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Society for Creative AnachronismThe Society for Creative Anachronism is a not-for-profit organization. Its activities largely involve Medieval and Renaissance-themed historical re-creations and re-enactments. The primary focus is on Western European culture, but also included are other regions, such as the Middle East and Japan, with which Western Europe had contact during the period up to the 17th century. The SCA is generally described as a Middle Ages arts revival recreational organization.
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Encyclopedia
The Society for Creative Anachronism is a not-for-profit organization. Its activities largely involve Medieval and Renaissance-themed historical re-creations and re-enactments. The primary focus is on Western European culture, but also included are other regions, such as the Middle East and Japan, with which Western Europe had contact during the period up to the 17th century. The SCA is generally described as a Middle Ages arts revival recreational organization.
DescriptionThe Society for Creative Anachronism is a historical reenactment and living history group approximating mainly pre-17th century Western European history and culture. Interestingly, the SCA’s roots can be traced to a backyard graduation party of a medieval studies graduate in Berkeley, California on May 1, 1966. After several more backyard medieval parties, the SCA was formed and over the last forty or so years, the SCA has grown to tens of thousands of members all over the world. While some people say the SCA is still just a big medieval costume party that has been going on since the 60s, the scholarship and historical documentation of many members are professional. Unlike strict reenactment groups, the SCA will utilize modern elements when necessary or to promote safety this is “Creative Anachronism” at its best. An oft-quoted though unofficial SCA motto is, "The Middle Ages as they should have been" — that is to say, lacking such undesirable elements as religious persecution, bubonic plague and open-pit sewers. The level of historical authenticity in the SCA varies greatly from casual participants to participants who are historically exacting and detailed. For instance, new members may make armor from plastic or garb from poly/cotton broadcloth to save money, while others may spend weeks creating museum quality items. Many SCA participants see these open requirements as one of the main strengths of the SCA, allowing members to choose their level of commitment and enjoy playing with others in the SCA.
Some participants have also described the SCA as a large group of people with interlocking skills and hobbies that are rarely used or needed in a technological society. Some have joked, that after leaving Boy Scouts, where else can people still use all their merit badge skills but in the SCA? During a typical SCA event one can see such interactions. Dancers can work with the musicians in a performance. Cooks plan and prepare meals for feasts. Weavers and costumers find people to wear their creations. Leather and metal smiths make combat armor for fighters, and so on. Because of the diversity of SCA members, most medieval trades or hobbies are practiced and valued within the SCA.
PersonaSCA members each create their own persona. For some, a persona is simply a costume and a name, an alter-ego for a weekend costume party. Others craft an elaborate personal history of a medieval person who never lived, but might have, opening the door to years of scholarly research and hands-on re-creation. This focus on a persona can help participants to put a human face on what they learn.
At events members may attempt to remain "in persona", speaking only of things that their period alter-ego would know about . They may use code terminology to refer to modern or "mundane" items such as automobiles or telephones . A certain amount of willing suspension of disbelief is accepted, such as when dealing with an 8th century Norseman wearing eyeglasses and a wristwatch.
The SCA can also be seen as a large roving piece of performance art by committee. Participants are creating an impression of the Middle Ages made up of their own personal ideas of what the middle ages was or should have been like. As a result there are some people whose SCA participation draws heavily from Hollywood sources, others from Victorian ideas, others from fantasy elements such as Tolkien , others from primary source materials. As a result there is always a tension in the SCA between people desiring more authenticity in SCA activities and people who based their ideas on fantasy.
EventsMembers, dressed in clothing of the Middle Ages and Renaissance, attend events which may feature tournaments, arts exhibits, classes, workshops, dancing, feasts, and more. Events, which occur on rented sites, vary enormously, offering a wide variety of activities and are attended by garbed participants. SCA events are not typically spectator-oriented so attendees are expected to follow SCA norms including an attempt to dress in pre-17th century garb. This is one of the primary differences between SCA events and Renaissance Fairs.
SCA events fall into several general categories:
Combat Events and WarsCombat events involve either tournaments with one-on-one combat, or wars where teams compete against each other. Events focused on combat often have other activities happening at the same time.
Where a typical event may host anywhere from 20-800 participants over a weekend, the largest wars typically draw thousands from across the Society for up to two weeks. The longest and largest of these events is the Pennsic War--a two-week event in August catering to over 11,000 people participating in everything from combat to dance to history lessons. Combat at a war can involve forces numbering 100 to 3,000 participants on each side and can include safe versions of archery and siege engines.
