Southern live oak
Southern live oak is an evergreen or nearly evergreen
oak tree,
Quercus virginiana, native to the southeastern
United States. A large number of other common names are used for this tree, including Virginia live oak, Bay live oak, Scrub live oak, Plateau oak, Plateau live oak, Escarpment live oak, and
encino. It is also often just called 'Live oak' within its native area, but the full name 'Southern live oak' helps to distinguish it from other
live oaks, a general term for any species of oak that is
evergreen.
This profusion of common names partly reflects an ongoing controversy about the classification of various live oaks, in particular its near relatives among the white oaks .
Encyclopedia
Southern live oak is an evergreen or nearly evergreen
oak tree,
Quercus virginiana, native to the southeastern
United States. A large number of other common names are used for this tree, including Virginia live oak, Bay live oak, Scrub live oak, Plateau oak, Plateau live oak, Escarpment live oak, and
encino. It is also often just called 'Live oak' within its native area, but the full name 'Southern live oak' helps to distinguish it from other
live oaks, a general term for any species of oak that is
evergreen.
This profusion of common names partly reflects an ongoing controversy about the classification of various live oaks, in particular its near relatives among the white oaks . Some authors recognize as distinct species forms that others consider to be varieties of
Quercus virginiana. Notably, the following two taxa, treated as species in the
Flora of North America, are treated as varieties of Southern live oak by the
United States Forest Service:
Matters are further complicated by the fact that Southern live oak
hybridizes with both the above two species, and also with Dwarf live oak ,
Swamp white oak , Durand oak ,
Overcup oak ,
Bur oak , and
Post oak .
Typical Southern live oak is found from southeast
Virginia to
Florida, including the
Florida Keys, and west to southeast
Texas. Texas live oak occurs primarily in Texas, on the Edwards Plateau and the Rio Grande Plain, but can be found as far west as
Terrell County, Texas, in southwestern
Oklahoma and northeastern
Mexico. Sand live oak occurs from
North Carolina to
Florida in the east and
Mississippi in the west.
Depending on the growing conditions, live oaks vary from the shrubby to large and spreading: typical open-grown trees reach 15 metres in height, but may span nearly 50 metres. Their lower limbs often sweep down towards the ground before curving up again. They can grow at severe angles, and
Native Americans used to bend saplings over so that they would grow at extreme angles, to serve as trail markers. They drop their leaves, and grow new ones, within a few weeks in spring. The bark is furrowed longitudinally, and the acorns are small, but long and tapered. Trees frequently have rounded clumps of ball moss or thick drapings of
Spanish moss, and
mistletoe is often found on them.
Southern live oak can grow in moist to dry sites. They can withstand occasional floods and hurricanes, and are resistant to salt spray and moderate soil salinity. They tend to survive fire, because often a fire will not reach their crowns. Even if a tree is burned, its root crowns and roots usually survive the fire and sprout vigorously. Furthermore live oak forests discourage entry of fire from adjacent communities because they provide dense cover that discourages the growth of a flammable understory. Although they grow best in well-drained sandy soils and loams, they will also grow in clay.
Among the animals for which live oak acorns are an important food source are the
Bobwhite Quail, the threatened
Florida Scrub Jay, the
Wood Duck,
Yellow-bellied Sapsucker,
Wild Turkey, Black Bear, various species of
squirrel, and the
White-tailed deer. Native Americans extracted an oil from the acorns. The tree crown is very dense, making it valuable for shade, and the species provides nest sites for many other species.
Live oak wood is hard, heavy, and difficult to work, but very strong.
In the days of wooden ships, live oaks were the preferred source of the framework timbers of the ship, using the natural trunk and branch angles for their strength. The
USS Constitution was constructed from Southern live oak wood harvested from
St. Simons Island, Georgia, and the density of the wood grain allowed it to survive cannonade; even today the
U.S. Navy owns extensive live oak tracts. Southern live oak is long-lived. Trees in excess of 500 years were once common, and one, the
Angel Oak on Johns Island, South Carolina is estimated at 1400 years of age; it is 20 m tall, 2.47 m diameter, and with a maximum spread of 27 m; the crown covers an area of 1,580 m
2. It is threatened by nearby development.
A few cities have managed to preserve their trees, and live oaks, often draped with Spanish moss, are part of the charm of southern cities like
New Orleans, Louisiana,
Charleston, South Carolina,
Georgetown, South Carolina, Ocala, Florida,
Tallahassee, Florida and
Savannah, Georgia where they are used as street trees.
See also: Treaty OakExternal links
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- The naturalist William Bartram describes the Live Oak in the northern Florida forest.
