J J or j is a consonant in Esperanto orthography, representing a voiced postalveolar fricative, and is equivalent to voiced postalveolar fricative or voiced retroflex fricative in the International Phonetic Alphabet. While Esperanto orthography uses a diacritic for its four postalveolar consonants, as do the Latin-based Slavic languages alphabets, the base letters are Romano-Germanic.
	J. B. S. Haldane John Burdon Sanderson Haldane , who normally used "J.B.S." as a first name, was a UK geneticist and evolutionary biologist. He was one of the founders of population genetics.
	J. D. Salinger Jerome David Salinger is an American author best known for The Catcher in the Rye, a classic novel that has enjoyed enduring popularity since its publication in 1951 in literature. A major theme in Salinger's work is the strong yet delicate mind of "disturbed" adolescents, and the redemptive capacity of children in the lives of such young men.
	J. Edgar Hoover John Edgar Hoover Order of the British Empire was the founder of the Federal Bureau of Investigation in its present form and its director from May 10, 1924, until his death in 1972. Hoover was appointed acting director of the FBI by President Calvin Coolidge to reform and clean up the bureau, which was considered a haven for corruption.
	J. M. Barrie Sir James Matthew Barrie, 1st Baronet, Order of Merit, more commonly known as J. M. Barrie, was a Scotland novelist and dramatist. Most people remember him for inventing the character of Peter Pan, whom he based on his friends, the Llewelyn Davies boys.
	J. P. Morgan John Pierpont Morgan I was an United States financier and banker, who at the turn of the century, was one of the wealthiest men in America.
	Jab A jab is one of the four main punches used in boxing, the three others being the uppercut, the hook and the cross . Out of all four, the jab is perhaps the most popularly known one, because the word is often used in talk unrelated to boxing. Many also consider the jab to be the most important punch in boxing, as well.
	Jabber Jabber is a collection of Open standard, XML-based protocols for instant messaging and presence information. Jabber-based software is deployed on thousands of servers across the Internet and is used by over ten million people worldwide, according to the Jabber Software Foundation .
	Jabberwocky "Jabberwocky" is a poem found in Through the Looking-Glass by Lewis Carroll. It is generally considered to be one of the greatest nonsense poems written in the English language.
	Jabiru The Jabiru is a large stork found in the Americas from Mexico to Argentina, except west of the Andes. It is most common in the Pantanal region of Brazil and the Eastern Chaco region of Paraguay. It is the only member of the genus Jabiru. The name comes from the Tupi-Guarani languages and means "swollen neck".
	Jacaranda Jacaranda is a neotropic genus in the family Bignoniaceae. Its members range in size from subshrubs to large trees. As is often the case with plants, the genus name is also used as the common name for cultivated varieties. The most often seen is the Blue Jacaranda Jacaranda mimosifolia.
	Jack Benny Jack Benny, born Benjamin Kubelsky, was an American comedian, vaudeville performer, and radio, television, and film actor. He was one of the biggest stars in classic American radio programming and was also a major television personality. Benny may have been the first standup comedian, as the term is known, as well as one of the first to work with what became the situation comedy.
	Jack Dempsey William Harrison "Jack" Dempsey was a boxer who held the world heavyweight title between 1919 and 1926, is widely regarded as the greatest heavyweight champion of all time. Twenty-six of his opponents were knocked out in round one.
	Jack Frost Jack Frost is an elf creature who personifies crisp, cold, winter weather; a variant of Father Winter. He is a figure some believe to have originated in Viking folklore. He is said to leave frosty crystal patterns on windows on cold morning. Those who believe in Viking folklore roots mean that the England derived the name Jack Frost from the Norse mythology character names, Jokul and Frosti.
	Jack Kerouac Jack Kerouac was an United States novelist, writer, poet, artist, and part of the Beat Generation. While enjoying popular but little critical success during his own lifetime, Kerouac is now considered one of America's most important authors. The spontaneous, confessional prose style inspired other writers, including Tom Robbins, Lester Bangs, Richard Brautigan, Hunter S. Thompson, Ken Kesey, Tom Waits and Bob Dylan.
	Jack Lemmon John Uhler Lemmon III , better known as Jack Lemmon, was a Hollywood movie star and one of the most award-winning United States actors of his generation.
	Jack London Jack London, probably born John Griffith Chaney was an United States author who wrote The Call of the Wild and over fifty other books. A pioneer in the then-burgeoning world of commercial magazine fiction, he was one of the first Americans to make a huge financial success from writing.
	Jack Nicklaus Jack William Nicklaus, also known as "The Golden Bear", was a major force in professional golf, first on the PGA Tour from the 1960s to the mid-to-late 1980s, then on the Champions Tour from the late 1980s to the 1990s. Nicklaus is widely regarded as the greatest golfer of all time.