Several combat-related activities happen independently at an event. Heavy weapons , fencing, and target archery may happen simultaneously on separate fields.
Arts and sciencesThe SCA promotes the crafts, skills, and technologies practiced in the time period and cultures that the SCA covers. Arts & Sciences range from the recipes used for a feast to the armor used in combat, the clothes and costumes that are worn to the bardic arts of singing, storytelling, poetry and instrumental pieces. An officer in the local group called the Minister of Arts and Sciences is usually in charge of promoting these crafts and aiding members in finding appropriate information.
Other events are set up as a learning experience for the members. Typically, classes are given in history or crafts of the period, or in how to better perform activities within the SCA. Topics can range from heraldry, philosophy, and history to costuming, calligraphy, and metalwork. Some "A & S" events have competitions, with the largest offering overall prizes or championships in the arts.
The is a database of people who are willing to share their knowledge of various arts and sciences.
Coronations and investituresThese events center on the changing of the ceremonial leadership of sub-groups from the local Barony up to the Kingdoms. These events typically are more focused on ceremonial affairs, concentrating more on meetings and organization than combat or arts and sciences.
Further Information
Most events will normally finish the event with a Court to allow for the awarding of honors, and a feast. Evening activities can include bardic circles , medieval dancing, and post-revels .
DemonstrationsDemonstrations or Demos are intended for audiences and are put on by volunteers for a variety of purposes. Schools and community groups may request or be offered demos for education or entertainment. Demos are typically much shorter and more focused on appearances. The SCA provides demonstrations of Medieval arts and sciences. Combat demonstrations are usually limited to SCA-style combat using rattan weapons rather than representing historic fighting with steel weapons.
The Society has attempted, somewhat successfully, to become a more family-friendly environment since its founding. Demos provide an opportunity for interested people to get more information about participation in their local branch of the SCA.
PracticesAs interest levels allow, SCA groups hold regular practices for a variety of activities. These tend to be unofficial and informal affairs where garb, while always welcome, is not required. Some practices are ostensibly for one activity but attract people interested not necessarily in the activity itself but more in socializing. A dance practice, for example, may draw the entire local group together to hang out, while a small percentage actually dance. This serves to help integrate the group and prevent segmentation.
Activities
CostumeThe first thing one notices about an SCA event is that everyone is wearing at least an attempt at pre-17th century clothing, often called "garb". Wearing garb to events is one of the basic requirements of the SCA. Garb may range from a polyester-blend T-tunic for a newcomer to a hand-embroidered and beaded Elizabethan era gown complete with hoops, bumroll and ruffled collar or a set of ruffs that may take more than six months to a year to complete. Typically, men wear a tunic and pants and women wear a long gown. Members often have "field" garb, simple cotton tunics or gowns that they wear to camping or other outdoor events, and "court" garb made of expensive brocades and silks that are reserved for fancy-dress events. Many SCA members make their own clothing, though the needlework-challenged can purchase their garb from merchants or barter with other SCA members. Newcomers to the SCA can usually borrow garb for their first event or two by contacting the local group's Gold Key officer or Chatelaine/Castellan, who is responsible for helping acclimatize new members.
Armed combat
Three forms of armed combat are re-created in the SCA:
Armored Combat using weapons fashioned to generally approximate the sword-and-shield, hauberk and halberd of the High Middle Ages.
Fencing or Rapier Combat, generally approximating the lightly-armored "swashbuckling" of the 15th century and the 16th century, emphasizing the rapier over cutting swords. Many members of the Society study and practice period manuals from the salons of Western Europe whose Sword Masters taught the "Arte of Defence", where the term "fencing" came from.
Combat Archery using bows and crossbows - generally in combination with armored combatants in a war scenario, or as archer vs. archer scenarios. The arrows used specially designed tips and are built for safety.
In Thrown Weapons activities, knives and axes are thrown at wooden targets.
The martial arts as practiced in the SCA are notable in that there are no referees to declare a winner. "Marshals" are on the field to maintain safety . It is the combatants who acknowledge the effect of blows. A combatant is on his or her own honor to "call" a "good shot", feigning its effect. For example, a good blow to the arm renders that arm useless, so the combatant will stop using it for the duration of the fight. Calling a leg shot, the combatant drops to his or her knees, or may comically hop around.
