyndall John Tyndall was an Ireland natural philosopher. With Charles Darwin and Thomas Henry Huxley his name is inseparably connected with the battle which began in the middle of the 19th century for making the new standpoint of modern science part of the accepted philosophy in general life.
	John Updike John Hoyer Updike is an United States writer born in Shillington, Pennsylvania, where he lived until he was 13. Updike's most famous works are his Rabbit series . Rabbit is Rich and Rabbit at Rest both won Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for Updike. Describing his subject as "the American small town, Protestant middle class," Updike is well known for his careful craftsmanship and prolific writing, having published 22 novels and more than a dozen short story collections as well as poetry
	John Vanbrugh knighthood John Vanbrugh was an England architect and dramatist, perhaps best known as the designer of Blenheim Palace. He wrote two argumentative and outspoken Restoration comedy, The Relapse and The Provoked Wife, which have become enduring stage favourites but originally occasioned much controversy.
	John Venn John Venn, was a United Kingdom logician and philosopher, who is famous for conceiving the Venn diagrams, which are used in many fields, including set theory, probability, logic, statistics, and computer science. He was born in Kingston upon Hull.
	John von Neumann John von Neumann was an Austria-Hungary mathematician and polymath who made contributions to quantum physics, functional analysis, set theory, economics, computer science, topology, numerical analysis, hydrodynamics , statistics and many other mathematical fields as one of world history's outstanding mathematicians.
	John Wanamaker John Wanamaker was a United States businessman, civic and political figure, considered the father of the department store and the father of Advertising. Wanamaker was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania. He opened his first store in 1861, called "Oak Hall" at Sixth and Market Streets in Philadelphia.
	John Wayne John Wayne , popularly known as "The Duke," was an Academy Award winning, United States film actor whose career began in silent movies in the 1920s. He was a major star from the 1940s to the 1970s. He is most famous for his Western and World War II epics, but he also made a wide range of films from various Genres, biographies, romantic comedies, police dramas, and more.
	John Wesley John Wesley was an 18th century Anglicanism clergyman and Christian Christian theologian who was an early leader in the Methodism. Methodism had three rises, the first at Oxford University with the founding of the so-called "Holy Club", the second while Wesley was parish priest in Savannah, Georgia, and the third in London after Wesley's return to England.
	John Wilkes John Wilkes was an England Radicalism, journalist and politician.
	John Wilkes Booth John Wilkes Booth was an United States actor infamous for Abraham Lincoln assassination Abraham Lincoln. An extremely popular professional stage actor of his day, Booth was a Confederate States of America sympathizer who was dissatisfied with the outcome of the American Civil War.
	John Witherspoon Dr. John Witherspoon, was a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence as a representative of New Jersey. He was the only clergyman to sign the Declaration.
	John Wycliffe John Wycliffe was an English theologian and early proponent of reform in the Roman Catholic Church during the 14th century. He made an English language Bible translation of the Bible in one complete edition and is considered a precursor of the Protestant Reformation , though this is disputed.
	Johnny Appleseed Johnny Appleseed, born John Chapman, was an United States pioneer nurseryman, and missionary for the Swedenborgianism, founded by Emanuel Swedenborg. He introduced the apple to large parts of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois by planting small nurseries.
	Johnny Cash Category:Semi-protected Johnny Cash was an influential United States country music and rock music music singer and songwriter. Cash was the husband of June Carter Cash. Cash was known for his deep and distinctive voice, the boom-chick-a-boom or "freight train" sound of his Tennessee Three backing band, and his dark clothing and demeanor, which earned him the nickname "The Man in Black." He started all his concerts with the simple introduction "Hello, I'm Johnny Cash."
	Johns Hopkins Johns Hopkins was a Baltimore, Maryland businessman, a Quaker, an abolitionist, and a philanthropy He left substantial bequests in his will to found the Johns Hopkins University, Johns Hopkins Hospital, a training school for female nurses, now the Johns Hopkins School of Nursing, and the Johns Hopkins Colored Children Orphan Asylum.
	Johnson grass Johnson grass is a grass of the sorghum family. It is native to the Mediterranean region, but grows throughout Europe and the Middle East, and was introduced to the United States about 1830. It can now be found in every state except Minnesota, Maine, and Alaska. It reproduces by rhizomes and seeds.