	Jack Pine The Jack Pine is a North American pine with its native range in Canada east of the Rocky Mountains from Northwest Territories to Nova Scotia, and the northeast of the United States from Minnesota to Maine, with the southernmost part of the range just into northwest Indiana.
	Jack the Ripper Jack the Ripper is a pseudonym given to an unidentified serial killer active in the largely impoverished Whitechapel area and adjacent districts of London in the latter half of 1888. The name is taken from a letter to the Central News Agency by someone claiming to be the murderer, published at the time of the killings.
	Jack-in-the-Box Jack-in-the-Box is a fictional character in the comic book series Astro City. Created by writer Kurt Busiek and artists Brent Anderson and Alex Ross, Jack-in-the-Box is a prominent superhero of Astro City, rather in the vein of Spider-Man and the Creeper.
	Jack-o'-lantern A jack-o'-lantern is a Turnip or pumpkin whose top and stem have been cut out and interior removed, leaving a hollow shell that is then decoratively carved. Jack-o'-lanterns are associated with the holiday Halloween.
	Jackal A jackal is any of four small to medium-sized members of the family Canidae, found in Africa and Asia. Jackals fill a similar ecological niche to the Coyote in North America, that of scavengers and lesser predators. Their long legs and curved canine teeth are adapted for hunting small mammals, birds and reptiles.
	Jackass Jackass may refer to: *A male donkey *Releases from MTV: **Jackass, a stunt-based television series **Jackass: The Movie, the 2002 movie based on the series **Jackass: Number Two, the 2006 sequel *Jackass penguin, a species of penguin *The 1997 Beck single from his album Odelay
	Jackdaw The Jackdaw is one of the smallest species in the genus of crows and ravens.
	Jacket A jacket is a lightweight, thigh- or waist-length Coat that may be worn by anyone, as jackets are now made for children, adults, the elderly, and even infants. Some jackets are fashionable, while others serve as protective clothing. Category:Jackets
	Jackfruit The Jackfruit is a species of tree and its fruit, native to southwestern India, and possibly also east to the Malay Peninsula, though more likely an early human introduction there. * Marang * Fig * List of fruits Referenes and external links **
	Jackhammer A pneumatic drill or jackhammer is a portable percussive-drill, operated by compressed air and used to drill rock, break up pavement, etc. It works in the manner of a hammer and chisel, by jabbing with its bit, not by rotating it. The word jackhammer is used in North American English and in Australia, and pneumatic drill is used elsewhere in the English speaking world.
	Jackie Robinson Jack Roosevelt Robinson , became the first African American Major League Baseball Baseball player of the modern era in 1947. Robinson's achievement has been recognized by his uniform number, 42 , being List of Major League Baseball retired numbers by all Major League Baseball Teams; the number will never again be given to a player, although four players played with that number at the time of its retirement.
	Jacks Jacks is a playground game for children. The game originated hundreds of years ago, when the only playthings boys and girls had were materials they found near their homes. They collected small stones and animal bones and learned to use them in a game. They tossed them into the air and did similar to today's version of the game.
	Jackscrew A jackscrew mechanism uses a long threaded rod used to position a matching nut at any position along its length. Unlike hydraulic actuators that require continual pressure to remain in a locked position, forces acting on the nut along the length of the rod do not appreciably affect the rotation of the rod so the mechanism self-locks.
	Jackson Pollock Paul Jackson Pollock was an influential American painter and a major force in the Abstract expressionism movement. His work was a great influence in modern art.
	Jacob Jacob or Ya'akov, , also known as Israel , is the third Biblical patriarch. His father is Isaac, and his grandfather is Abraham. Jacob plays a major part in some of the later events in the Book of Genesis.
	Jacob Epstein Sir Jacob Epstein was an American-born sculptor who worked chiefly in England, where he pioneered modern sculpture, often producing controversial works that challenged taboos concerning what public artworks appropriately depict.
	Jacob's staff In surveying, the Jacob's staff or cross-staff is a single straight rod or staff, pointed and iron-shod at the bottom, for penetrating the ground. It also has a socket joint at the top, used, instead of a tripod, for supporting a compass.
	Jacobus Arminius Jacobus Arminius was a The Netherlands Christian theology and professor in theology at the University of Leiden. He wrote many books about theological problems.
	Jacquard loom The Jacquard loom is a mechanical loom, invented by Joseph Marie Jacquard in 1801, which used the holes punched in pasteboard punch card to control the weaving of patterns in cloth. The loom enabled even amateur weavers to weave complex designs. Each punch card corresponded to one row of the design and the cards were strung together in order.