Armored combatThe Armored Combat or "Heavy Weapons Fighting" forms practiced in the SCA roughly mirror those of medieval infantry, and both tournaments and battles are fought. The fighters wear armor made of plastic, leather, carbon steel, stainless steel, spring steel, or any combination thereof.
This is a serious full-contact sport; moves are not planned or signalled and fighters strike each other with considerable force and speed. Weapons are primarily made of rattan to resemble swords, pikes, spears, axes and other medieval weapon types. Maces and axes have heads made of rubber or stiff foam, and pole weapons may or may not be required to be similarly padded, depending upon the regulations in a given SCA kingdom.
For the purposes of calling blows, all heavy-weapons combatants are considered to be armored in a chain mail hauberk, with an open-faced helmet similar to the barbute. For that reason, a draw cut or glancing blow would have no effect, while a solid blow would. . Shots to the torso and head are treated as a 'killing blow'.
Most SCA fighters use a one-handed weapon in combination with a shield of some kind. With centuries of historical examples to draw upon, shields may range from large rectangular Roman-style scuta to small bucklers, with common styles including the "kite", center-grip , and "heater" . Other popular weapon choices include two-handed weapons---such as greatswords, glaives, or katana---and two-weapon .
Most groups hold "fighter practices" where individual and group combat is practiced and informal instruction occurs, but in some areas there may be more formalized and structured training in a local style. Typically several years of direct experience in the SCA's Armored Combat are needed to excel in tournaments.
Forbidden weaponsSome weapons, while actively used within the SCA's target period, have been barred from use in SCA combat because it is difficult or impossible to make them safe. These include staves , punching weapons , and flexible weapons such as the flail or ball and chain, which can wrap around heads, limbs, or shields causing injury. Some flails may be acceptable if the flexible length is very short. Some of these are allowed in some kingdoms, and can often be used elsewhere under the "experimental weapon" rules. Under this rule they have to be approved by the marshal in charge, and one's opponent.
Period firearms are only allowed in certain kingdoms under very strict guidelines.
Fencing or Rapier CombatSCA fencing rules differ from Olympic fencing rules. Instead of fencing for points, fencers attempt to "disable" or "kill" their opponent by striking at target areas. Rapier Combatants are considered to be wearing street clothes and leather gloves so both thrusts and cuts are accepted as attacks. SCA rules do not recognize lanes or right of way, so opponents fight "in the round". Body-to-body contact is prohibited, but hand-on-blade contact is allowed, so the off hand becomes an important factor.
While many SCA members attempt to re-create rapier combat of the 16th and early 17th centuries, in practice it often becomes a blend of Society rules and modern fencing. Many rapier and smallsword enthusiasts study fencing manuals of the 15th and 16th centuries, and use rapier simulators made with schlaeger or bated rapier blades, rather than the more sport-oriented foil and epee blades. Some kingdoms are reviewing an experimental style called "side-sword", which allows percussive cuts and thrusts with blades suitable for cut-and-thrust style fencing.
Once unpopular, fencing has grown in acceptance and prestige over the past three decades. In most kingdoms, rapier fighters can be granted awards in acknowledgement of prowess and respect within the rapier community, and there is a broadening recognition of the importance of the study of period combat manuals. Even with this growing respect for the study of period rapier fighting the community does not have its own Peerage. Despite the recognition of skill awarded to Light weapons In the SCA, many common nicknames are given to those that choose to fight in the rapier style: such as Wire Weenie, Swishy Poker, Rape-Queer, and Antenna Swinger. These names are usually used in good natured jocularity as often a rapier fighter also fights or has fought as a "Heavy." Light Weapons is also seen as an alternative style for those who still wish to compete but are no longer abler to meet the physical demands of heavy combat.
Some kingdoms have started to award Laurels to those who have shown a mastery of fencing as an art though this is not without controversy in the Society. In compensation for the lack of a rapier peerage a number of Kingdoms have signed the White Scarf treaty which gives recognition of excellent fighting abilities, superior conduct on the field and a willingness to teach new fencers. There are some kingdoms with equivalent awards such as the Bronze Ring in the Middle Kingdom and Order of the Golden Rapier in the Kingdom of the East. It is important to note though that while the level of skill and comportment for these awards are equivalent to what is required for a Knighthood, they do not carry the same social obligations or privileges that Knighthood does.