	Joie de vivre Joie de vivre is a term used to express a cheerful enjoyment of life. Joie de vivre, as one scholar has written, "can be a joy of conversation, joy of eating, joy of anything one might do And joie de vivre may be seen as a joy of everything, a comprehensive joy, a philosophy of life, a Weltanschauung.
	Joint Chiefs of Staff The Joint Chiefs of Staff is a panel comprising the highest-ranking members of each major branch of the armed services in any particular country. The following information refers to the Joint Chiefs of Staff of the United States armed forces, but similar arrangements are common in other nations.
	Joint Direct Attack Munition align="center" colspan=2| *B-2 Spirit *B-52 Stratofortress *F-14 Tomcat *F-15 Eagle *F-16 Fighting Falcon *F/A-18 Hornet *F/A-18E/F Super Hornet Follow-on integration efforts are currently underway or planned to evaluate compatibility with:
	Jointer A jointer is a woodworking machine used in woodworking to produce a flat surface on a board. The jointer derives its name from its primary function of producing flat edges on boards prior to joining them edge-to-edge to produce wider boards. The use of this term probably arises from the name of a type of hand plane, the jointer plane, which is also used primarily for this purpose.
	Jointer plane The jointer plane is a type of hand plane used primarily to straighten the edges of boards in the operation known as jointing. A jointer plane may also be used to flatten the face of a board. It's long length is designed to 'ride over' the undulations of an uneven surface, skimming off the peaks, gradually creating a flat surface.
	Joke A joke is a short story or short series of words spoken or communicated with the intent of being laughed at or found humour by the listener or reader. A practical joke differs in that the humour is not verbal, but mainly physical . Jokes are performed either in a staged situation in front of an audience, or informally for the entertainment of participants and onlookers.
	Joker A joker is the common name for the representation of a medieval court jester or Arlecchino. A joker typically wears a floppy, multi-pointed hat made of cloth fabric with jingle bell s at the tips of the points. The joker wears colorful clothing, laughs incessantly, and often holds a mock scepter known as a marotte in his hand.
	Jokester The Jokester is a stock character — not to be confused with the fool — who copes with the seriousness of the situation in which he or she is placed with constant good humor. Sometimes such characters may be, as it were, crying on the inside, or their laughter might mask personal insecurities.
	Jolly Roger The Jolly Roger is the traditional flag of European and American pirates, envisioned today as a skull over crossed bones on a black field.
	Jonah Jonah was a person in the Bible Old Testament and Judaism Tanakh, the son of Amittai , from the Galilean village of Gath-hepher, near Nazareth.
	Jonathan Edwards Jonathan Edwards was a colonial American Congregationalist Church preacher and theologian. He is known as one of the greatest and most profound American evangelicalism theologians. His work is very broad in scope, but he is often associated with his defense of Calvinism theology and the Puritan heritage.
	Jonathan Swift Jonathan Swift was an Anglo Irish priest, satirist, essayist, political pamphleteer, and poet, famous for works like Gulliver's Travels, A Modest Proposal, A Journal to Stella, The Drapier's Letters, The Battle of the Books, and A Tale of a Tub. Swift is probably the foremost prose satire in the English language, although he is less well known for his poetry.
	Jonathan Trumbull Jonathan Trumbull, Sr. was one of the few men who served as governor in both a pre-Revolutionary colony and a post-Revolutionary state. He was born in Watertown, Connecticut, the son of Joseph Trumbull and his wife ne Hannah Higley. He graduated from Harvard University with a B.A.
	Jordan Jordan , officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan , is an Arab world country in the Middle East. It is bordered by Syria to the north, Iraq to the north-east, Saudi Arabia to the east and south, and Israel and the Palestinian Territories to the west.
	Jordan Almonds Jordan Almonds are a type of confectionery consisting of almonds covered with a hard sugar coating in various pastel colors. They are often used as wedding favors, due to the "bitter" almonds and the "sweet" sugar representing bittersweet married life. However, they are not available only at weddings, being used as gifts and simply as candy on other occasions.
	Jordan River The Jordan River is a river in Southwest Asia flowing through the Great Rift Valley into the Dead Sea. It is one of the world's most sacred rivers. It is 251 kilometers long. Its Tributary are the Hasbani River , which flows from Lebanon, the Banias , arising from a spring at Banias at the foot of Hermon, and the Dan , whose source is also at the base of Mount Hermon.