	Jacqueline Cochran Jacqueline Cochran was a pioneer United States aviatrix.
	Jacques Cartier Jacques Cartier, was a French people Exploration popularly thought of as one of the major discoverers of Canada.
	Jacques Charles Jacques Alexandre Csar Charles was a French inventor, scientist, mathematician, and balloonist. Charles was born in Beaugency-sur-Loire, and made the first flight in a hydrogen balloon on August 27, 1783; on December 1, 1783, with Ain Roberts, he ascended to a height of about 1,800 feet in his balloon "La Charlire".
	Jacques Lipchitz Jacques Lipchitz was a Cubism sculptor. Of Jewish origin, he was born Chaim Jacob Lipchitz in Druskininkai, Lithuania. He studied engineering before moving to Paris in 1909 to study at the cole des Beaux-Arts and the Acadmie Julian. It was there, in the artistic communities of Montmartre and Montparnasse that he joined a group of artists that included Juan Gris and Pablo Picasso and where his friend, Amedeo Modigliani, painted "The Sculptor Jacques Lipchitz and His Wife
	Jacques Marquette Father Jacques Marquette and Louis Jolliet were the first Europeans to see and map the Mississippi River. Father Marquette was born in Laon, France, and joined the Society of Jesus at age seventeen. After working and teaching in France for several years, he was dispatched to Quebec in 1666 to preach to the Indigenous peoples of the Americas, where he showed great proficiency in the local languages, especially Wyandot language.
	Jacques Offenbach Jacques Offenbach , composer and cello, was one of the originators of the operetta form, a precursor of the modern musical theater. He was one of the most influential composers of popular music in Europe in the 19th century, and many of his works remain in the repertory.
	Jacquinia Jacquinia is a genus of evergreen shrubs and trees in the family Theophrastaceae, native to Central America and the Caribbean. There are about 86 species :
	Jacuzzi Jacuzzi is a company producing whirlpool bathtubs and hot tub. Its first product was a bath with massages. The trademarked Jacuzzi name is commonly misused to refer to any bath with water jets, and can thus be considered a genericized trademark. Sometimes spas and hot tubs are also mistakenly referred to as Jacuzzis.
	Jade An ornamental stone, jade is a name applied to two different rocks that are made up of different silicate minerals. Nephrite jade consists of the calcium- and magnesium-rich amphibole mineral actinolite. The rock called jadeitite consists almost entirely of jadeite, a sodium- and aluminum-rich pyroxene.
	JADE In the history of cryptography, JADE was the codename given by US codebreakers to a Japanese cipher machine. The Imperial Japanese Navy used the machine for communications from late 1942 until 1944. JADE was similar to another cipher machine, CORAL, with the main difference that JADE was used to encipher messages in katakana using an alphabet of 50 symbols.
	Jade vine The jade vine is a native of the tropical forests of the Philippines. Its flowers are the color of Jade, and hang in bunches up to 90 centimetre long; each clawlike flower is about 7½ cm long. In its native Philippines, the jade vine's flowers are pollinated by bats.
	Jadeite Jadeite is a pyroxene mineral with composition NaAlSi2O6. It is monoclinic. It has a Mohs hardness of about 6.5 to 7.0 depending on the composition. The mineral is dense, with a specific gravity of about 3.4. Jadeitite forms solid solutions with other pyroxene endmembers such as augite and diopside, aegirine, and kosmochlor.
	Jaffa Jaffa, is an ancient port city located in Israel on the Mediterranean Sea. It is mentioned four times in the Hebrew Bible, as one of the cities given to the Tribe of Dan, as port-of-entry for the Lebanon Cedar for Solomon's Temple, as the place from whence the prophet Jonah embarked for Tarshish and than as port-of-entry for the cedars of Lebanon for the Second Temple of Jerusalem.
	Jaffa orange The Jaffa orange, also known as the Shamouti orange, is a very sweet, almost seedless Orange exported from Israel. They take their name from the city of Jaffa.
	JAG JAG is an United States adventure and drama television show, that was produced by Donald P. Bellisario, in association with Paramount Pictures CBS Paramount Television. Originally conceived as Top Gun meets A Few Good Men, JAG was first aired on NBC in 1995, but later canceled in 1996 after finishing 77th in the ratings.
	Jagannath Jagannath is a Sanskrit name used to describe a deity form of Krishna. The term means master of the universe. Jagannath is considered amongst Vaishnavas to be a very merciful form of Krishna. The oldest and most famous Jagannath deity is in the city of Puri, in Orissa, India where each year the famous Rath Yatra festival takes place.