Some Fencing Melees do allow some firearm simulation as well.
All kingdoms except the Kingdom of Calontir now have organized fencing.
Combat Archery
Combat Archery allows the introduction of bows, crossbows, javelins, and slings to Heavy Weapons combat. Strict rules are in place to limit the launch force of field weapons, and the projectiles are specially built with large blunted tips and special backs to minimize the risk of true injury. Shields are considered to stop arrows and one shieldman can trivially defend himself against a lone archer. Due to the space requirements and targeting selection, combat archery is only used in large melees.
The vulnerability of archers varies from Kingdom to Kingdom . In some cases, archers are allowed to carry melee weapons and must be physically struck down like any other field combatant. In other cases, if a melee fighter gets within a set range, typically 10 feet , the archer is automatically considered dead. Under either system, archers must still wear the same level of armor protection as the heavy fighters, with the exception of hand protection to allow for the use of their weapons, and lighter helmets in some cases.
Bardic ArtsThe "Bardic Arts" are also popular. The bard in pre-Medieval Celtic society held a specific social class and had specific duties. In the SCA context, though, "bard" is a general term that refers to most storytellers, poets, and musicians.
SCA bards not only perform historical period pieces but often compose new period works, some of which are based on SCA culture. These may be in the style of ancient forms, such as a new version of a Child Ballad, or a piece recounting some aspect of the "Current Middle Ages" such as a history of an SCA kingdom, a tribute to an individual, or an account of an event.
One crossover from science fiction fandom found in the SCA is "filking." A filk is a new lyric set to an existing tune. Still, this practice has ample historical antecedent; ancient musical codices are full of tropes that set new lyrics to existing tunes. For example, The Codex Carmina Burana is a collection of often-ribald lyrics set to the Gregorian chant tunes that were used in worship at the time. What sets filks apart is that the tunes are generally modern: Broadway show tunes, top-40 radio hits , and so on. Filk has been used to teach novice members something about the organization's history . SCA filksongs have also been used to protest Society policies or customs, with some success; for example, the famous 'Berzark Rag' protesting the use of excessive striking force advocated by the Society's Earl Marshal in the late 1960s resulted in his removal from office; and the strains of 'Causes of Rebellion' by Astra of the Grey Shadows have stirred many a political tempest in their day.
Sometimes, awards are given for prowess in the Bardic Arts; though not as developed or common as the martial arts awards, Bards prize this recognition by their peers. Kingdoms and principalities may have a College of Bards. These may be highly structured or very loosely organized.
Many early music performers resist being categorized only as a "bard," because they may have specific cultural interests and prefer to style themselves as minstrels, troubadours, trouvères, minnesingers, etc.
A common bardic activity is the "Bardic Circle," where performers take turns sharing pieces. Circles may be structured, with participants passing a token to indicate who has the floor, or they may be informal, with performers following each other in no set order. Some circles may have a theme. Feasts are another common venue for musicians to perform individually or in groups .
During camping events at night, bards may practice "firewalking" : where a performer or small group travel from campsite to campsite offering entertainment or joining other bardic circles in progress. Generally, it is considered polite to welcome a new bard who enters an encampment to perform . Besides the applause, Bards may be offered drink, food or other refreshments for their performances.
Equestrian activities
The Equestrian Guilds promote the study, practice, demonstration, and teaching of equestrian-related activities in the Knowne World. The EQ Guilds encourage participation in games that are modeled on training techniques used by medieval armies, as well as a version of jousting.
At an equestrian event you may see riders competing in such games as:
Rings, where the rider uses a lance to collect variously-sized rings from tall stands placed in a row;
Reeds, where the rider must weave through a line of poles that have reeds placed atop, while attempting to knock the reeds off with a padded sword;
The Quintain, where the rider uses a lance to strike a shield-shaped target mounted on a pole ;
Pig Sticking, where a rider attempts to put a spear into a target on the ground ;
Mounted Archery, where the rider must control his/her mount while shooting arrows at a target; Mounted Crest Combat, where two opponents, wearing steel helmets, "attack" each other with boffer swords, attempting to knock the crest off the other's helmet.
and Jousting.
Some of these games are designed to teach the rider to control his/her mount and weapon while in a combat situation. Others simulate hunting from horseback. Riders who wish to participate must demonstrate their ability to control a horse at various gaits, and control a horse while holding a weapon. Riders start at the Beginner level riding at a walk, and then advance through intermediate and advanced when they have proven their abilities to the Equestrian marshallate.
