Medulla oblongata
The medulla oblongata is the lower portion of the
brainstem. By
anatomical terms of location, it is rostral to the
spinal cord and caudal to the pons, which is in turn ventral to the
cerebellum. For a human or other
bipedal species, this means it is above the spinal cord, below the pons, and anterior to the cerebellum. It controls
autonomic functions and relays nerve signals between the
brain and
spinal cord.
The medulla is often thought of as being in two parts, an open part , and a closed part . The 'opening' referred to is on the dorsal side of the medulla, and forms part of the fourth ventricle of the brain.
Encyclopedia
The
medulla oblongata is the lower portion of the
brainstem. By
anatomical terms of location, it is rostral to the
spinal cord and caudal to the pons, which is in turn ventral to the
cerebellum. For a human or other
bipedal species, this means it is above the spinal cord, below the pons, and anterior to the cerebellum. It controls
autonomic functions and relays nerve signals between the
brain and
spinal cord.
The medulla is often thought of as being in two parts, an open part , and a closed part . The 'opening' referred to is on the dorsal side of the medulla, and forms part of the fourth ventricle of the brain.
Running down the ventral aspect of the medulla are the pyramids which contain corticospinal fibres. On the open medulla, there is a slight bulge just behind the pyramids called the
olive or olivary nuclei.
Cranial nerve XII emerges between these two structures. Cranial nerves IX and X also emerge from the medulla.
The base of the medulla is defined by the commissural fibres, crossing over from the ipsilateral side in the spinal cord to the contralateral side in the brain stem - below this is the spinal cord.
Function of the medulla oblongata
- To control autonomic functions
- To relay nerve messages from the brain to the spinal cord
- Processing of inter-aural time differences for sound localization
- Function control of sneeze-, cough-, swallow-, suck-reflex, blinking, and of vomiting.
Blood supply
Blood to the medulla is supplied by a number of arteries.
- Direct branches of the vertebral artery
- Posterior inferior cerebellar artery
- Anterior spinal artery
The anterior spinal artery supplies the whole medial part of the medulla oblongata. A blockage will injure the pyramidal tract, medial lemniscus and the hypoglossal nucleus. This causes a syndrome called
medial medullary syndrome.
The posterior inferior cerebellar artery, a major branch of the vertebral artery, supplies the posterolateral part of the medulla, where the main sensory tracts run and
synapse.
The vertebral artery supplies an area between the other two main arteries, including the nucleus solitarius and other sensory nuclei and fibres. Lateral medullary syndrome can be caused by occlusion of either the PICA or the vertebral arteries!!!!!
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