	Jagged Jagged is a 2006 album by Gary Numan, his first original album in over five years, following Pure in 2000. Stylistically Jagged was a development of its predecessor's chorus-driven, anthemic Industrial music sound, utilising heavier electronics and more prominent live drumming.
	Jaggery Jaggery is the traditional unrefined sugar used in India. The traditional name for jaggery is "Bellam" in South India and "gur" in the North India. Though the word jaggery is used for the products of both sugarcane and the date palm tree, technically, jaggery refers solely to sugarcane sugar.
	Jaguar The jaguar is a New World mammal of the Felidae family and one of four "big cats" in the Panthera genus, along with the tiger, lion and leopard of the Old World. The jaguar is the third-largest feline after the tiger and lion, and is the largest and most powerful feline in the Western Hemisphere.
	Jaguarundi The Jaguarundi is a medium-sized Central America and South American wild felidae: length 65 cm with 45 cm of tail. It has short legs and an appearance somewhat like an otter; the ears are short and rounded. The fur is a uniform chestnut brown, but can range from grey to dark brown.
	Jailbird Jailbird is Kurt Vonnegut's 1979 novel about a man recently released from a low security prison. In the typical Vonnegut fashion, the novel eschews the typical build to a climax and reveals the outcome almost at the very beginning of the book.
	Jainism Jainism , traditionally known as Jain Dharma , is a religion and philosophy originating in History of India. Now a minority in modern India with growing communities in the United States, Western Europe, Africa, the Far East and elsewhere, Jains have continued to sustain the ancient Shraman or ascetic tradition.
	Jakarta Jakarta , formerly known as Sunda Kelapa, Jayakarta and Batavia is the capital and largest city of Indonesia. Located on the northwest coast of the island of Java , it has an area of 661.52 km and a population of 8,792,000 . Jakarta has been developed for more than 490 years and currently is the ninth most dense city in the world with 44,283 people per square mile.
	Jakob Bernoulli Jakob Bernoulli , also known as Jacob, Jacques or James Bernoulli was a Switzerland mathematician and scientist and the older brother of Johann Bernoulli. While travelling in England in 1676, Jakob Bernoulli met Robert Boyle and Robert Hooke.
	Jalapeño The jalapeo is a small to medium-sized chile pepper that is prized for the hot, burning sensation that it produces in the mouth when eaten. Ripe, the jalapeo can be 2-3.5 inches and either red or more commonly green. It is a cultivar of the species Capsicum annuum. The name jalapeo is pronounced or in English, and in the original Spanish language.
	Jalousie A jalousie is a slatted window covering, typically a shutter or window covering, which consists of a set of parallel angled slats. These slats can be opened variously so as to control the amount of air or light allowed to pass through.
	Jam Jam is a type of sweet spread or condiment made with certain fruits or vegetables, sugar, and sometimes pectin. Most jams are cooked. Uncooked or minimally cooked jams, called "freezer jam" are popular in parts of North America for their very fresh taste. In the United States and Canada, jams are invariably made from mashed or ground fresh fruits, and are never filtered.
	Jamaica Jamaica is an island nation of the Greater Antilles, 240 kilometres in length and as much as 85 kilometres in width situated in the Caribbean Sea. It is 635 kilometres east of the Central America mainland, 150 kilometres south of Cuba, and 180 kilometres west of the island of Hispaniola, on which Haiti and the Dominican Republic are situated.
	Jambalaya Jambalaya or or , is a Louisiana Cajun cuisine or Louisiana Creole cuisine dish. Jambalaya is traditionally made in one pot, with meats and vegetables, and completed by adding rice. There are two primary methods of making jambalaya.
	James Agee James Rufus Agee was a Pulitzer Prize-winning American novelist, screenwriter, journalist, poet, and film critic. In the 1940s he was one of the most influential film critics in the U.S. His autobiographical novel, A Death in the Family, won the author a posthumous Pulitzer Prize.
	James Bay James Bay is a large body of water on the southern end of Hudson Bay in Canada. It borders the provinces of Quebec and Ontario; islands within the bay are part of Nunavut. The James Bay watershed is the site of several major hydroelectricity projects, and is also a destination for river-based recreation.
	James Bond James Bond, also known as 007 , is a fictional character United Kingdom espionage created by writer Ian Fleming in 1952. Fleming wrote numerous novels and short stories based upon the character and, after his death in 1964, further literary adventures were written by Kingsley Amis , John Pearson , John Gardner , Raymond Benson, and Charlie Higson.
	James Boswell James Boswell, 9th Laird of Auchinleck was a lawyer, diarist, and author born in Edinburgh, Scotland. He was the eldest son of a judge, Alexander Boswell and his wife Euphemia Erskine, Lady Auchinleck. Boswell's mother was a strict Calvinist, and he felt that his father was cold to him.