The SCA Equestrian Marshal's website is located at http://equestrian.sca.org/.
HeraldryThe SCA maintains its own College of Arms to register and protect heraldic devices of its members .
For the first three decades of the Society's existence, all heraldic device submissions had to be checked against extant SCA arms, heraldry taken from or alluding to works of fiction, and coats of arms granted to families alive or extinct. Following a major revision of the SCA's rules for heraldic submissions , SCA armorial bearings are now checked for conflict only against major coats of arms, devices and symbols that exist in the real world, and arms awarded within the Society itself.
Thus, while a person cannot register the Coat of Arms of Queen Elizabeth II or of France, for example, the SCA's College of Arms no longer checks for device conflicts with arms registered with the several European colleges of arms. In practical terms, the Modest Proposal rendered the Society as autonomous in matters of heraldry as the Colleges of Arms of various nations are in reality.
The Society's College of Arms also registers and maintains SCA names, checking against duplication and ensuring at least minimal period authenticity. In some cases, names that were once acceptable have been shown to be of modern origin and are no longer allowed. Though bearers whose names were approved before such research are not required to change them, no new submissions with names the heralds have documented as having come into use outside the SCA's period will be accepted.
While there is no requirement to register a name and/or device, members are encouraged to do so. Newcomers are often counseled by experienced members on choosing a suitable persona name, and local heralds are usually enthusiastic about helping new members create and register a unique device that represents their personality and interests.
CookingMany SCA events feature food ranging from simple "fighter's fare" or a "peasant lunch" of bread, cheese, hard-boiled eggs, and a simple vegetable or meat soup, to elaborate multi-course feasts served over a period of several hours. Such feasts may focus on dishes from England, Italy, Germany, Spain, or other locations and times within the SCA's period of study. Common dishes are roasted beef or chickens with mustard or other sauces on the side, meat pies, cheese-filled ravioli, green salads, "armored turnips" , glazed carrots, applesauce, and pears or apples cooked in wine.
Feasts are not always limited to strictly period foods and recipes, but they rarely include glaringly non-period items such as hamburgers or corndogs . As with period feasts, there is often an elaborate main dish or dessert called a subtlety.
Cooks who strive to stick to period recipes for their dishes make an effort to ensure that their menus are balanced to allow for modern palates, ingredients, and equipment, or to compensate for tight budgets or labor shortages.
A running joke in the SCA concerns the supposed inedibility of feast food. On the contrary, SCA feasts are typically prepared by talented and capable volunteers who work long hours to prepare a good and filling meal—and usually at a cost of only a few dollars per person. Sometimes these amateur efforts even equal or surpass the quality of many expensive restaurants.
Those who work to prepare feasts are highly regarded, customarily being called into the dining area at the conclusion of the feast and thanked with thunderous applause, and many kingdoms provide for awards and titles to be granted to those who excel in this field.
Included in the fare at many revels are various medieval brews such as stout, ale, lager, wine and mead. The mead found in many parts of the SCA was derived from two West Kingdom brewers in the late 1960's, Lady Geraldine of Toad Hall and Jon deClis, the organizer of the SCA's very first event. Geraldine preferred the very sweet variety which was generally started with 30% honey to water and brewed as an ale, whereas Jon deClis preferred the dry to semi-sweet recipe brewed more like a wine. A compromise recipe was generated from the Atenveldt Brewers and Vintner's Guild which called for one gallon of honey to 4 gallons of warm water. A teaspoon of yeast and a handful of raisins was added to the solution and then the 5 gallon carboy was sealed with several layers of plastic wrap held in place with a rubber band. The mix was set aside for 3 months and then filtered and bottled. Aten brewers experimented with mellomels using fruit juices such as grapes, cherries and elderberry, and metheglin using various spice mixes. In the East Kingdom, it has been suggested that the taste is improved if the spice mixes are suspended in an old sock while being simmered in the honey-water mixture.
Some of the Revels held by the Associated Guilds were punctuated by the sounds of one gallon jugs of Atenmead blowing their tops when badly filtered. It was suggested that tourney rules be revised to allow for battles to be fought using shaken bottles of new mead. Nothing came of this, most likely because the people involved sobered up enough to recognize the ramifications of such combat: the waste of good mead.