	Jordanian dinar The Jordanian dinar is the official currency of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan and the first official currency in the State of Palestine. The dinar is divided into 10 dirham, 100 qirsh or 1000 fils. The Jordanian dinar also circulates in West Bank together with the Israeli new sheqel.
	Jorge Luis Borges Jorge Luis Borges , was an Argentina writer who is considered one of the foremost literary figures of the 20th century. Best-known in the English speaking world for his short story and fictive essays, Borges was also a poet, literary criticism, translator and man of letters.
	José Clemente Orozco Jos Clemente Orozco was a Mexico Social realism painter who specialized in bold mural. Orozco was fond of the theme of the human versus the mechanical. He was also a genre painter and Lithography. He studied in Mexico City at the Mexico.
	José Ortega y Gasset Jos Ortega y Gasset was a Spain philosophy.
	Josef Hoffmann Josef Hoffmann was an Austrian architect and designer of consumer goods. He studied with Otto Wagner. He played a major part in the shaping of the aesthetic perception and aesthetic understanding of the 20th century. In today's Czech Republic, the results of the Industrial Revolution were more obvious than in the other parts of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
	Joseph Black Joseph Black was a Scotland physicist and chemist. In 1746, he entered the University of Glasgow. Also, Black studied at Edinburgh University and then thoroughly studied properties of carbon dioxide in 1754. In 1756 he described how carbonates become more alkaline when they lose carbon dioxide, whereas the taking-up of carbon dioxide reconverts them.
	Joseph Campbell Joseph Campbell was an United States professor, writer, and orator best known for his work in the fields of comparative mythology and comparative religion.
	Joseph Conrad Joseph Conrad was a Poland British novelist. Some of his works have been labelled romantic, although Conrad's romanticism is tempered with irony and a fine sense of man's capacity for self-deception. Many critics have placed him as a forerunner of modernism.
	Joseph Goebbels Paul Joseph Goebbels was Adolf Hitler's Propaganda Minister in Nazi Germany. Goebbels was known for his zealous and energetic oratory and virulent anti-Semitism. Following Hitler's death he served as Chancellor of Germany for one day. Afterwards, he and his wife drugged their children with morphine, and then poisoned them with cyanide.
	Joseph Haydn Franz Joseph Haydn was one of the most prominent composers of the classical music era period, called the "Father of the Symphony" and "Father of the String Quartet". A life-long resident of Austria, Haydn spent most of his career as a Noble court musician for the wealthy Esterhazy family on their remote estate.
	Joseph Henry Joseph Henry was a scotland-United States scientist. During his lifetime, he was considered one of the greatest American scientists since Benjamin Franklin. While building electromagnets, he discovered the electromagnetism phenomenon of self-inductance.
	Joseph Hooker Joseph Hooker, known as "Fighting Joe", was a career U.S. Army officer and a major general in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Although he served throughout the war, usually with distinction, he is best remembered for his stunning defeat by Confederate States Army General Robert E. Lee at the Battle of Chancellorsville in 1863.
	Joseph Joachim Joseph Joachim was a violinist, conducting, composer and teacher. He is regarded as one of the most influential violinists of all time.
	Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac was a France chemistry and physics. He is known mostly for two Law of Charles and Gay-Lussac related to gases.
	Joseph Marie Jacquard Joseph Marie Jacquard was a French silk weaver and inventor, who improved on the original punched card design of Jacques de Vaucanson's loom of 1745, to invent the Jacquard loom mechanism in 1804-1805. Jacquard's loom mechanism is controlled by recorded patterns of holes in a string of cards, and allows, what is now known as, the Jacquard weaving of intricate patterns.
	Joseph McCarthy Joseph Raymond McCarthy was a Republican Party United States Senate from the United States state of Wisconsin between 1947 and 1957. During his two terms as Senator, McCarthy gained notoriety for aggressively investigating claims of Communist party and Soviet Union operatives inside the Federal Government.
	Joseph Paxton Sir Joseph Paxton was an English people gardener and architect of The Crystal Palace. He was born on 3 August 1803, the seventh son of a farming family, at Milton Bryant, Bedfordshire. (Some references, incorrectly, list his birth date as 3 August 1801.