Calligraphy and illuminationCalligraphy is the art of writing beautifully, while illumination is the artwork decorating the page, usually with paint and gold leaf. Together these arts are used to create illuminated manuscripts, commonly called "scrolls" within the SCA. In many kingdoms, the awards that the royalty give in court are accompanied by an illuminated scroll made by a volunteer. Scrolls are also sometimes made to commemorate winning a tournament or competition, or an agreement between two parties within the context of the SCA. Despite the fact that period documents of this sort usually contained little illumination, scrolls are commonly modeled after the pages in Books of Hours, Bibles or other medieval and renaissance manuscripts, including elaborately painted borders around the text. Scribes use a variety of materials to produce these works. As with other arts, the authenticity of the materials used varies from scribe to scribe: paper, parchment or vellum for the writing surface; watercolor, gouache, acrylic or dry pigments mixed with a binder like gum arabic, tempera or glair for paint; fountain pens, dip pens or quills for writing. Over the Society's history, the arts of calligraphy and illumination have advanced substantially, so that many scribes now use completely authentic materials and tools.
Scribes often attempt to match the period and style of a scroll to the persona of the recipient. While most scrolls are done on paper or vellum, this has occasionally led to SCA scribes creating works on objects ranging from stone tablets to drinking horns. This kind of creativity is generally encouraged, as long as the resulting object maintains a reasonable level of authenticity.
Most SCA Kingdoms have an officer whose responsibility it is to train and nurture scribes and, if the kingdom gives scrolls with its awards, coordinate the production of those scrolls. That officer's title often includes the word "Signet" from the word for a seal used to sign documents in period.
DanceDance practices are held where Renaissance Dance and English Country Dance are taught in preparation for events and demos. There are also subsets within the SCA that practice and teach Middle Eastern and Far Eastern styles of dance to be performed at events and around campfires.
Fiber ArtsMany members, including men, enjoy practicing the arts of needlepoint, embroidery, cross-stitch, weaving, lace-making, kumihimo, spinning, nalbinding, sprang, braiding and dyeing. Period techniques are employed when possible, yielding intricately detailed and useful artwork which beautifies clothing and objects. Embroidery and cross-stitch in particular are often employed to create favors , given as gifts, tokens of affection or awards and often bear the arms or device of the person giving the favor, or the arms of the Order for which the award is being bestowed . Many guilds exist to preserve and teach the fiber arts, including:
The Atlantian Embroiderers Guild
Lace Making Guild of Atlantia
Fiber & Needle Guild of Calontir
The West Kingdom Needle Worker's Guild
Royal Needlework Guild of Artemisia
Athena's Thimble of the East
The Worshipful Company of Embroiderers of Lochac
Meridian Embroidery Guild and The
Guild of Withie and Woolmongers of the Midrealm . .
ScopeThe SCA is worldwide in scope. The Knowne World is divided into Kingdoms. As of September 2006, there are 19 SCA Kingdoms worldwide, and about 32,000 paid members. Many people participate without purchasing a membership, as it is not required in order to participate in most activities.
Participants are required to become paid members if they wish to hold offices in the group.
There are active groups all over the United States, Canada, Europe, Australia, South Africa, and New Zealand, with scattered groups elsewhere.
KingdomsAs of April 2005 the SCA Kingdoms are :
- The is the original kingdom, created when the Society originated in 1966. It currently includes Northern California, Nevada, and Alaska, as well as Japan, Korea
One of the world's oldest civilization [i]s, Korea began with the founding of Gojoseon [i] in 2333 ...
, and the Pacific Rim.
- The is the second kingdom, created in 1968. In the United States of America it covers eastern Pennsylvania, eastern New York, Delaware, New Jersey, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine. In Canada, it covers Quebec, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Newfoundland.
- The is the third kingdom, created in 1969. Its current borders are Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, as well as parts of Iowa, Kentucky, Michigan and Ontario.
- The is the fourth kingdom, created in 1971. It encompasses the state of Arizona.
- The is the fifth kingdom, created in 1978. Its borders currently encompass the entirety of Alabama, almost all of Georgia
- Georgia [i], a sovereign state in the Caucasus region of Eurasia: **Formerly ...
, the middle and eastern portions of Tennessee, a bit of the panhandle of Florida, and small portions of both Kentucky and Virginia. - The is the sixth kingdom, created in 1978. It currently encompasses Southern California, the Greater Las Vegas Area, and Hawaii.
- The
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